Researchers in Australia (Rogers et al., 2019) investigated whether tattoos affect sweat rates when exercising. They recruited 22 subjects, each with a tattoo that was more than 2 months old, larger than 11.4 cm2 , and more than 50% shaded. The participants cycled on a stationary bike for 20 minutes, and the researchers measured the sweat rate from the tattooed area as well as the sweat rate from the non-tattooed area on the opposite side of the person’s body. (For example, if the tattoo was on a person’s right forearm, the researchers would also measure the sweat rate from the person’s left forearm.) Is there a significant difference in the sweat rates between a tattooed area and a non-tattooed area? The results in mg/cm2 per minute are in the file Tattoo. Use the Matched Pairs applet to answer (a)–(e). 

a. Explain why these data should be considered paired. 

b. What is the mean sweat rates for each condition? Which condition resulted in a higher average sweat rate? 

c. What is the average difference in sweat rates (tattoo – no tattoo)? 

d. Randomize at least 1,000 times and determine a p-value. 

e. State a conclusion based on your p-value.