Victor Ninov is a former researcher in the nuclear chemistry group at Lawrence Berkeley Nationa Laboratory (LBNL) who was alleged to have fabricated the evidence used to claim the creation of element 118 Uuo (ununoctium) and element 116 Lv (livermorium) in the chemical elements periodic table. Ninov was trained at the GSI, the largest research company in Germany. His hiring by the LBNL from GSI had been considered a coup: he had been involved in the discovery of elements 110, 111and 112, he was considered one of the leading experts at using the complex types of software needed to detect the radioactive decay of unstable elements. An internal committee at the lab later founded that Victor Ninov was the only person in the large project to translate the raw computer results into human-readable results and had used this opportunity to inject fabricated data. Re-analysis of the raw data did not indicate the events which Ninov's analysis originally reported. Re-examination of the data from the experiments conducted at GSI during which Ninov's team had discovered elements 111 and 112 found that the original data had been altered, however repeats of the experiments confirmed the discoveries. Reports on the Ninov affair were released around the same time that the final report on the Schn affair, another major incident of fraud in physics. As a result, the American Physical Society adopted more stringent ethical guidelines, especially those regulating the conduct of co-authors. 

(a) Given the fact that the repeated experiment confirmed Victor Ninov's discoveries, determine if the above scenario is a case of failing in research integrity. 

(b) Discuss the importance of research integrity. 

(c) Give any FOUR (4) typical types of deception and fraud in research and if they are applicable in the above case study. 

(d) Is there any aspect in your answer to Question 1(c) applicable to justify your answer to Question 1(a)? 

(e) Illustrate the importance on the role of co-author in a research work.