Human Biology 11th Edition Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan - Solutions

Using the black lines shown in Figure 11.27, name the types of nutrient molecules present at each site that are small enough to be absorbed across the small intestine’s lining.Figure 11.27 A
The human body cannot produce its own vitamins or minerals, nor can it produce certain _______ and _______.
Digestion is completed and products are absorbed in the _______.a. Mouthb. Stomachc. Small intestined. Large intestine
After triglycerides are absorbed, they leave the cell and move into the _______.a. Bloodstreamb. Intestinal cellsc. Liverd. Lacteals
Excess carbohydrates and proteins are stored as _______.a. Amino acidsb. Starchesc. Fatsd. Monosaccharides
BMI is a measure of _______.a. Ratio of body weight to heightb. Ratio of body fat to muscle massc. Body muscle mass aloned. Weight-related health risk
Match the digestive system parts and functions. liver small intestine salivary glands stomach large intestine a. secrete substances that moisten food, start polysaccharide breakdown b. where protein digestion begins c. where water is reabsorbed d. where most digestion is completed e. receives blood
Basal metabolic rate is a measure of _______.a. The total amount of calories you burn in 24 hoursb. The amount of food energy needed to sustain basic body operationsc. The amount of energy burned by skeletal muscle in a given periodd. Both a and b
Label the parts of this kidney and nephron. Cengage Learning
The body gains water by ________.a. Absorption in the gutb. Metabolismc. Responding to thirstd. All of the above
A urinalysis reveals that the patient’s urine contains glucose, hemoglobin, and white blood cells (pus). Are any of these substances abnormal in urine? Explain.
How does the formation of urine help maintain the body’s internal environment?
The body loses water by way of the ________.a. Skinb. Lungsc. Digestive system d. Urinary systeme. Both c and df. A through d
As a person ages, nephron tubules lose some of their ability to concentrate urine. What is the effect of this change?
Explain what is meant when we talk about filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the kidneys.
Water and small solutes enter nephrons during ________.a. Filtrationb. Reabsorptionc. Secretiond. Both a and b
Fatty tissue holds the kidneys in place. Extremely rapid weight loss may cause this tissue to shrink so that the kidneys slip from their normal position. On rare occasions, the slippage can put a kink in one or both ureters and block urine flow. Suggest what might then happen to the kidneys.
Which hormone or hormones promote (a) Water conservation, (b) Sodium conservation,(c) Thirst behavior?
Kidneys return water and small solutes to blood by ________.a. Filtrationb. Reabsorptionc. Secretiond. Both a and c
Explain how the kidneys help to maintain the balance of acids and bases in extracellular fluid.
Some substances move out of the peritubular capillaries and are moved into the nephron during ________.a. Filtrationb. Reabsorptionc. Secretiond. Both a and c
Drinking too much water can be a bad thing. If someone sweats heavily and drinks lots of water, their sodium levels drop. The resulting “water intoxication” can be fatal. Why is the sodium balance so important?
Reabsorption depends on ________.a. Osmosis across the nephron wallb. Active transport of sodium across the nephron wallc. A steep solute concentration gradientd. All of the above
As the text noted, two-thirds of the water and solutes that the body reclaims by reabsorption in nephrons occurs in the proximal tubule. Proximal tubule cells have large numbers of mitochondria and demand a great deal of oxygen. Explain why.
________ directly promotes water conservation.a. ADHb. Reninc. Aldosteroned. Both b and c
Match the following salt–water balance concepts: aldosterone nephron thirst mechanism reabsorption glomerulus a. blood filter of a nephron b. controls sodium reabsorption c. occurs at nephron tubules d. site of urine formation e. controls water gain
________ enhances sodium reabsorption.a. ADHb. Reninc. Aldosteroned. Both b and c
Changes in acid–base balance may cause the kidneys to ________.a. Reabsorb and excrete bicarbonateb. Form and release bicarbonate to the bloodc. Release ADHd. Either a or b, depending on circumstances
Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Diagnosis involves making a “spinal tap” (lumbar puncture) and analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for signs of infection. Why analyze this fluid and not blood?
Explain the difference between a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron.
The nervous system senses, interprets, and issues commands for responses to ________.
In newborns and premature babies, the blood–brain barrier is not fully developed. Explain why this might be reason enough to pay careful attention to their diet.
What are the functional zones of a motor neuron?
In PET scans, red areas are brain regions that are most active, while blue, yellow, and green areas are least active. Figure 13.28 shows PET scans of normal brain activity (left) and of the brain of a person while using cocaine (right). The frontal lobes of the brain hemispheres are toward the top
A neuron responds to adequate stimulation with ________, a type of self-propagating signal.
Define an action potential.
When action potentials arrive at a synapse between a neuron and another cell, they stimulate the release of molecules of a ________ that diffuse over to that cell.
What is a synapse? Explain the difference between an excitatory and an inhibitory synapse.
In the simplest kind of reflex,________ directly signal ________, which act on muscle cells.a. Sensory neurons; interneuronsb. Interneurons; motor neuronsc. Sensory neurons; motor neuronsd. Motor neurons; sensory neurons
Explain what happens during synaptic integration.
The accelerating flow of ________ ions through gated channels across the membrane triggers an action potential.a. Potassiumb. Sodiumc. Hydrogend. A and b
What is a reflex? Describe what happens during a stretch reflex.
________ nerves slow down the body overall and divert energy to housekeeping tasks; ________ nerves slow down housekeeping tasks and increase overall activity during times of heightened awareness, excitement, or danger.a. Autonomic; somaticb. Sympathetic; parasympatheticc. Parasympathetic;
Distinguish between the following:a. Neurons and nervesb. Somatic system and autonomic systemc. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
The three meninges are membranes of ________ tissue that ________.a. Muscle; physically support the brain hemispheresb. Connective; help protect the brain and spinal cordc. Adipose; directly cushion the brain and spinal cord
Match each region of the central nervous system with some of its functions. ||| spinal cord medulla oblongata hypothalamus limbic system cerebral cortex a. receives sensory input, integrates it with stored information, coordinates motor responses b. monitors internal organs and related behavior
When a receptor cell detects a specific kind of stimulus, what happens to the stimulus energy? TABLE 14.3 Animated! Summary of Major Types of Sensory Receptors Category Examples Mechanoreceptors Touch, pressure Baroreceptors Stretch Auditory Balance Thermoreceptors Nociceptors (pain
Cerebrospinal fluid _____.a. Fills cavities and canals in the brain and spinal cordb. Is chemically similar to blood plasmac. Cushions both the brain and spinal cordd. Both a and c, but not be. A, b, and c
A _______ is a specific form of energy that can elicit a response from a sensory receptor.
Juanita started having bouts of dizziness. Her doctor asked her whether “dizziness” meant she felt lightheadedas if she were going to faint, or whether it meant she had sensations of vertigo—that is, a feeling that she herself or objects near her were spinning around. Why was this
Name six categories of sensory receptors and the type of stimulus that each type detects.
Awareness of a stimulus is called a _______.
Michael, a 3-year-old, experiences a chronic middle-ear infection, which is common among youngsters, in part due to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This year, despite antibiotic treatment, an infection became so advanced that he had trouble hearing. Then his left eardrum ruptured and
How do somatic sensations differ from special senses?
_______ is understanding what particular sensations mean.
Jill is diagnosed with sensorineural deafness, a disorder in which sound waves are transmitted normally to the inner ear but they are not translated into neural signals that travel to the brain. Sometimes the cause is a problem with the auditory nerve, but in Jill’s case it has to do with a
Explain where free nerve endings are located in the body and note some functions of the various kinds.
A sensory system is composed of _______.a. Nerve pathways from specific receptors to the brainb. Sensory receptorsc. Brain regions that deal with sensory informationd. all of the above
Larry goes to the doctor complaining that he can’t see the right side of the visual field with either eye. Where in the visual signal-processing pathway is Larry’s problem occurring?
What is pain? Describe one type of pain receptor.
_______ detect energy associated with changes in pressure, body position, or acceleration.a. Chemoreceptorsb. Mechanoreceptorsc. Photoreceptorsd. Thermoreceptors
In a rock climber like the man pictured in Figure 14.25, which organs of equilibrium are activated?Figure 14.25.
What are the stimuli for taste receptors?
Detecting substances present in the body fluids that bathe them is the function of _______.a. Thermoreceptorsb. Photoreceptorsc. Mechanoreceptorsd. Chemoreceptors
How do “smell” signals arise and reach the brain?
Label the parts of the ear: Cengage Learning Cengage Learning
Which of the special senses is based on the following events? Membrane vibrations cause fluid movements, which lead to bending of mechanoreceptors and firing of action potentials.a. Tasteb. Smellc. Hearingd. Vision
Rods differ from cones in the following ways:a. They detect dim light, not bright light.b. They have a different visual pigment.c. They are not located in the retina.d. All of the above.e. A and b only
In the ear, sound waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. What happens next in the middle ear? In the inner ear?
Label the parts of the eye: Cengage Learning
The outer layer of the eye includes the _______.a. Lens and choroidb. Sclera and corneac. Retinad. Both a and c
Match each of the following terms with the appropriate description. somatic senses (general senses) special senses variations in stimulus intensity action potential sensory receptor a. produced by strong stimulation b. endings of sensory neurons or specialized cells next to them c. taste, smell,
Addison’s disease develops when the adrenal cortex does not secrete enough mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. President John F. Kennedy was diagnosed with the disease when he was a young man. Before he started treatment with hormone replacement therapy, he was hypoglycemic and lost weight.
Distinguish among hormones, neurotransmitters, local signaling molecules, and pheromones.
Hormones are produced by _______.a. Endocrine glands and cellsb. Some neuronsc. Exocrine cells d. A and be. A and cf. A, b, and c
A physician sees a patient whose symptoms include sluggishness, depression, and intolerance to cold. After eliminating other possible causes, the doctor diagnoses a hormone problem. What disorder fits the symptoms? Why does the doctor suspect that the underlying cause is a malfunction of the
Which hormones produced in the posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland have the targets indicated? Below, fill in the blanks using the abbreviations noted in Section 15.3. Sections 15.3, 15.4 The hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact to integrate many body activities. ADH and
A hormone molecule binds to a receptor on a cell membrane. It doesn’t enter the cell; rather, the binding activates a second messenger inside the cell that triggers an amplified response to the hormonal signal. Is the signaling molecule a steroid or a nonsteroid hormone?
ADH and oxytocin are hypothalamic hormones secreted from the pituitary’s_______ lobe.a. Anteriorb. Posteriorc. Primaryd. Secondary
Marianne has type 1 diabetes. One day, after accidentally injecting herself with too much insulin, she starts to shake and feels confused. Following her doctor’s suggestion, she drinks a glass of orange juice—a ready source of glucose—and soon her symptoms subside. What caused her symptoms?
_______ has effects on body tissues in general.a. ACTHb. TSHc. LHd. Growth hormone
Secretion of the hormone ADH may decrease or stop if the pituitary’s posterior lobe is damaged, as by a blow to the head. This is one cause of diabetes insipidus. People with this form of diabetes excrete so much dilute urine that they may become seriously dehydrated. Where are the target cells
Name the main endocrine glands and state where each is located in the body.
Give two examples of feedback control of hormone activity.
Second messengers assist _______.a. Steroid hormonesb. Nonsteroid hormonesc. Only thyroid hormonesd. Both a and b
Which hormones influence the development of sperm?
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can include mood swings, fluid retention (edema), anxiety, backache and joint pain, food cravings, and other symptoms. PMS usually develops after ovulation and lasts until just before or just after menstruation begins. Although the precise cause of PMS is unknown, it
In the “fertility awareness” method of birth control, a woman gauges her monthly fertile period by monitoring changes in the consistency of her vaginal mucus. What kind of information does such a method provide about the likelihood of getting pregnant?
Which hormones influence the menstrual and ovarian cycles?
The secretion of ________ controls the formation of sperm.a. Testosteroneb. LHc. FSHd. All of the above
Which of the reproductive technologies noted in Section 16.8 produces a child that is least related (genetically) to the infertile couple? Would you view having a child by that method as preferable to adopting a baby? Why or why not? Sections 16.7, 16.8 Physical, chemical, surgical, and behavioral
List four events that are triggered by the surge of LH at the midpoint of the menstrual cycle.
During the menstrual cycle, a midcycle surge of ________ triggers ovulation.a. Estrogenb. Progesteronec. LHd. FSH
What changes occur in the endometrium during the ovarian cycle?
Ovulation releases ________.a. The corpus luteumb. A primordial folliclec. A primary oocyted. A secondary oocyte and first polar body
Label the parts of the female reproductive system and list their functions. Ⓒ O Cengage Leaming
Lack of menstrual periods, or amenorrhea, is normal in pregnant and postmenopausal women and in girls who have not yet reached puberty. In females of reproductive age, amenorrhea can result from tumors of the pituitary or adrenals. Based on discussions in this chapter and Chapter 15, speculate
Label the parts of the male reproductive system and state their functions. Cengage Learning
Which is the correct order for one turn of the menstrual cycle?a. Corpus luteum forms, ovulation, follicle formsb. Follicle grows, ovulation, corpus luteum forms
In order for sexual intercourse to produce a pregnancy, both partners must experience ________.a. Orgasmb. Ejaculationc. Affectiond. None of the above

Showing 200 - 300 of 513

Human Biology 11th Edition Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan - Solutions

Step by Step Answers