Biological Psychology 12th Edition James W. Kalat - Solutions

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Through which mechanism do we perceive low-frequency sounds (up to about 100 Hz)?
How do we perceive middle-frequency sounds (100 to 4000 Hz)?
How do we perceive high-frequency sounds (above 4000 Hz)?
What evidence suggests that amusia depends on special experiences?
How is the auditory cortex like the visual cortex?
What is one way in which the auditory and visual cortices differ?
What kinds of sounds most strongly activate the auditory cortex?
Which type of hearing loss—conductive deafness or nerve deafness—would be more common among members of rock bands and why?
Why do many older people have trouble hearing speech in spite of wearing hearing aids?
Which method of sound localization is more effective for an animal with a small head? Which is more effective for an animal with a large head? Why?
Why do you suppose that the human auditory system evolved sensitivity to sounds in the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz instead of some other range of frequencies?
The text explains how we might distinguish loudness for low-frequency sounds. How might we distinguish loudness for a high-frequency tone?
Where are the auditory receptors, known as hair cells?a. In the auditory nerveb. Along a membrane of the cochleac. On the tympanic membraned. In the pinna
The frequency theory of pitch perception applies to what type of sound?a. Low-frequency sounds, up to about 100 Hzb. Medium-frequency sounds, from about 100 to 4000 Hzc. High-frequency sounds, above 4000 Hzd. All sounds
Which brain abnormality has been demonstrated in people with amusia?a. All the axons in the auditory nerve respond equally to every sound.b. Information from the auditory nerve does not reach the auditory cortex.c. The auditory cortex is smaller than average.d. Fewer than average axons connect the
Absolute pitch is more common among what type of people?a. People who had a period of auditory deprivation during early childhoodb. People with extensive musical training beginning in early childhoodc. People who learned two languages beginning in early childhoodd. People with many older brothers
What happens to people after damage to the primary auditory cortex?a. They become totally deaf.b. They can identify and localize simple sounds, but they cannot understand speech or enjoy music.c. Another part of the brain takes over, restoring normal hearing.
What is meant by a “tonotopic map”?a. Each location in the auditory cortex responds to a preferred tone, and these areas are arranged in order from low pitches to high pitches.b. The auditory cortex has axons back and forth to every other part of the cortex and several nuclei of the thalamus.c.
Infections or bone growth that prevent the middle ear from transmitting sounds properly to the cochlea produce which type of deafness?a. Nerve deafnessb. Conductive deafness
Many older people have trouble understanding speech in spite of wearing hearing aids, especially under which circumstance?a. Early in the morningb. A brightly lit roomc. A noisy roomd. A male voice
Localizing sounds by intensity differences works best for which pitches?a. High-frequency soundsb. Intermediate-frequency soundsc. Low-frequency sounds
People with damage to the vestibular system have trouble reading street signs while walking. Why?
How do jalapeños produce a hot sensation?
In what way is somatosensation several senses instead of one?
What evidence suggests that the somatosensory cortex is essential for the conscious perception of touch?
Suppose you suffer a cut through the spinal cord on the right side only. For the part of the body below that cut, will you lose pain sensation on the left side or the right side? Will you lose touch sensation on the left side or the right side?
In what ways are hurt feelings similar to physical pain?
Why do opiates relieve dull pain but not sharp pain?
How do the pain-relieving effects of cannabinoids differ from those of opiates?
How do ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs decrease pain?
Why is it preferable to start taking morphine before an operation instead of waiting until later?
Do opiates increase or decrease itch sensations?
Suppose someone suffers from constant itching. What kinds of drugs might help relieve it?
Which of the following activities would be most impaired after damage to the vestibular system?a. Reading street signs while walkingb. Detecting changes in the saltiness of foodsc. Memorizing a poem and saying it aloudd. Tying one’s shoelaces
Why can women on average detect thinner grooves with their fingers than men do?a. Most men have calluses on their fingers.b. On average, women’s fingers are smaller.c. Women pay closer attention to the sense of touch than men do.d. The somatosensory cortex is larger in women than in men, on
To what extent does the nervous system maintain separate representations of touch, heat, pain, and other aspects of somatic sensation?a. Not at all. A single kind of receptor responds to all kinds of somatic sensation.b. The receptors vary, but all kinds of sensation merge in the spinal cord.c. The
If a disease damages someone’s myelinated somatosensory axons without damaging the unmyelinated axons, what kind of sensation would the person lose?a. Temperatureb. Painc. Itchd. Touch
Suppose you suffer a cut through the spinal cord on the left side only. For the part of the body below that cut, you will lose pain sensation on the _____ side of the body and touch sensation on the _____ side.a. right . . . rightb. right . . . leftc. left . . . leftd. left . . . right
Hurt feelings activate the same brain areas as which sensation?a. Itchb. Hearingc. Paind. Olfaction
Do placebos relieve pain just by relaxation? And what is the evidence?a. Yes. People who are already relaxed gain no benefits from placebos.b. Yes. Placebos are effective only for people who are high in neuroticism.c. No. A placebo can relieve pain in one body part without affecting another.d. No.
Which chemical relieves pain by damaging the mitochondria in heat receptors?a. Acetaminophenb. Opiatesc. Cannabinoidsd. Capsaicin
Why do many people suffer chronic pain long after an injury has healed?a. The brain has learned to increase its pain perception.b. The skin exhausts its supply of histamine.c. They took morphine too soon after a surgical operation.
Which sense has the slowest axons to the brain?a. Itchb. Olfactionc. Tasted. Hearing
Which type of sensation inhibits itch sensations?a. Olfactionb. Tastec. Paind. Hearing
Of the following, which one uses an across-fiber pattern code?a. Flipping a light switchb. Playing a pianoc. Dialing a telephone number
Suppose you find a new, unusual-tasting food. How could you determine whether we have a special receptor for that food or whether we taste it with a combination of the other known taste receptors?
If someone injected into your tongue a chemical that blocks the release of second messengers, how would it affect your taste experiences?
What causes supertasters to be more sensitive to tastes than other people are?
In what way do olfactory receptors resemble metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors?
What is the mean life span of an olfactory receptor?
What kind of person becomes most sensitive to a smell after sniffing it repeatedly?
What is a major difference between olfactory receptors and those of the vomeronasal organ?
How long does a taste receptor last?a. From one meal to the nextb. Two weeks or less, the same as skin cellsc. Approximately a yeard. A lifetime
What do the observations about taste adaptation and cross-adaptation imply about taste receptors?a. The receptors sensitive to one taste are different from those for another taste.b. The same receptors contribute to all tastes.
Umami refers to the taste of which substance?a. Sulfatesb. Chocolatec. Fatsd. Glutamate
Why is it possible for us to taste a wide variety of chemicals as bitter?a. All bitter substances are chemically similar.b. We have 25 or more types of bitter receptors.c. We have a bitter receptor that is versatile enough to detect many types of chemicals.d. Sweet and sour receptors can detect
Which mammalian species is known to have very few taste receptors?a. Dolphinsb. Catsc. Ratsd. Chimpanzees
How do we manage to smell a wide variety of chemicals?a. An olfactory receptor varies the amplitude and velocity of its action potentials to indicate the type of odor.b. The difference in response between the left nostril and the right nostril identifies the odor.c. The ratio of firing among three
When a new olfactory receptor forms to replace one that died, does it connect to the same site in the olfactory bulb as the previous receptor? If so, how?a. No, it connects at random with a site in the olfactory bulb.b. It connects to the correct site because only one neuron in the olfactory bulb
On average, who detects odors better than other people?a. On average, left-handers detect odors better than right-handers do.b. On average, older people detect odors better than young people do.c. On average, women detect odors better than men do.d. On average, people with Parkinson’s disease
To what stimulus does the vomeronasal organ respond?a. Pheromonesb. Pain and temperaturec. Tilt and acceleration of the headd. Taste
What is the best-documented example of an effect of pheromones on humans?a. The smell of a sweaty man increases a woman’s sexual arousal.b. People tend to be sexually attracted to someone who smells like members of their own family.c. Women who spend much time together tend to synchronize their
What behavioral evidence indicates that synesthesia is real, and not just something that people claim to experience?a. Some people’s associations match the colors of refrigerator magnets they played with in childhood.b. Most people change their synesthetic associations from one year to the
Is a synesthetic color like seeing a real color? If not, how is it different?a. Yes. It is the same as a real color.b. No. It is like thinking about the color.c. No. Someone who synesthetically sees a certain letter as yellow can still see the letter on yellow paper.d. No. It appears only after the
Why do we move the eye muscles with greater precision than the biceps muscles?
Which transmitter causes a skeletal muscle to contract?
In what way are fish movements impaired in cold water?
Duck breast muscles are red (“dark meat”), whereas chicken breast muscles are white. Which species probably can fly for a longer time before fatiguing?
Why is an ultramarathoner like Bertil Järlaker probably not impressive at short-distance races?
If you hold your arm straight out and someone pulls it down slightly, it quickly bounces back. Which proprioceptor is responsible?
What is the function of Golgi tendon organs?
After acetylcholine causes a flexor muscle to move your hand toward your shoulder, what would move it the other direction?a. A different transmitter causes the muscle to relax.b. A different transmitter causes the muscle to move the other direction.c. Acetylcholine causes the extensor muscle to
What happens to a fish’s movement speed in colder water?a. The fish swims more slowly.b. The fish swims at the same speed by making each muscle contract more strongly.c. The fish swims at the same speed by recruiting more white muscle fibers.d. The fish swims faster.
Which of the following is true of mammals’ slow-twitch muscle fibers?a. Because they are aerobic, they are subject to rapid fatigue.b. Because they are anaerobic, they are subject to rapid fatigue.c. Because they are aerobic, they do not fatigue rapidly.d. Because they are anaerobic, they do not
Which of the following describes a stretch reflex?a. The receptor detects that a muscle is stretched, and sends a signal to contract it reflexively.b. The receptor detects that a muscle is contracted, and sends a signal to stretch it reflexively.
A muscle spindle and a Golgi tendon organ are both described as what?a. Optic receptorsb. Metabolic receptorsc. Proprioceptorsd. Chemoreceptors
In what way does the brain anatomy facilitate communication between body sensations and body movements?
What evidence indicates that cortical activity represents the “idea” of the movement and not just the muscle contractions?
How does the posterior parietal cortex contribute to movement? The premotor cortex? The supplementary motor cortex? The prefrontal cortex?
When expert pianists listen to familiar, well-practiced music, they imagine the finger movements, and the finger area of their motor cortex becomes active, even if they are not moving their fingers (Haueisen & Knösche, 2001). If we regard those neurons as another kind of mirror neuron, what do
What kinds of movements does the lateral tract control?The medial tract?
What kind of perceptual task would be most impaired by damage to the cerebellum?
How are the parallel fibers arranged relative to one another and to the Purkinje cells?
If a larger number of parallel fibers are active, what is the effect on the collective output of the Purkinje cells?
In general, do the basal ganglia have more effect on responses to a stimulus or on self-initiated movements?
Which aspect of movement do the basal ganglia control?
What kind of learning depends most heavily on the basal ganglia?
Explain the evidence that someone’s conscious decision to move does not cause the movement.
On what basis are some researchers skeptical of this evidence?
Human infants are at first limited to gross movements of the trunk, arms, and legs. The ability to move one finger at a time matures gradually over at least the first year. What hypothesis would you suggest about which brain areas controlling movement mature early and which areas mature later?
A brief stimulation in the motor cortex, less than 50 ms, produces what kind of result?a. Isolated muscle twitchesb. Contraction of a particular combination of musclesc. Contraction of whatever muscles are necessary to produce a particular outcomed. Contractions of different muscles that vary
A half-second stimulation in the motor cortex produces what kind of result?a. Isolated muscle twitchesb. Contraction of a particular combination of musclesc. Contraction of whatever muscles are necessary to produce a particular outcomed. Contractions of different muscles that vary unpredictably
When do the posterior parietal cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor cortex become most active?a. During the second or two in preparation for a movementb. During the movement itselfc. During the second or two after a movement
What does the antisaccade task measure?a. Which brain areas are active during preparation for a movementb. The role of mirror neurons in imitation behaviorsc. Someone’s ability to inhibit a movementd. The relative contributions of the medial and lateral pathways in the spinal cord
The lateral tract of the spinal cord controls __________. The medial tract controls ________.a. peripheral movements on the contralateral side(relative to the side of the brain where the tract originated) . . . trunk movements bilaterallyb. peripheral movements on the ipsilateral side . . .trunk
Where does the medial corticospinal tract originate in the brain?a. From the primary motor cortexb. From the primary motor cortex plus the red nucleusc. From many parts of the cortex, plus the tectum, reticular formation, and vestibular nucleusd. From the somatosensory cortex
Alcohol intoxication produces clumsiness, poor aim, impaired voluntary eye movements, and slurred speech. Damage to what brain structure yields these same deficits?a. Corpus callosumb. Ventromedial hypothalamusc. Cerebellumd. Red nucleus
How are the parallel fibers arranged relative to the Purkinje cells?a. They are parallel to them.b. They are perpendicular to them.c. They are arranged at random angles.
What is the probable role of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?a. It is active when the animal is at rest.b. It stimulates appropriate movements.c. It inhibits inappropriate competing movements.d. It produces imitation of other people’s movements.
Which of the following generally characterizes the movements that depend heavily on the basal ganglia?a. Stimulus-triggered, and generally faster than selfinitiated movements.b. Stimulus-triggered, and generally slower than selfinitiated movements.c. Self-initiated, and generally faster than

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Biological Psychology 12th Edition James W. Kalat - Solutions

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