Eleanor Barkhorn (2012) reported in the Atlantic about differences in women’s and men’s negotiating styles. She first explained that researchers did not find a significant difference in how likely women and men are to negotiate salaries. But this did not tell the whole story. Barkhorn wrote: “Women are more likely to negotiate when an employer explicitly says that wages are negotiable. Men, on the other hand, are more likely to negotiate when the employer does not directly state that they can negotiate.” For each of the following, state whether the finding is a result of examining a main effect or examining an interaction. Explain your answer.

a. The finding that women and men do not significantly differ, on average, in their likelihood of negotiating.

b. The finding of a gender difference in the circumstances under which one will negotiate.