Dietz-Uhler and Lanter (2009) devised a four-questions technique to help students understand material presented in an introductory psychology course. At the end of the course, the students completed a questionnaire indicating how successful they thought the technique was with respect to helping them think more deeply about the content. A seven-point response scale was used where 1 indicated not very successful and 7 indicated very successful. To analyze the students’ responses, the mean response was calculated and compared to 4.0, the midpoint of the response scale.

1. Which statistical test seems most appropriate for the statistical analyses?

a. t test for one sample

b. t test for two independent samples

c. t test for two related samples

d. t test for a correlation coefficient

e. One-factor F-test

f. Two-factor F-test

g. Repeated-measures F test

h. One-variable χ² test

i. Two-variable χ² test

Part of the results section is shown below. Use this information to answer questions 2-7.

Therefore, we collapsed across order and topic and conducted one-sample t tests using the midpoint (4.0) of the scale as the test statistic. Results showed that participants perceived the activity to be successful in meeting its goals (M = 4.65, SD = 1.06), t(97) = 6.03, p < .01 . . . (p. 40)

2. Observed t was equal to ___.

3. The mean response was equal to ___.

4. The standard deviation of the responses was equal to ___.

5. Degrees of freedom for the analysis were equal to ___.

6. How many students provided responses for the analysis?

7. With a significance level of .05, critical t for a nondirectional test is approximately equal to ___.