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medical sciences
biology

Questions and Answers of Biology

Which of these is a correct statement? a. Each gamete contains two alleles for each trait. b. Each individual has one allele for each trait. c. Fertilization gives each new individual one allele for
What possible gametes can be produced by AaBb? a. Aa. Bb b- A, a, B, b c. AB. ab d. AB. Ab. aB. ab
A straight hairline is recessive. If two parent s with a widow's peak have a child with a straight hairline, then what is the chance that their next child will have a straight hairline? a. No
What is the chance that an Aaindrvidual will be produced from an Aa-4across? a. 50% b. 75% c. 0% d . 25% e. 100%
The genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype can be determined best by reproduction with a. The recessive genotype or phenotype. b. A hetero zygote. c. The dominant phenotype. d. The
The homologous chromosomes align independently at the equator during meiosis so a. All possible combinations of alleles can occur in the gametes. b. Only the parental combinations of gametes can
Which of the following is not a feature of multifactorial inheritance? a. Effects of dominant alleles are additive. b. Genes affecting the trait may be on multiple chromosomes. c. Environment
The ABO blood system exhibits a. co dominance. b. multiple alleles. c. incomplete dominance. d. Both a and b are correct.
If a child has type O blood and the mother is type A. then which of the following could be the blood type of the child's father? a. A only b. B only c. O only d . A or O e. A, B. or O
Explain why the gametes have only one allele for a trait?
In which of the following is a trait influenced by both polygenic and environmental factors? (a) Multifactorial trait (b) Sex-linked (c) Incomplete dominance (d) Multiple-allele inheritance
Describe the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes?
Explain how the genetic combinations of the gametes in a dihybrid cross are explained by meiosis?
Describe the phenotypic ratio of the offspring of a dihybrid cross between two heterozygotes?
Using a pedigree, show an autosomal recessive disorder pattern and an autosomal dominant disorder pattern?
What is required for an autosomal recessive disorder to appear? Name four autosomal recessive disorders. What is required for an autosomal dominant disorder to appear? Name two autosomal , dominant
Define and give an example of each of the following inheritance pattern s: polygenic inheritance, multifactorial trait, incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles?
What are the phenotypes and genotypes for the ABO blood groups? If both parents are type AB blood, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their children, including the expected
According to the principle of complementarity, how does anatomy relate to physiology?
(a) Make a diagram showing the nine abdominopelvic regions, and name each region. Name two organs (or parts of organs) that could be located in each of the named regions.(b) Make a similar sketch
Construct a table that lists the 11 systems of the body, names two organs of each system (if appropriate), and describes the overall or major function of each system.
List and describe briefly five external factors that must be present or provided to sustain life.
Define homeostasis.
Compare and contrast the operation of negative and positive feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis. Provide two examples of variables controlled by negative feedback mechanisms and one
Why is an understanding of the anatomical position important?
Define plane and section.
Provide the anatomical term that correctly names each of the following body regions: (a) Arm, (b) Thigh, (c) Chest, (d) Fingers and toes, (e) Anterior aspect of the knee.
Use as many directional terms as you can to describe the relationship between the elbow's olecranal region and your palm.
Aiden has been suffering agonizing pain with each breath and has been informed by the physician that he has pleurisy.(a) Specifically, what membranes are involved in this condition?(b) What is their
At the clinic, Harry was told that blood would be drawn from his antecubital region. What body part was Harry asked to hold out? Later, the nurse came in and gave Harry a shot of penicillin in the
A man is behaving abnormally, and his physician suspects that he has a brain tumor. Which of the following medical imaging techniques would best localize the tumor in the man's brain (and why)?
Calcium levels in Mr. Gallariani's blood are dropping to dangerously low levels. The hormone PTH is released and soon blood calcium levels begin to rise. Shortly after, PTH release slows. Is this an
Mr. Harvey, a computer programmer, has been complaining of numbness and pain in his right hand. The nurse practitioner diagnosed his problem as carpal tunnel syndrome and prescribed use of a splint.
Define or describe energy, and explain the relationship between potential and kinetic energy.
Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are essentially opposite reactions. How are they related to the synthesis and degradation (breakdown) of biological molecules?
Describe the mechanism of enzyme action.
Explain why, if you pour water into a glass very carefully, you can "stack" the water slightly above the rim of the glass.
Some energy is lost in every energy conversion. Explain the meaning of this statement. (Direct your response to answering the question: Is it really lost? If not, what then?)
Provide the atomic symbol for each of the following elements:(a) Calcium,(b) Carbon,(c) Hydrogen,(d) Iron,(e) Nitrogen,(f) Oxygen,(g) Potassium,(h) Sodium.
Consider the following information about three atoms:(a) How are they similar to one another? (b) How do they differ from one another? (c) What are the members of such a group of atoms called? (d)
How many moles of aspirin, C9H8O4, are in a bottle containing 450 g by weight? The approximate atomic weights of its atoms are C = 12, H = 1, and O = 16.
Given the following types of atoms, decide which type of bonding, ionic or covalent, is most likely to occur:(a) Two oxygen atoms;(b) Four hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom;(c) A potassium atom
What are hydrogen bonds and how are they important in the body?
The following equation, which represents the oxidative breakdown of glucose by body cells, is a reversible reaction. Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP (a) How can you indicate that
Differentiate clearly between primary, secondary, and tertiary protein structure.
As Ben jumped on his bike and headed for the freshwater lake, his mother called after him, "Don't swim if we have an electrical storm-it looks threatening." This was a valid request. Why?
Some antibiotics act by binding to certain essential enzymes in the target bacteria.(a) How might these antibiotics influence the chemical reactions controlled by the enzymes?(b) What is the
Mrs. Roberts, in a diabetic coma, has just been admitted to Noble Hospital. Her blood pH indicates that she is in severe acidosis (low blood pH), and measures are quickly instituted to bring her
Jason, a 12-year-old boy, was awakened suddenly by a loud crash. As he sat up in bed, straining to listen, his fright was revealed by his rapid breathing (hyperventilation), a breathing pattern
After you eat a protein bar, which chemical reactions introduced in this chapter must occur for the amino acids in the protein bar to be converted into proteins in your body cells?
Explain why mitosis can be thought of as cellular immortality.
Contrast the roles of ER-bound ribosomes with those free in the cytosol.
Cells lining the trachea have whiplike motile extensions on their free surfaces. What are these extensions, what is their source, and what is their function?
Name the three phases of interphase and describe an activity unique to each phase.
Comment on the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining a cell's resting membrane potential.
Differentiate between primary and secondary active transport processes.
Cell division typically yields two daughter cells, each with one nucleus. How is the occasional binucleate condition of liver cells explained?
Explain why limp celery becomes crisp and the skin of your fingertips wrinkles when placed in tap water. (The principle is exactly the same.)
A "red-hot" bacterial infection of the intestinal tract irritates the intestinal cells and interferes with digestion. Such a condition is often accompanied by diarrhea, which causes loss of body
Two examples of chemotherapeutic drugs (drugs used to treat cancer) and their cellular actions are listed below. Explain why each drug could be fatal to a cell. a. Vincristine (brand name Oncovin):
The normal function of one tumor suppressor gene is to prevent cells with damaged chromosomes and DNA from "progressing from G1 to S," whereas another tumor suppressor gene prevents "passage from G2
In their anatomy lab, many students are exposed to the chemical preservatives phenol, formaldehyde, and alcohol. Our cells break down these toxins very effectively. What cellular organelle is
Dynein is missing from the cilia and flagella of individuals with a specific inherited disorder. These individuals have severe respiratory problems and, if males, are sterile. What is the structural
Explain why alcoholics are likely to have much more smooth ER than teetotalers.
Fresh water is a precious natural resource in Florida and it is said that supplies are dwindling. Desalinizing (removing salt from) ocean water has been recommended as a solution to the problem. Why
Define tissue.
What is the function of macrophages?
Differentiate between the roles of neurons and the supporting cells of nervous tissue.
Compare and contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue relative to structure, body location, and specific function.
Describe the process of tissue repair, making sure you indicate factors that influence this process.
Indicate which primary tissue classes derive from each embryonic germ layer.
In what ways are adipose tissue and bone similar? How are they different?
Name four important functions of epithelial tissue and provide at least one example of a tissue that exemplifies each function.
Describe the criteria used to classify covering and lining epithelia.
Explain the functional classification of multicellular exocrine glands and supply an example for each class.
Provide examples from the body that illustrate four of the major functions of connective tissue.
Name the primary cell type in connective tissue proper; in cartilage; in bone.
Name the two major components of matrix and, if applicable, subclasses of each component.
Matrix is extracellular. How does the matrix get to its characteristic position?
Name the specific connective tissue type found in the following body locations: (a) Forming the soft packing around organs, (b) Supporting the ear pinna, (c) Forming "stretchy" ligaments, (d) First
John sustained a severe injury during football practice and is told that he has a torn knee cartilage. Can he expect a quick, uneventful recovery? Explain your response.
The epidermis (epithelium of the cutaneous membrane or skin) is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Explain why that epithelium is much better suited for protecting the body's external
Your friend is trying to convince you that if the ligaments binding the bones together at your freely movable joints (such as your knee, shoulder, and hip joints) contained more elastic fibers, you
In adults, over 90% of all cancers are either adenomas (adenocarcinomas) or carcinomas. (See Related Clinical Terms for this chapter.) In fact, cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate
Cindy, an overweight high school student, is overheard telling her friend that she's going to research how she can transform some of her white fat to brown fat. What is her rationale here (assuming
Mrs. Delancy went to the local meat market and bought a beef tenderloin (cut from the loin, the region along the steer's vertebral column) and some tripe (cow's stomach). What type of muscle was she
Which epidermal cells are also called prickle cells? Which contain keratohyaline and lamellar granules?
Why are there no skin cancers that originate from stratum corneum cells?
A man got his finger caught in a machine at the factory. The damage was less serious than expected, but the entire nail was torn off his right index finger. The parts lost were the body, root, bed,
On an outline diagram of the human body, mark off various regions according to the rule of nines. What percentage of the total body surface is affected if the skin over the following body parts is
A common belief is that having your hair cut makes it become thicker. Explain why this belief is not true.
Is a bald man really hairless? Explain.
You go to the beach to swim on an extremely hot, sunny summer ClinicAL afternoon. Describe two ways in which your integumentary system acts to preserve homeostasis during your outing.
Distinguish clearly between first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
Describe the process of hair formation, and list several factors that may influence (a) Growth cycles (b) Hair texture.
What color does carotene impart to the skin?
Why does skin wrinkle and what factors accelerate the wrinkling process?
Explain each of these familiar phenomena in terms of what you learned in this chapter: (a) Pimples, (b) Dandruff, (c) Greasy hair and "shiny nose," (d) Stretch marks from gaining weight, (e) Freckles.
Count Dracula, the most famous vampire, rumored to have killed at least 200,000 people, was based on a real person who lived in eastern Europe about 600 years ago. He was indeed a "monster," although
Dean, a 40-year-old aging beach boy, is complaining to you that although his suntan made him popular when he was young, now his face is all wrinkled, and he has several darkly pigmented moles that

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