The figure shows an oscilloscope trace for a sound wave produced by a loudspeaker. a. Copy the figure and draw the trace for a louder sound of the same pitch. b. It takes 1/50th of a second (0.02 s)...
The diagram below shows some of the forces acting on a car of mass 800 kg. a. State the size of the total drag force when the car is travelling at constant speed. b. The driving force is increased to...
The diagram shows an aeroplane of mass 3.4 x 10 5 kg accelerating uniformly from rest along a runway. After 26 s it reaches a speed of 65 m/s. a. Calculate i. The acceleration of the aeroplane ii....
a. Diagram 1 below shows a plant cell dividing by mitosis. Only two of the many chromosomes are shown for simplicity. i. What stage of mitosis is shown? ii. Draw prophase for the same cell assuming...
Five 0.25 m 2 quadrats were placed randomly in an area of grassland in the UK. The percentage of each quadrat occupied by each species of plant was estimated to the nearest 5% and recorded in the...
Use the information in the table to deduce the number of electrons and neutrons in a neutral atom of: a. Vanadium b. Strontium c. Phosphorus. Atom Nucleon number Proton number vanadium 51 23...
A beam of electrons is passing close to a highly negatively charged plate. When the electrons pass close to the plate, they are deflected (bent) away from the plate. a. What deflection would you...
Weekly instruction time for a school student in the United States is 22.2 hours compared to 26.9 hours in China. Is the difference meaningful? How could a graph be constructed so that the difference...
a. The first ionisation energies of four consecutive elements in the Periodic Table are: sodium = 494 kJ mol 1 magnesium = 736 kJ mol 1 aluminium = 577 kJ mol 1 silicon = 786 kJ mol 1 i. Explain the...
a. The table shows the first five ionisation energies for five elements (A to E). For each one state which group the element belongs to. b. Explain your reasoning behind your answer for element E. c....
Reasoning that barrels of oil are three-dimensional, a newspaper publishes a three-dimensional graph showing oil production (barrels) in five different years For Exercises, determine whether the...
The sketch graph shows the 13 successive ionisation energies of aluminium. a. Define the term 1st ionisation energy. b. How does the graph provide evidence for the existence of three electron shells...
a. State what is meant by: i. A couple ii. Torque. b. The engine of a car produces a torque of 200 N m on the axle of the wheel in contact with the road. The car travels at a constant velocity...
Compound E has the composition 69.8% carbon, 11.6% hydrogen and 18.6% oxygen. Its mass and 1H NMR spectra are shown below. a. Calculate the empirical formula of E. b. From the mass spectrum, find the...
The gasliquid chromatogram for a mixture of organic compounds is shown below. a. Give the correct labels for a, B and C. b. What percentage of the mixture is pentan-1-ol? c. Give an explanation for...
Which statement is correct? A. There is a resultant force on an object moving along a circular path at constant speed away from the centre of the circle causing it to be thrown outwards. B. There is...
A scatterplot is a graph in which the points are scattered throughout, without any noticeable pattern. In Exercise, determine whether the given statement is true or false.
Although it made our study more expensive, we chose a larger sample size in order to have a smaller margin of error. Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or...
Based on our sample, the 95% confidence interval for the mean amount of television watched by adult Americans is 2.5 to 2.7 hours per day. Therefore, 95% of all Americans watch between 2.5 and 2.7...
The mobility of a Rb + ion in aqueous solution is 7.92 10 8 m 2 s 1 V 1 at 25C. The potential difference between two electrodes placed in the solution is 35.0 V. If the electrodes are 8.00 mm apart,...
The graph in Figure 3.23 depicts U.S. marriage and divorce rates for selected years. The marriage rates are depicted by the blue bars, and the divorce rates are depicted by the maroon bars. The rates...
Find the difference between the ground- and first excited-state translational energies of a helium atom in a 1 mm 3 cubic box. Compare this to room temperature energy k B T at 300 K.
There is a 0.9986 probability that a randomly selected 30-year-old male will live through the year. A life insurance company charges $161 for insuring that the male will live through the year. If he...
In seeking to understand the factors that affect a college graduates future income, researchers conducted a multiple regression analysis that examined the effects of major, grade point average, the...
In Problems 4148, you need to make some assumptions before you estimate your answer. State your assumptions and then calculate the exact answer. A school in Oakland, California, spent $100,000 in...
Use VEC A modified for the stable 18-electron configuration of Kr to justify the network of Cu tetrahedra in MgCu 2 .
Consider an Ising model with an infinite-range interaction such that each spin interacts equally strongly with all other spins: ^ H = c i < j i j 0 H i i H ^ = c i < j i j 0 H i i...
Figure 3.2 suggests that oxidative non stoichiometry of NiO at high temperature is achieved via formation of nickel vacancies and holes. The following data have been measured [5, 6] at 1100 C in O 2...
Draw both chair conformations for each of the following compounds. In each case, identify the more stable chair conformation: (a) Methylcyclohexane (b) Trans-1,2-Diisopropylcyclohexane (c)...
Below is the structure of caffeine, but its lone pairs are not shown. Identify the location of all lone pairs in this compound: - -N N. .C. Caffeine Z-O- Z-U
Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations. You might find it useful to review Section 11.13 before doing these problems. In section 11.13 Radical halogenation provides...
Propose a plausible synthesis for each of the following transformations: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Br Br
Suggest an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations: a. b.
Using acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, identify a synthetic route for the production of 2-bromobutane.
Using any reagents you like, show a way to convert 1-methylcyclopentene into 3-methylcyclopentene.
Fill in the missing reagents below. Me OEt ?| Br Me SH OEt OMe OEt CN
Identify the reagents necessary to achieve each transformation below: (a) (b) (c) D D D
Using any compounds that contain two carbon atoms or fewer, show a way to prepare a racemic mixture of (2R, 3S) - and (2S, 3R) -2, 3-dihydroxypentane.
Identify the reagents you might use to achieve each of the following transformations: Br Br , En
Starting with acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, identify how you would prepare each member of the following homologous series of aldehydes: a. Ethanal b. Propanal c. Butanal d. Pentanal
Cyclopropane (shown below) has only one constitutional isomer. Draw a condensed structure of that isomer. -. - CH2 H2
Propose a structure that is consistent with each of the following 1 H NMR spectra. In each case, the molecular formula is provided. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Proton NMR C,H,,0 i ppm Integration Values...
A differential dz = f (x, y) dx + g(x, y) dy is exact if the integral f (x, y) dx + g(x, y) dy is independent of the path. Demonstrate that the differential dz = 2xy dx + x 2 dy is exact by...
Identify the reagents you would use to achieve each of the following transformations: CI Br Br CH
Draw the structures of compounds A to D: NaNH, NaNH, 1) Excess NaNH, Br2 Br2 2) H20 (C3H12)
A 1.25 mole sample of an ideal gas is expanded from 320. K and an initial pressure of 3.10 bar to a final pressure of 1.00 bar, and C P,m = 5/2R. Calculate w for the following two cases: a. The...
Use resonance structures to help you identify all sites of low electron density (δ+) in the following compound:
Predict the product and draw the mechanism for each of the following reactions: a. b. c. ? 1) LAH 2) H20
Based on your analysis in the previous problem, determine whether the following allene is expected to be chiral: Me , Me, c=c=c Me
Starting with cyclohexene and using any other reagents of your choice, show how you would prepare each of the following compounds. a. b. c. OH OMe
Methylmagnesium bromide reacts rapidly with ethylene oxide, it reacts slowly with oxetane, and it does not react at all with tetrahydrofuran. Explain this difference in reactivity. Oxetane Ethylene...
Using toluene and acetylene as your only sources of carbon atoms, show how you would prepare the following compound.
Identify the reagents necessary to accomplish each of the transformations below: (a) (b) Me
Draw the expected product when each of the following compounds is treated with chromic acid. a. b. c.
Predict the major product obtained when each of the following compounds is treated with Birch conditions. a. b. c. d. e. f. OH
Draw the two possible enols that can be formed from 3-methyl-2-butanone, and show a mechanism of formation ofeach under base-catalyzed conditions.
Prove that a substance for which the solidliquid coexistence curve has a negative slope contracts upon melting.
You observe light passing through a slit of width a as decreases from a to a. Will you observe a sharp transition between ray optics and diffraction? Explain why or why not.
When a molecule absorbs a photon, momentum is conserved. If an H 2 molecule at 500. K absorbs an ultraviolet photon of wavelength 175 nm, what is the change in its velocity, v? Given that its average...
Draw a Lewis dot structure for each of the following atoms: (a) Carbon (b) Oxygen (c) Fluorine (d) Hydrogen (e) Bromine (f) Sulfur (g) Chlorine (h) Iodine
Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation.
Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation: N.
Consider the three constitutional isomers of dioxane (C 4 H 8 O 2 ): One of these constitutional isomers is stable under basic conditions as well as mildly acidic conditions and is therefore used as...
Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Br
The smallest observed frequency for a transition between states of an electron in a one-dimensional box is 3.0 10 13 s 1 . What is the length of the box?
Identify the starting materials needed to make each of the following acetals: (a) (b) (c) OEt
The wave functions p x and d xz are linear combinations of the spherical harmonic functions, which are eigenfunctions of the operators H, l 2 , and l z for rotation in three dimensions. The...
Predict the major product obtained when each of the following compounds is treated with fuming sulfuric acid: (a) Chlorobenzene (b) Phenol (c) Benzaldehyde (d) Ortho-Nitrophenol (e) Para-Bromotoluene...
Aspartame (below) is an artificial sweetener used in diet soft drinks and is marketed under many trade names, including Equal TM and Nutrasweet TM . In the body, aspartame is hydrolyzed to produce...
Draw the enolate ion that is formed when each of the following compounds is treated with sodium ethoxide. In each case, draw all resonance structures of the enolate ion, and predict whether a...
Consider the 1s np 3 P 1s nd 3 D transition in He. Draw an energy-level diagram, taking the spin-orbit coupling that splits terms into levels into account. Into how many levels does each term split?...
Identify the reagents that you would use to accomplish each of the following transformations (you will need to use reactions from previous chapters). (a) (b) (c) (d) OEt CI
The principal line in the emission spectrum of sodium is yellow. On close examination, the line is seen to be a doublet with wavelengths of 589.0 and 589.6 nm. Explain the source of this doublet.
Identify the reagents that you would use to produce each of the following compounds using a Claisen condensation. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) OEt OEt
Use the transition frequencies shown in Example Problem 22.7 to calculate the energy (in joules and electron-volts) of the six levels relative to the 3s 2 S 1/2 level. State your answers with the...
Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations. (a) (b) (c) (d) OEt EtO
Evaluate the energy for the two MOs generated by combining a H1s and a F2p AO. Use Equation (23.12) and carry out the calculation for S HF = 0.075, 0.18, and 0.40 to mimic the effect of increasing...
Sketch the molecular orbital energy diagram for the radical OH based on what you know about the corresponding diagram for HF. How will the diagrams differ? Characterize the HOMO and LUMO as...
Predict the major product obtained when each of the following amines is treated with a mixture of NaNO 2 and HCl: (a) (b) (c) (d) NH2 Z
Why are the magnitudes of the coefficients c a and c b in the H 2 + wave functions g and u equal?
Draw the structure of each of the following compounds: (a) Cyclohexylmethylamine (b) Tricyclobutylamine (c) 2,4-Diethylaniline (d) (1R,2S)-2-Methylcyclohexanamine (e) ortho-Aminobenzaldehyde
Meta-Bromoaniline was treated with NaNO 2 and HCl to yield a diazonium salt. Draw the product obtained when that diazonium salt is treated with each of the following reagents: (a) H 2 O (b) HBF 4 (c)...
The two linearly independent total energy eigenfunctions for rotation in two dimensions are What is the evolution in time of for each of these solutions? 1 , (0) 1 e and o_(0) 2T |-4 1,
The following images show contours of constant electron density for H 2 calculated using the methods described in Chapter 26. The values of electron density are (a) 0.10, (b) 0.15, (c) 0.20, (d)...
Express the rate of reaction with respect to each species in the following reactions: a. 2NO(g) + O 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) b. H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) c. ClO (g) + BrO (g) ClO 2 (g) + Br(g)
The molecular electrostatic potential maps for LiH and HF are shown here. Does the apparent size of the hydrogen atom (shown as a white sphere) tell you whether it is an electron acceptor or an...
Calculate the bond order in each of the following species. Which of the species in parts (a)(d) do you expect to have the shorter bond length? a. Li 2 or Li + 2 b. C 2 or C + 2 c. O 2 or O + 2 d. F 2...
Electron-donating groups on benzene promote electrophilic aromatic substitution and lead preferentially to so-called ortho and para products over meta products, whereas electron-withdrawing groups...
A tube of superglue will harden if it remains open too long in a humid environment. Draw a mechanism that shows how superglue polymerizes in the presence of atmospheric moisture. When drawing your...
Kevlar is a condensation polymer used in the manufacture of bulletproof vests. Identify the monomers required for the preparation of Kevlar. Kevlar
BeH 2 is linear, whereas CH 2 with two additional electrons and H 2 O with four additional electrons are both bent to a similar degree. Could these changes in geometry have been anticipated by...
The beam is supported by two rods AB and CD that have cross-sectional areas of 12 mm 2 and 8 mm 2 , respectively. Determine the position d of the 6-kN load so that the average normal stress in each...
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at points B and C of the curved member. A 45 2 ft 500 lb 30
The hand crank that is used in a press has the dimensions shown. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at point A if a vertical force of 50 lb is applied to the handle...
The boom DF of the jib crane and the column DE have a uniform weight of 50 lb/ft. If the supported load is 300 lb, determine the resultant internal loadings in the crane on cross sections at points...
The rigid beam is supported by a pin at C and an A-36 steel guy wire AB. If the wire has a diameter of 0.2 in., determine how much it stretches when a distributed load of w = 100 lb/ft acts on the...
The gas-phase decomposition of ethyl bromide is a first-order reaction, occurring with a rate constant that demonstrates the following dependence on temperature: a. Determine the Arrhenius parameters...
Consider the unimolecular isomerization of methylcyanide, a reaction that will be discussed in detail in Chapter 36: CH 3 NC(g) CH 3 CN(g) The Arrhenius parameters for this reaction are A = 2.5 10...
The following compound has one aldehyde group and two OH groups: Under acidic conditions, either one of the OH groups can function as a nucleophile and attack the carbonyl group, giving rise to two...
Salicin is a natural analgesic present in the bark of willow trees, and it has been used for thousands of years to treat pain and reduce fevers. (a) Is salicin a reducing sugar? (b) Identify the...