Questions and Answers of Human Biology

________ a class of proteins, make metabolic reactions proceed much faster than they would on their own.a. Nucleic acidsb. Amino acidsc. Fatty acidsd. Enzymes
Examples of nucleic acids are ________ .a. Polysaccharidesb. DNA and RNAc. Proteinsd. Simple sugars
Which phrase best describes what a functional group does?a. Assembles large organic compoundsb. Influences the behavior of organic compoundsc. Splits molecules into two or more partsd. Speeds up
In ________ reactions, small molecules are linked by covalent bonds, and water can also form.a. Hydrophilicb. Hydrolysisc. Condensationd. Ionic
The plasma membrane _______.a. Surrounds the cytoplasmb. Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasmc. Separates the cell interior from the environmentd. Both a and c
The passive movement of a solute through a membrane protein down its concentration gradient is an example of _______.a. Osmosisb. Active transportc. Endocytosisd. Diffusion
Which of the following statements is not true? Metabolic pathways _______.a. Occur in a stepwise series of chemical reactionsb. Are speeded up by enzymesc. May break down or assemble moleculesd.
Enzymes _______.a. Enhance reaction ratesb. Are affected by pHc. Act on specific substratesd. All of the above
Cellular respiration is completed in the ______.a. Nucleusb. Mitochondrionc. Plasma membraned. Cytoplasm
______tissues have closely linked cells and one free surface.a. Muscleb. Nervec. Connectived. Epithelial
You are a living organism. Which characteristics of life do you exhibit?
Instructions in________ govern how organisms are built and function.
The diagram to the right shows how tiles can be put together in different ways. How does this example relate to the role of DNA as the universal genetic material in organisms? Cengage Learning
Why is the concept of homeostasis meaningful in the study of human biology?
A ________ is the smallest unit that can live and reproduce by itself using energy, raw materials, and DNA instructions.
Court witnesses are asked “to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.” Research shows, however, that eyewitness accounts of crimes often are unreliable because even the most
________ is a state in which an organism’s internal environment is maintained within a tolerable range.
Design a test (or series of tests) to support or refute this hypothesis: People who have no family history of high blood pressure (hypertension) but who eat a diet high in salt are more likely to
Study Figure 1.5. Then summarize what biological organization means.Figure 1.5 A atom -B molecule -C cell (muscle cells) -D tissue (heart muscle) 63 E organ (heart) -F organ system (cardiovascular
Humans are________ (animals with backbones); like other primates, they also are________.
In a popular magazine article the author reports health benefits attributed to a particular dietary supplement. What kinds of evidence should the article cite to help you decide whether the
Define and distinguish between:a. A hypothesis and a scientific theoryb. An experimental group and a control group
Starting with cells, nature is organized on at least ________ levels.
Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:a. Diffusion; osmosisb. Passive transport; active transportc. Endocytosis; exocytosis
Cell membranes consist mainly of a _______.a. Carbohydrate bilayer and proteinsb. Protein bilayer and phospholipidsc. Phospholipid bilayer and proteins
_______carry out most membrane functions.a. Proteinsc. Nucleic acidsb. Phospholipidsd. Hormones
Researchers studied 393 patients in a hospital’s coronary care unit. In the experiment, volunteers were asked to pray daily for a patient’s rapid recovery and for the prevention of complications
The pH of black coffee is 5, and that of milk of magnesia is 10. Is the coffee twice as acidic as milk of magnesia?
Distinguish between an element, an atom, and a molecule.
The backbone of organic compounds forms when ________atoms are covalently bonded.
Draw a shell model of an uncharged nitrogen atom.
A store clerk says that vitamin C from rose hips is healthier than synthetic vitamin C. Based on what you know of the structure of organic compounds, does this claim seem credible? Why or why not?
Ionic and covalent bonds join atoms into molecules. What do hydrogen bonds do?
Use the Web to find three examples of acid rain damage and efforts to combat the problem. You might start with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s acid rain home page.
Name three vital properties of water in living cells.
Which of the following is not a carbohydrate?a. Glucose moleculec. Margarine moleculeb. Simple sugard. Polysaccharide
Manufacturers make carbonated drinks by forcing pressurized carbon dioxide gas into flavored water. A chemical reaction between water molecules and some of the CO2 molecules creates hydrogen ions
Which small organic molecules make up carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
Which of the following is the carbohydrate, the fatty acid, the amino acid, and the polypeptide?a. +NH3—CHR—COO-b. C6H12O6c. (glycine)20d. CH3(CH2)16COOH
Describe the four levels of protein structure. How do a protein’s side groups influence its interactions with other substances? What happens when a protein is denatured?
Distinguish among the following:a. Monosaccharide, polysaccharide, disaccharideb. Peptide bond, polypeptidec. Glycerol, fatty acidd. Nucleotide, nucleic acid
Match each type of molecule with its description. || chain of amino acids energy carrier glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate chain of nucleotides one or more sugar units a. carbohydrate b.
What kinds of bonds often control the shape (or tertiary form) of large molecules such as proteins?a. Hydrogend. Inertb. Ionice. Singlec. Covalent
Using Section 3.3 as a reference, suppose you want to observe the surface of a microscopic section of bone. Would the best choice for this task be a compound light microscope or an electron
Describe the general functions of the following in a eukaryotic cell: the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, organelles, and cytoskeleton.
Which organelles are in the endomembrane system?
The _______ is responsible for a eukaryotic cell’s shape, internal organization, and cell movement.
Jogging is considered aerobic exercise because the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) can adjust to supply the oxygen needs of working cells. In contrast, sprinting the 100-meter dash
Section 3.17 mentions that arsenic poisons human cells because it halts the production of ATP. This happens because the structure of arsenic atoms closely resembles that of phosphorus atoms—so
What do enzymes do in metabolic reactions?
The cells of your body never use nucleic acids as an energy source. Can you suggest a reason why?
In aerobic cellular respiration, which reactions occur only in the cytoplasm? Which ones occur only in a cell’s mitochondria?
For the diagram of the aerobic pathway shown in the next column, fill in the number of molecules of substances formed at each stage.
Match each organelle with its correct function. protein synthesis movement intracellular digestion modification of proteins lipid synthesis ATP formation ribosome assembly a. mitochondrion b.
Match each substance with its correct description. a coenzyme or metal ion formed at end of a metabolic pathway mainly ATP enters a reaction catalytic protein a. reactant b. enzyme c. cofactor d.
Match each type of metabolic reaction with its function. glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport a. many ATP, NADH, FADH, and CO, form b. glucose to two pyruvate molecules and some ATP c. H+ flows
In a mitochondrion, where are the electron transport systems and enzymes required for ATP formation located?
List the general characteristics of epithelium, and then describe the basic types of epithelial tissues in terms of specific characteristics and functions.
Your housemate comes down with the latest stomach flu virus and develops frequent, watery diarrhea that alternates with vomiting episodes. After a day of misery, she is so listless that you insist on
Match the concepts: muscles and glands positive feedback sites of body receptors negative feedback brain a. integrating center b. reverses an altered condition c. eyes and ears d. effectors e.
In people who have the genetic disorder anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, patches of tissue have no sweat glands. What kind of tissue does this disorder affect?
List the major types of connective tissues; add the names and characteristics of their specific types.
Most ______ has collagen and elastin fibers.a. Muscle tissuec. Connective tissueb. Nervous tissued. Epithelial tissue
Identify and describe the tissues shown below. C B A: Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; B: Ed Reschke; C: © Ed Reschke; D: © University of Cincinnati, Raymond Walters College, Biology
The disease called scurvy results from a deficiency of vitamin C, which the body uses to synthesize collagen. Explain why scurvy sufferers tend to lose teeth, and why any wounds heal much more slowly
The man pictured in Figure 4.17 wears skin ornaments applied by piercing. Among other functions, the skin is a barrier to potentially dangerous bacteria, and some people object to extensive body
______, a specialized connective tissue, is mostly plasma with cellular components and various dissolved substances.a. Irregular connective tissuec. Cartilageb. Bloodd. Bone
List the types of cell junctions and their functions.
Porphyria is a genetic disorder. In one form, affected people lack enzymes of a metabolic pathway that forms heme, the iron-containing group in hemoglobin. Chemicals called porphyrins accumulate and
______ tissue detects and integrates information about changes and controls responses to changes.a. Musclec. Connectiveb. Nervousd. Epithelial
List the basic types of membranes in the body.
______ can shorten (contract).a. Muscle tissuec. Connective tissueb. Nervous tissued. Epithelial tissue
Define the terms tissue, organ, and organ system. List the body’s eleven major organ systems.
After you eat too many carbohydrates and proteins, your body converts the excess to storage fats, which accumulate ______ in .a. Loose connective tissuec. Adipose tissueb. Dense connective tissued.
What are some functions of skin?
The body’s internal environment consists of ______ .a. Blood plasmac. The five body cavitiesb. Interstitial fluidd. Both a and b
In ______, physical and chemical aspects of the body are being kept within tolerable ranges by controlling mechanisms.a. Positive feedbackc. Homeostasisb. Negative feedbackd. Metastasis
What is extracellular fluid, and how does the concept of homeostasis pertain to it?
______ detect specific environmental changes, an ______ pulls different bits of information together in the selection of a response, and ______ carry out the response.
Describe the basic elements of bone tissue.
The _______and _______ systems work together to move the body and specific body parts.
Growth hormone, or GH, is used medically to spur growth in children who are unusually short because they have a GH deficiency. However, it is useless for a short but otherwise normal 25-year-old to
Bone tissue contains _______.a. Living cellsb. Collagen fibersc. Calcium and phosphorusd. All of thesee. Both a and b
If bleached human bones found lying in the desert were carefully examined, would osteons be present? How about osteocytes and a marrow cavity?
Describe how bone first develops.
_______are shock pads and flex points.a. Vertebraeb. Cervical bonesc. Lumbar bonesd. Intervertebral disks
For young women, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calcium is 1,000 milligrams. For a 60-year-old woman, however, the RDA is 1,200 milligrams a day. What might happen to an older woman’s
Explain why bone remodeling is important, and give its steps.
The hollow center of an osteon (Haversian system) provides space for what vital part of compact bone tissue?a. Marrowb. Collagen fibersc. A blood vesseld. Osteocytes
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) helps stabilize the knee joint. It is easily injured by hyperextension of the knee. How would you have to move your lower leg to cause a hyperextension injury?
State the main function of blood capillaries. Name the main ways substances cross the walls of capillaries.
Several years ago the deaths of several airline travelers led to warnings about “economy-class syndrome.” The idea is that economy-class passengers don’t have as much leg room as passengers in
Explain the function of (a) the sinoatrial node and (b) the atrioventricular node.
Before antibiotics were available, it wasn’t uncommon for people in the United States (and elsewhere) to develop rheumatic fever. The infection can trigger an inflammation that ultimately damages
The contraction phase of the heartbeat is _______; the relaxation phase is _______.
Heavy smokers often develop abnormally high blood pressure. The nicotine in tobacco is a potent vasoconstrictor. Explain the connection between these two facts, including what kind of blood vessels
What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary circuits?
In the systemic circuit, the heart’s _______ half pumps _______ blood to all body regions; then _______ blood flows to the heart.a. Left; deoxygenated; oxygenatedb. Right; deoxygenated;
State the main functions of venules and veins. What forces work together in returning venous blood to the heart?
Label the heart’s main parts in the diagram below. Cengage Learning

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