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13.5 The continuous timing method is used to direct time study a manual task cycle consisting of four elements: a, b, c, and d. Two parts are produced each cycle. Element d is an irregu- lar element performed once every six cycles. All elements were performance rated at 90%. The PFD allowance is 11%. Determine (a) the normalized time for the cycle, (b) the stan- dard time per part, (c) the worker's efficiency if the worker completes 844 parts in an 8-hour shift during which she works 7 hours and 10 min. 1:6 Observed time (min) 1.46 T Element a b d 0.35 0.60 0.86