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Questions and Answers of Biology

Richard Neis had symptoms of excessive secretion of PTH (high blood calcium levels), and his physicians were certain he had a parathyroid gland tumor. Yet when surgery was performed on his neck, the
Mary Morgan has just been brought into the emergency room of City General Hospital. She is perspiring profusely and is breathing rapidly and irregularly. Her breath smells like acetone (sweet and
Kyle, a 5-year-old boy, has been growing by leaps and bounds; his height is 100% above normal for his age. He has been complaining of headaches and vision problems. A CT scan reveals a large
Aaron, a 42-year-old single father, goes to his physician complaining of nausea and chronic fatigue. He reports having felt fatigued and listless for about half a year, but he had attributed this to
Roger Proulx has severe arthritis and has been taking prednisone (a glucocorticoid) for two months. He isn't feeling well, complains of repeated "colds," and is extremely "puffy" (edematous). Explain
You've just attended a football game with your friend Kaylee, who is diabetic. While Kaylee drank only one beer during the game, she is having trouble walking straight, her speech is slurred, and she
(a) Define formed elements and list their three major categories. (b) Which is least numerous? (c) Which comprise(s) the buffy coat in a hematocrit tube?
(a) Define fibrinolysis. (b) What is the importance of this process?
(a) How is clot overgrowth usually prevented? (b) List two conditions that may lead to unnecessary (and undesirable) clot formation.
How can liver dysfunction cause bleeding disorders?
(a) What is a transfusion reaction and why does it happen? (b) What are its possible consequences?
How can poor nutrition lead to anemia?
Discuss hemoglobin relative to its chemical structure, its function, and the color changes it undergoes during loading and unloading of oxygen.
If you had a high hematocrit, would you expect your hemoglobin determination to be low or high? Why?
What nutrients are needed for erythropoiesis?
(a) Describe the process of erythropoiesis. (b) What name is given to the immature cell type released to the circulation? (c) How does it differ from a mature erythrocyte?
Besides the ability to move by amoeboid motion, what other physiological attributes contribute to the function of white blood cells in the body?
(a) If you had a severe infection, would you expect your WBC count to be closest to 5000, 10,000, or 15,000/μl? (b) What is this condition called?
(a) Describe the appearance of platelets and state their major function. (b) Why should platelets not be called "cells"?
(a) Define hemostasis. (b) List the three major phases of coagulation. Explain what initiates each phase and what the phase accomplishes. (c) In what general way do the intrinsic and extrinsic
Cancer patients being treated with chemotherapeutic drugs designed to destroy rapidly dividing cells are monitored closely for changes in their red and white blood counts. Why so?
Amanda Healy, a young woman with severe vaginal bleeding, is admitted to the emergency room. She is three months pregnant, and the physician is concerned about the volume of blood she is losing. (a)
Alan Forsythe, a middle-aged college professor from Boston, is in the Swiss Alps studying astronomy during his sabbatical leave. He has been there for two days and plans to stay the entire year.
Mrs. Ryan, a middle-aged woman, appears at the clinic complaining of multiple small hemorrhagic spots in her skin and severe nosebleeds. While taking her history, the nurse notes that Mrs. Ryan works
A reticulocyte count indicated that 5% of Tyler's red blood cells were reticulocytes. His blood test also indicated he had polycythemia and a hematocrit of 65%. Explain the connection between these
In 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the nation's first commercial surgical glue to control bleeding during certain surgeries. Called Tisseel, it forms a flexible mesh over an
Jenny, a healthy young woman, had a battery of tests during a physical for a new job. Her RBC count was at the higher end of the normal range at that time, but four weeks later it was substantially
Mr. Chu has been scheduled for surgery to have his arthritic hip replaced. His surgeon tells him he must switch from aspirin to acetaminophen for pain control before his surgery. Why?
Describe the location and position of the heart in the body.
Discuss how the Frank-Starling law of the heart helps to explain the influence of venous return on stroke volume.
(a) Describe the common function of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus in a fetus. (b) What problems result if these shunts remain patent (open) after birth?
Describe the pericardium and distinguish between the fibrous and the serous pericardia relative to histological structure and location.
Trace one drop of blood from the time it enters the right atrium until it enters the left atrium. What is this circuit called?
(a) Describe how heart contraction and relaxation influence coronary blood flow. (b) Name the major branches of the coronary arteries, and note the heart regions served by each.
The refractory period of cardiac muscle is much longer than that of skeletal muscle. Why is this a desirable functional property?
(a) Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart in order, beginning with the pacemaker. (b) What is the important function of this conduction system?
Draw a normal ECG pattern. Label and explain the significance of its deflection waves.
Define cardiac cycle, and follow the events of one cycle.
What is cardiac output, and how is it calculated?
You have been called upon to demonstrate the technique for listening to valve sounds. (a) Explain where you would position your stethoscope to auscultate (1) the aortic valve of a patient with severe
Florita Santos, a middle-aged woman, is admitted to the coronary care unit with a diagnosis of left ventricular failure resulting from a myocardial infarction. Her history indicated that she was
Hannah, a newborn baby, needs surgery because she was born with an aorta that arises from the right ventricle and a pulmonary trunk that issues from the left ventricle, a condition called
Gabriel, a heroin addict, feels tired, is weak and feverish, and has vague aches and pains. Terrified that he has AIDS, he goes to a doctor and is informed that he is suffering not from AIDS, but
As Cara worked at her dissection, she became frustrated that several of the structures she had to learn about had more than one common name. Provide another name for each of these structures: (a)
How is the anatomy of capillaries and capillary beds well suited to their function?
(a) What blood vessels contribute to the formation of the hepatic portal circulation? (b) Why is a portal circulation a "strange" circulation?
Physiologists often consider capillaries and postcapillary venules together. (a) What functions do these vessels share? (b) Structurally, how do they differ?
Distinguish between elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles relative to location, histology, and functional adaptations.
Write an equation showing the relationship between peripheral resistance, blood flow, and blood pressure.
(a) Define blood pressure. Differentiate between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (b) What is the normal blood pressure value for an adult?
Describe the neural mechanisms responsible for controlling blood pressure.
Explain the reasons for the observed changes in blood flow velocity in the different regions of the circulation.
How does the control of blood flow to the skin for the purpose of regulating body temperature differ from the control of nutrient blood flow to skin cells?
Describe neural and chemical (both systemic and local) effects exerted on the blood vessels when you are fleeing from a mugger. (Be careful, this is more involved than it appears at first glance.)
How are nutrients, wastes, and respiratory gases transported to and from the blood and tissue spaces?
A 60-year-old man is unable to walk more than 100 yards without experiencing severe pain in his left leg; the pain is relieved by resting for 5-10 minutes. He is told that the arteries of his leg are
Your friend Jillian, who knows little about science, is reading a magazine article about a patient who had an "aneurysm at the base of his brain that suddenly grew much larger." The surgeons' first
The Agawam High School band is playing some lively marches while the coaches are giving pep talks to their respective football squads. Although it is September, it is unseasonably hot (88°F/31°C)
When we are cold or the external temperature is low, most venous blood returning from the distal part of the arm travels in the deep veins where it picks up heat (by countercurrent exchange) from the
Edema is a common clinical problem. On your first day of a clinical rotation, you encounter four patients who have edema for different reasons. Your challenge is to explain the edema in terms of
Compare and contrast blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph.
Compare the structure and functions of a lymph node to those of the spleen.
(a) Which anatomical characteristic ensures that the flow of lymph through a lymph node is slow? (b) Why is this desirable?
There are no lymphatic arteries. Why isn't this a problem?
Mrs. Jackson, a 59-year-old woman, has undergone a left radical mastectomy (removal of the left breast and left axillary lymph nodes and vessels). Her left arm is severely swollen and painful, and
A friend tells you that she has tender, swollen "glands" along the left side of the front of her neck. You notice that she has a bandage on her left cheek that is not fully hiding a large infected
Once almost a rite of childhood, tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) is now rarely performed. Similarly, while ruptured spleens were once routinely removed, they are now conserved
Besides acting as mechanical barriers, the skin epidermis and mucosae of the body have other attributes that contribute to their protective roles. Cite the common body locations and the importance of
What is the role of the variable regions of an antibody? Of the constant regions?
Name the five antibody classes and describe where each is most likely to be found in the body.
How do antibodies help defend the body?
Do vaccines produce active or passive humoral immunity? Explain your answer. Why is passive immunity less satisfactory?
Describe the process of activation of a CD4 T cell.
Describe the specific roles of helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells in normal cellular immunity.
Name several cytokines and describe their role in the immune response.
Define hypersensitivity. List three types of hypersensitivity reactions. For each, note whether antibodies or T cells are involved and provide two examples.
What events can result in autoimmune disease?
What accounts for the declining efficiency of the immune system with age?
Explain why attempts at phagocytosis are not always successful; cite factors that increase the likelihood of success.
What is complement? How does it cause bacterial lysis? What are some of the other roles of complement?
Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells? Which cells of the body secrete interferons?
Differentiate between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity.
Although the adaptive immune system has two arms, it has been said, "no T cells, no immunity." Explain.
Define immunocompetence and self-tolerance. How is self-tolerance achieved?
Differentiate between a primary and a secondary immune response. Which is more rapid and why?
Define antibody. Using an appropriately labeled diagram, describe the structure of an antibody monomer. Indicate and label variable and constant regions, heavy and light chains.
Isabella, a 6-year-old child who has been raised in a germ-free environment from birth, is a victim of one of the most severe examples of an abnormal immune system. Isabella also suffers from cancer
Some people with a deficit of IgA exhibit recurrent respiratory tract infections. Explain this observation.
Capillary permeability increases and plasma proteins leak into the interstitial fluid as part of the inflammatory process. Why is this desirable?
Costanza was picking grapes in her father's arbor when she felt a short prickling pain in her finger. She ran crying to her father, who removed an insect stinger and calmed her with a glass of
Caroline, a pregnant 29-year-old, has been HIV-positive for at least 10 years, dating back to when she was homeless and injecting heroin. While she currently has no symptoms of AIDS, she is taking
Trace the route of air from the nares to an alveolus. Name subdivisions of organs where applicable, and differentiate between conducting and respiratory zone structures.
Describe age-related changes in respiratory function.
(a) Why is it important that the trachea is reinforced with cartilage rings? (b) Why is it advantageous that the rings are incomplete posteriorly?
Briefly explain the anatomical "reason" why most men have deeper voices than boys or women.
The lungs are mostly passageways and elastic tissue. (a) What is the role of the elastic tissue? (b) Of the passageways?
Describe the functional relationships between volume changes and gas flow into and out of the lungs.
Discuss how airway resistance, lung compliance, and alveolar surface tension influence pulmonary ventilation.
(a) Differentiate clearly between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation rate. (b) Which provides a more accurate measure of ventilatory efficiency, and why?
State Dalton's law of partial pressures and Henry's law.

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