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Questions and Answers of Biology

(a) Define hyperventilation. (b) If you hyperventilate, do you retain or expel more carbon dioxide? (c) What effect does hyperventilation have on blood pH?
Daniel, the swimmer with the fastest time on the Springfield College swim team, routinely hyperventilates before a meet, as he says, "to sock some more oxygen into my lungs so I can swim longer
A member of the "Blues" gang was rushed into an emergency room after receiving a knife wound in the left side of his thorax. The diagnosis was pneumothorax and a collapsed lung. Explain exactly (a)
A surgeon removed three adjacent bronchopulmonary segments from the left lung of a patient with TB. Almost half of the lung was removed, yet there was no severe bleeding, and relatively few blood
After a week of scuba diving in the Bahamas, Mary Ann boards an airplane. During her flight home, she develops aching joints, nausea, and dyspnea, which resolve upon landing. During the flight, the
Make a simple line drawing of the organs of the alimentary canal and label each organ. Then add three labels to your drawing- salivary glands, liver, and pancreas-and use arrows to show where each of
Describe the regulation of the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of gastric secretion.
(a) What is the relationship between the cystic, common hepatic, bile, and pancreatic ducts? (b) What is the point of fusion of the bile and pancreatic ducts called?
Explain why fatty stools result from the absence of bile or pancreatic juice
Indicate the function of the stellate macrophages and the hepatocytes of the liver.
What are (a) Brush border enzymes? (b) Chylomicrons?
Explain why activation of pancreatic enzymes is delayed until they reach the small intestine.
Name one inflammatory condition of the digestive system particularly common to adolescents, two common in middle age, and one common in old age.
What are the effects of aging on digestive system activity?
Lara was on a diet but she could not eat less and kept claiming her stomach had a mind of its own. She was joking, but indeed, there is a "gut brain" called the enteric nervous system. Is it part of
Name the layers of the alimentary canal wall. Note the tissue composition and major function of each layer.
What is a mesentery? Mesocolon? Greater omentum?
Name the six functional activities of the digestive system.
(a) Describe the boundaries of the oral cavity. (b) Why do you suppose its mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium rather than the more typical simple columnar epithelium?
(a) What is the normal number of permanent teeth? Of deciduous teeth? (b) What substance covers the tooth crown? Its root? (c) What substance makes up the bulk of a tooth? (d) What and where is pulp?
Describe the two phases of swallowing, noting the organs involved and the activities that occur.
Describe the role of these cells found in gastric glands: parietal, chief, mucous neck, and enteroendocrine.
You are a research assistant at a pharmaceutical company. Your group has been asked to develop an effective laxative that (1) provides fiber and (2) is nonirritating to the intestinal mucosa. Explain
After a heavy meal rich with fried foods, Debby Collins, an overweight 45-year-old woman, was rushed to the emergency room with severe spasmodic pains in her epigastric region that radiated to the
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of diarrhea and watery feces occurring over the last three days. The baby has sunken fontanelles, indicating extreme dehydration. Tests indicate that
Troy Francis, a middle-aged salesman, complains of a burning pain in the "pit of his stomach," usually beginning about two hours after eating and abating after drinking a glass of milk. When asked to
Dr. Dolan used an endoscope to view Mr. Habib's colon. He noted the presence of several polyps and removed them during the same procedure. What is an endoscope? Why did Dr. Dolan opt to remove the
Mr. Holden has had severe diarrhea all day and is severely weakened. Explain why his nurse is concerned about his present condition.
What is the protective value of having several sets of tonsils at the oral entry to the pharynx?
What is cellular respiration? What is the common role of FAD and NAD+ in cellular respiration?
Explain the effect of the following on metabolic rate: thyroxine levels, eating, body surface area, muscular exercise, emotional stress, starvation.
Explain the terms "core" and "shell" relative to body temperature balance. What serves as the heat-transfer agent from one to the other?
Compare and contrast mechanisms of heat loss with mechanisms of heat promotion, and explain how these mechanisms determine body temperature.
Describe the site, major events, and outcomes of glycolysis.
Pyruvic acid is a product of glycolysis, but it is not the substance that joins with the pickup molecule to enter the citric acid cycle. What is that substance?
Define glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipogenesis. Which is (are) likely to be occurring (a) Shortly after a carbohydrate-rich meal, (b) Just before waking up in the morning?
What is the harmful result when excessive amounts of fats are burned for energy? Name two conditions that might lead to this result.
Make a flowchart that indicates the pivotal intermediates through which glucose can be converted to fat.
Distinguish between the role of HDLs and that of LDLs.
List some factors that influence plasma cholesterol levels. Also list the sources and fates of cholesterol in the body.
What is meant by "body energy balance," and what happens if the balance is not precise?
Calculate the number of ATP molecules that can be harvested during the complete oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid. (Take a deep breath and think about it-you can do it.)
Every year dozens of elderly people are found dead in their unheated apartments and listed as victims of hypothermia. What is hypothermia, and how does it kill? Why are the elderly more susceptible
Frank Moro has been diagnosed as having severe atherosclerosis and high blood cholesterol levels. He is told that he is at risk for a stroke or a heart attack. First, what foods would you suggest
In the 1940s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a chemical called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This drug therapy was abandoned after a few patients died. DNP uncouples the
While attempting to sail solo from Los Angeles to Tahiti, Seth encountered a storm that marooned him on an uninhabited island. He was able, using his ingenuity and a pocket knife, to obtain plenty of
Gregor, a large, beefy man, came home from the doctor's office and complained to his wife that his blood tests "were bad." He told her that the doctor said he would have to give up some of his steaks
What is the importance of the perirenal fat capsule that surrounds the kidney?
Explain why the filtrate becomes hypotonic as it flows through the ascending limb of the nephron loop. Also explain why the filtrate at the bend of the nephron loop (and the interstitial fluid of the
How does urinary bladder anatomy support its storage function?
Define micturition and describe the micturition reflex.
Describe the changes that occur in kidney and bladder anatomy and physiology in old age.
Trace the pathway a creatinine molecule takes from a glomerulus to the urethra. Name every microscopic or gross structure it passes through on its journey.
Explain the important differences between blood plasma and glomerular filtrate, and relate the differences to the structure of the filtration membrane.
Describe the mechanisms that contribute to renal autoregulation.
Describe the mechanisms of extrinsic regulation of GFR, and their physiological role.
Describe what is involved in active and passive tubular reabsorption.
Explain how the peritubular capillaries are adapted for receiving reabsorbed substances.
Explain the process and purpose of tubular secretion.
How does aldosterone modify the chemical composition of urine?
Mrs. Bigda, a 60-year-old woman, was brought to the hospital by the police after falling to the pavement. She is found to have alcoholic hepatitis. She is put on a salt- and protein-restricted diet
While repairing a frayed utility wire, Kevin, an experienced lineman, slips and falls to the ground. Medical examination reveals a fracture of his lower spine and transection of the lumbar region of
What is cystitis? Why do women suffer from cystitis more frequently than men?
Patty, aged 55, is awakened by excruciating pain that radiates from her right abdomen to the loin and groin regions on the same side. The pain is not continuous but recurs at intervals of 3 to 4
Why does use of a spermicide increase a woman's risk for urinary tract infection?
Why are renal failure patients undergoing dialysis at risk for anemia and osteoporosis? What medications or supplements could you give them to prevent these problems?
Name the body fluid compartments, noting their locations and the approximate fluid volume in each.
Describe the thirst mechanism, indicating how it is triggered and terminated.
Explain why and how ECF osmolality is maintained.
Explain why and how sodium balance, ECF volume, and blood pressure are jointly regulated.
Describe the role of the respiratory system in controlling acid-base balance.
Explain how the chemical buffer systems resist changes in pH.
Explain the relationship of the following to renal secretion and excretion of hydrogen ions:(a) Plasma carbon dioxide levels,(b) Phosphate,(c) Sodium bicarbonate reabsorption.
List several factors that place newborn babies at risk for acid-base imbalances.
Mr. Jessup, a 55-year-old man, is operated on for a cerebral tumor. About a month later, he appears at his physician's office complaining of excessive thirst. He claims to have been drinking about 20
For each of the following sets of blood values, name the acid-base imbalance (acidosis or alkalosis), determine its cause (metabolic or respiratory), decide whether the condition is being
Explain how emphysema and congestive heart failure can lead to acid-base imbalance.
Mrs. Bush, a 70-year-old woman, is admitted to the hospital. Her history states that she has been suffering from diarrhea for three weeks. On admission, she complains of severe fatigue and muscle
During a routine medical checkup, Shelby, a 26-year-old physiotherapy student, is surprised to hear that her blood pressure is 180/110. She also has a rumbling systolic and diastolic abdominal bruit
Why is the term urogenital system more applicable to males than to females?
A man swam in a cold lake for an hour and then noticed that his scrotum was shrunken and wrinkled. His first thought was that he had lost his testicles. What had really happened?
Describe the major structural (and functional) regions of a sperm.
Oogenesis in the female results in one functional gamete-the egg, or ovum. What other cells are produced? What is the significance of this rather wasteful type of gamete production-that is,
Describe the events and possible consequences of menopause.
Define menarche. What does it indicate?
Trace the pathway of a sperm from the male testes to the uterine tube of a female.
In menstruation, the stratum functionalis is shed from the endometrium. Explain the hormonal and physical factors responsible for this shedding.
Both the epithelium of the vagina and the cervical glands of the uterus help prevent the invasion and spread of vaginal pathogens. Explain how each of these mechanisms works.
Some anatomy students were saying that the bulbo-urethral glands of males act like city workers who come around and clear parked cars from the street before a parade. What did they mean by this
Gina Marciano, a 44-year-old mother of eight children, visited her physician complaining of a "bearing down" sensation in her pelvis, low backache, and urinary incontinence. A vaginal examination
Grant, a sexually active adolescent, appeared in the emergency room complaining of a penile "drip" and pain during urination. An account of his recent sexual behavior was requested and recorded. (a)
A 36-year-old mother of four is considering tubal ligation to ensure that her family gets no larger. She asks the physician if she will become "menopausal" after the surgery. (a) How would you answer
Mr. Scanlon, a 76-year-old gentleman, is interested in a much younger woman. Concerned because of his age, he asks his urologist if he will be able to father a child. What questions would a physician
Erin had both her left ovary and her right uterine tube removed surgically at age 17 because of a cyst and a tumor in these organs. Now, at age 32, she remains healthy and is expecting her second
What is the function of hCG and why is it not important after the first trimester of pregnancy?
Explain how the flat embryonic disc takes on the cylindrical shape of a tadpole.
Fertilization involves much more than a mere restoration of the diploid chromosome number. (a) What does the process of fertilization entail on the part of both the egg and sperm? (b) What are the
Cleavage is an embryonic event that mainly involves mitotic divisions. How does cleavage differ from mitosis occurring during life after birth, and what are its important functions?
The life span of the ovarian corpus luteum is extended for nearly three months after implantation, but otherwise it deteriorates. (a) Explain why this is so. (b) Explain why it is important that the
The placenta is a marvelous, but temporary, organ. Starting with a description of its formation, show how it is an intimate part of both fetal and maternal anatomy and physiology during the gestation

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