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chemistry
physical chemistry

Physical Chemistry 7th Edition Peter Atkins - Solutions

The work function for metallic cesium is 2.14 eV. Calculate the kinetic energy and the speed of the electrons ejected by light of wavelength (a) 700 nm, (b) 300 nm.
Calculate the size of the quantum involved in the excitation of (a) An electronic oscillation of period 2.50 fs, (b) A molecular vibration of period 2.21 fs, (c) A balance wheel of period 1.0 ms. Express the results in joules and kilojoules per mole.
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated from rest through a potential difference of (a) 100 V, (b) 1.0 kV, (c) 100 kV.
Show that the linear combinations A + iB and A - iB are not hermitian if A and E are hermitian operators.
An electron is confined to a linear region with a length of the same order as the diameter of an atom (about 100 pm). Calculate the minimum uncertainties in its position and speed.
In an X-ray photoelectron experiment, a photon of wavelength 121 pm ejects an electron from the inner shell of an atom and it emerges with a speed of 56.9 Mm S-I. Calculate the binding energy of the electron.
Determine the commutators of the operators a and at, where a = (x+ ip)/2l/2 and at = (x- ip)/21/2.
The Planck distribution gives the energy in the wavelength range dA at the wavelength A. Calculate the energy density in the range 650 nm to 655 nm inside a cavity of volume 100 em3 when its temperature is (a) 25°C, (b) 3000°C
The Einstein frequency is often expressed in terms of an equivalent temperature θE, where θE= hv/k, Confirm that θE has the dimensions of temperature, and express the criterion for the validity of the high-temperature form of the Einstein equation in terms of it. Evaluate θE for
The ground-state wave function of a hydrogen atom is Ψ = (1/xa3)1/2e-r1ao where ao = 53 pm (the Bohr radius). (a) Calculate the probability that the electron will be found somewhere within a small sphere of radius 1.0 pm centered on the nucleus. (b) Now suppose that the same sphere is
A particle is in a state described by the wave function Ψ(x) = (2alπ) 1/4c-ax2, where a is a constant and -=
Demonstrate that the Planck distribution reduces to the Rayleigh-Jeans law at long wavelengths.
Use the Planck distribution to deduce the Stefan-Boltzmann’s law that the total energy density of black-body radiation is proportional to T4, and find the constant of proportionality.
Normalize the following wave functions: (a) Sin (nπx/L) in the range 0
Identify which of the following functions are eigen functions of the operator d/dx: (a) D2/dx2, (b) Cos kx, (c) K, (d) Kx, (e) e-ax2. Give the corresponding eigen value where appropriate.
Which of the functions in Problem 8.15 are? (a) Also Eigen functions of d2/dx2 and (b) Only Eigen functions of d2/dx2? Give the Eigen values where appropriate.
Evaluate the kinetic energy of the particle with wave function given in Problem 8.18.
Evaluate the expectation values of rand r2 for a hydrogen atom with wave functions given in Problem 8.14
Use mathematical software to construct superposition’s of cosine functions and determine the probability that a given momentum will be observed. If you plot the superposition (which you should), set x = 0 at the centre of the screen and build the superposition there. Evaluate the root mean square
(a) Given that any operators used to represent observables must satisfy the commutation relation in eqn 8.38, what would be the operator for position if the choice had been made to represent linear momentum parallel to the x-axis by multiplication by the linear momentum? These different choices are
We saw in Impact I8.1 that electron microscopes can obtain images with several hundredfold higher resolution than optical microscopes because of the short wavelength obtainable from a beam of electrons. For electrons moving at speeds close to c, the speed of light, the expression for the de Broglie
A star too small and cold to shine has been found by S. Kulkarni, K. Matthews, B.R. Oppenheimer, and T. Nakajima (Science 270, 1478 (1995)). The spectrum of the object shows the presence of methane, which, according to the authors, would not exist at temperatures much above 1000 K. The mass of the
Discuss the physical origin of quantization energy for a particle confined to moving inside a one-dimensional box or on a ring.
Define, justify, and provide examples of zero-point energy.
Distinguish between a fermion and a boson. Provide examples of each type of particle.
Calculate the energy separations in joules, kilojoules per mole, electron volts, and reciprocal centimeters between the levels (a) n = 2 and n = 1, (b) n = 6 and n = 5 of an electron in a box of length 1.0 nm.
Calculate the probability that a particle will be found between 0.65L and 0.6lL in a box of length L when it has (a) 11= 1, (b) 11= 2. Take the wave function to be a constant in this range.
Calculate the expectation values of p and p2 for a particle in the state 11= 2 in a square-well potential.
Repeat Exercise 9.4a for a general particle of mass m in a cubic box.
What are the most likely locations of a particle in a box of length L in the state 11= 5?
Consider a particle in a cubic box. What is the degeneracy of the level that has an energy 14/3 it times that of the lowest level?
A nitrogen molecule is confined in a cubic box of volume 1.00 m3. Assuming that the molecule has an energy equal to μkT at T = 300 K, what is the value of n = (n~ + nJ + 11 ;) 112for this molecule? What is the energy separation between the levels n and 11+ I? What is its de Broglie wavelength?
Calculate the zero-point energy of a harmonic oscillator consisting of a particle of mass 5.16 x 10-26kg and force constant 285 N m-1
For a harmonic oscillator of effective mass 2.88 x 10-25kg, the difference in adjacent energy levels is 3.17 z calculate the force constant of the oscillator.
Calculate the wavelength of a photon needed to excite a transition between neighbouring energy levels of a harmonic oscillator of effective mass equal to that of an oxygen atom (15.9949 u) and force constant 544 N m-1
Refer to Exercise 9.10b and calculate the wavelength that would result from doubling the effective mass of the oscillator.
Calculate the minimum excitation energies of(a) The 33 kHz quartz crystal of a watch,(b) The bond between two °atoms in 02' for which k=ll77 Nm-1.
Confirm that the wave function for the first excited state of a one-dimensional linear harmonic oscillator given in Table 9.1 is a solution of the Schrödinger equation for the oscillator and that its energy is 3/2 hw).
Locate the nodes of the harmonic oscillator wave function with v = 5.
Assuming that the vibrations of a 14N2molecule are equivalent to those of a harmonic oscillator with a force constant k = 2293.8 N m3, what is the zero-point energy of vibration of this molecule? The mass of a 14Natom is 14.0031 u.
Confirm that wave functions for a particle in a ring with different values of the quantum number m, are mutually orthogonal.
A point mass rotates in a circle with 1= 2, Calculate the magnitude of its angular momentum and the possible projections of the angular momentum on an arbitrary axis.
Draw the vector diagram for all the permitted states of a particle with 1=6.
Calculate the separation between the two lowest levels for an 02 molecule in a one-dimensional container of length 5.0 cm. At what value of n does the energy of the molecule reach -tkT at 300 K, and what is the separation of this level from the one immediately below?
The rotation of an lH127I molecule can be pictured as the orbital motion of an H atom at a distance 160 pm from a stationary I atom. (This picture is quite good; to be precise, both atoms rotate around their common centre of mass, which is very close to the I nucleus.) Suppose that the molecule
A small step in the potential energy is introduced into the one-dimensional square-well problem as in Fig. 9.45. (a) Write a general expression for the first -order correction to the ground-state energy, Ebl). (b) Evaluate the energy correction for a = L/1O (so the blip in the potential occupies
Calculate the second-order correction to the energy for the system described in Problem 9.6 and calculate the ground-state wave function. Account for the shape of the distortion caused by the perturbation. Hint. The following integrals are useful
Derive eqn 9.20a, the expression for the transmission probability.
The wave function inside a long barrier of height V is Ψ = Ne-nx calculates (a) The probability that the particle is inside the barrier and (b) The average penetration depth of the particle into the barrier.
Calculate the mean kinetic energy of a harmonic oscillator by using the relations in Table 9.1.
Determine the values of ∂x = ((x2) - (x)2)1/2 and ∂p = ((p2) – (p)2)1/2 for (a) A particle in a box of length L and (b) A harmonic oscillator. Discuss these quantities with reference to the uncertainty principle.
The potential energy of the rotation of one CH3 group relative to its neighbour in ethane can be expressed as V( rp)= Vo cos 3rp. Show that for small displacements the motion of the group is harmonic and calculate the energy of excitation from v = 0 to v = 1. What do you expect to happen to the
Use thevirial theorem to obtain an expression for the relation between the mean kinetic and potential energies of an electron in a hydrogen atom?
Is the Schrödinger equation for a particle on an elliptical ring of semi major axes a and b separable? Hint. Although r varies with angle rp, the two are related by r2 = a2 sin2ф +b2 cos2ф.
Confirm that the spherical harmonics (a) Yo,o' (b) Y2-1 and (c) Y3+3 satisfy the Schrödinger equation for a particle free to rotate in three dimensions, and find its energy and angular momentum in each case.
Derive an expression in terms of land ml for the half-angle of the apex of the cone used to represent an angular momentum according to the vector model. Evaluate the expression for an ex spin. Show that the minimum possible angle approaches 0 as 1--7 =.
Derive (in Cartesian coordinates) the quantum mechanical operators for the three components of angular momentum starting from the classical definition of angular momentum, l = r x p. Show that any two of the components do not mutually commute, and find their commutators.
Show that the commutators [l2, lz] = 0, and then, without further calculation, justify the remark that [l2,lq] = 0 for all q =x, y, and z.
When B3-carotene is oxidized in vivo, it breaks in half and forms two molecules of retinal (vitamin A), which is a precursor to the pigment in the retina responsible for vision (Impact I14,J). The conjugated system of retinal consists of 11 C atoms and one °atom. In the ground state of retinal,
Carbon monoxide binds strongly to the Fe2+ ion of the haem group of the protein myoglobin. Estimate the vibrational frequency of CO bound to myoglobin by using the data in Problem 9.2 and by making the following assumptions: the atom that binds to the haem group is immobilized, the protein is
The particle on a ring is a useful model for the motion of electrons around the porphine ring (2), the conjugated macro cycle that forms the structural basis of the haem group and the chlorophylls. We may treat the group as a circular ring of radius 440 pm, with 22 electrons in the conjugated
The forces measured by AFM arise primarily from interactions between electrons of the stylus and on the surface. To get an idea of the magnitudes of these forces, calculate the force acting between two electrons separated by 2.0 nm Hints. The Coulombic potential energy of a charge q1 at a distance
We remarked in Impact 19.2 that the particle in a sphere is a reasonable starting point for the discussion of the electronic properties of spherical metal Nan particles. Here, we justify eqn 9.54, which shows that the energy of an electron in a sphere is quantized.(a) The Hamiltonian for a particle
Outline the electron configurations of many-electron atoms in terms of their location in the periodic table.
Describe the separation of variables procedure as it is applied to simplify the description of a hydrogenic atom free to move through space.
Specify and account for the selection rules for transitions in hydrogenic atoms.
Describe the orbital approximation for the wave function of a many electron atom. What are the limitations of the approximation?
When ultraviolet radiation of wavelength 58.4 nm from a helium lamp is directed on to a sample of xenon, electrons are ejected with a speed of 1.79 Mm S-I. Calculate the ionization energy of xenon.
By differentiation of the 35 radial wave function, show that it has three extreme a in its amplitude, and locate them.
Locate the radial nodes in the 4p orbital of an H atom where, in the notation of Table 10.1, the radial wave function is proportional to 20 -1Op +p2
The wave function for the 25 orbital of a hydrogen atom is N(2-r/ao)e-r2ao. Determine the normalization constant N.
Calculate the average kinetic and potential energies of a 25 electron in a hydrogenic atom of atomic number Z.
Write down the expression for the radial distribution function of a 35 electron in a hydrogenic atom and determine the radius at which the electron is most likely to be found.
Write down the expression for the radial distribution function of a 3p electron in a hydrogenic atom and determine the radius at which the electron is most likely to be found.
What is the orbital angular momentum of an electron in the orbital? (a) 4d, (b) 2p, (c) 3p? Give the numbers of angular and radial nodes in each case.
Calculate the permitted values of j for (a) A p electron, (b) An h electron.
What are the allowed total angular momentum quantum numbers of a composite system in which jl = 5 and j2 = 3?
State the orbital degeneracy of the levels in a hydrogenic atom (Z in parentheses) that have energy (a) -4hcR2om (2); (b) -1/4hcR, tom (4), and (c) -hcRatom (5).
What information does the term symbol F, provide about the angular momentum of an atom?
At what radius in the H atom does the radial distribution function of the ground state have (a) 50 per cent? (b) 75 per cent of its maximum value?
Which of the following transitions are allowed in the normal electronic emission spectrum of an atom?(a) 5d ---7 25,(b) 5p ---7 35,(c) 6P---74f?
(a) Write the electronic configuration of the V2+ ion.(b) What are the possible values of the total spin quantum numbers 5 and Ms for this ion?
Suppose that an atom has(a) 4,(b) 5 electrons in different orbital. What are the possible values of the total spin quantum number 5? What is the multiplicity in each case?
What atomic terms are possible for the electron configuration np1ndl? Which term is likely to lie lowest in energy?
What values off may occur in the terms (a) 3D, (b) 4D, (c) 2G? How many states (distinguished by the quantum number MJ) belong to each level?
Give the possible term symbols for (a) Sc [Ar] 3d14s2, (b) Br [AI'] 3d 104s24p5.
The Humphreys series is a group of lines in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen. It begins at 12 368 nm and has been traced to 3281.4 nm. What are the transitions involved? What are the wavelengths of the intermediate transitions?
The Li2+ion is hydrogenic and has a Lyman series at 740 747 cm3, 877 924 cm-1, 925 933 cm-1, and beyond. Show that the energy levels are of the form -hcRln2 and find the value of R for this ion. Go on to predict the wave numbers of the two longest-wavelength transitions of the Balmer series of the
W.P. Wijesundera, S.H. Vosko, and F.A. Parpia (Phys. Rev. A 51, 278 (1995)) attempted to determine the electron configuration of the ground state of lawrencium, element 103. The two contending configurations are [Rn] 5f l47s27pl and [Rn] 5f l46d7s2. Write down the term symbols for each of these
Calculate the mass of the deuteron given that the first line in the Lyman series of H lies at 82259.098 cm-1 whereas that of D lies at 82 281.476 cm-1 Calculate the ratio of the ionization energies of H and D
The Zeeman effect is the modification of an atomic spectrum by the application of a strong magnetic field. It arises from the interaction between applied magnetic fields and the magnetic moments due to orbital and spin angular moment a (recall the evidence provided for electron spin by the
What is the most probable point (not radius) at which a 2p electron will be found in the hydrogen atom?
Explicit expressions for hydrogenic orbitals are given in Tables 10.1 and 9.3. (a) Verify both that the 3px orbital is normalized (to I) and that 3px and 3dxy are mutually orthogonal. (b) Determine the positions of both the radial nodes and nodal planes of the 35, 3px' and 3dxy orbitals. (c)
Show that l, and 12 both commute with the Hamiltonian for a hydrogen atom. What is the significance of this result?
Some atomic properties depend on the average value of 1/r rather than the average value of r itself. Evaluate the expectation value of 1/, for? (a) A hydrogen 15 orbital, (b) A hydrogenic 25 orbital, (c) A hydrogenic 2p orbital.
The Bohr model of the atom is specified in Problem 10.18. What features of it are untenable according to quantum mechanics? How does the Bohr ground state differ from the actual ground state? Is there an experimental distinction between the Bohr and quantum mechanical models of the ground state?
Some of the selection rules for hydrogenic atoms were derived in justification 10.4. Complete the derivation by considering the x- and y components of the electric dipole moment operator.
The wave function of a many-electron closed-shell atom can expressed as a Slater determinant (Section 10Ab). A useful property of determinants is that interchanging any two rows or columns changes their sign and therefore, if any two rows or columns are identical, then the determinant vanishes. Use
The distribution of isotopes of an element may yield clues about the nuclear reactions that occur in the interior of a star. Show that it is possible to use spectroscopy to confirm the presence of both 4He+ and 3He+ in a star by calculating the wave numbers of the 11= 3 -7 11= 2 and of the n = 2 -7
The spectrum of a star is used to measure its radial velocity with respect to the Sun, the component of the star's velocity vector that is parallel to a vector connecting the star's centre to the centre of the Sun. The measurement relies on the Doppler effect in which radiation is shifted in

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