Business Communication Process and Product 6th Edition Mary Ellen Guffey - Solutions

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It is stated in the text that a paging partition will perform better than a paging file. Why is this so?
Give two examples of the advantages of relative path names over absolute ones.
The following locking calls are made by a collection of processes. For each call, tell what happens. If a process fails to get a lock, it blocks. (a) A wants a shared lock on bytes 0 through 10. (b) B wants an exclusive lock on bytes 20 through 30. (c) C wants a shared lock on bytes 8 through
Consider the locked file of Fig. 10-26(c). Suppose that a process tries to lock bytes 10 and 11 and blocks. Then, before C releases its lock, yet another process tries to lock bytes 10 and 11, and also blocks. What kinds of problems are introduced into the semantics by this situation? Propose and
Explain under what situations a process may request a shared lock or an exclusive lock. What problem may a process requesting an exclusive lock suffer from?
Some tape drives hav e numbered blocks and the ability to overwrite a particular block in place without disturbing the blocks in front of or behind it. Could such a device hold a mounted Linux file system?
In Fig. 10-24, both Fred and Lisa have access to the file x in their respective directories after linking. Is this access completely symmetrical in the sense that anything one of them can do with it the other one can, too?
As we have seen, absolute path names are looked up starting at the root directory and relative path names are looked up starting at the working directory. Suggest an efficient way to implement both kinds of searches.
When the file /usr/ast/work/f is opened, several disk accesses are needed to read i-node and directory blocks. Calculate the number of disk accesses required under the assumption that the i-node for the root directory is always in memory, and all directories are one block long.
A Linux i-node has 12 disk addresses for data blocks, as well as the addresses of single, double, and triple indirect blocks. If each of these holds 256 disk addresses, what is the size of the largest file that can be handled, assuming that a disk block is 1 KB?
When an i-node is read in from the disk during the process of opening a file, it is put into an i-node table in memory. This table has some fields that are not present on the disk. One of them is a counter that keeps track of the number of times the i-node has been opened. Why is this field needed?
On multi-CPU platforms, Linux maintains a runqueue for each CPU. Is this a good idea? Explain your answer?
Pdflush threads can be awakened periodically to write back to disk very old pages- older than 30 sec. Why is this necessary?
Based on the information presented in this chapter, if a Linux ext2 file system were to be put on a 1.44-MB floppy disk, what is the maximum amount of user file data that could be stored on the disk? Assume that disk blocks are 1 KB.
In view of all the trouble that students can cause if they get to be superuser, why does this concept exist in the first place?
A professor shares files with his students by placing them in a publicly accessible directory on the Computer Science department's Linux system. One day he realizes that a file placed there the previous day was left world-writable. He changes the permissions and verifies that the file is identical
Linux supports a system call fsuid. Unlike setuid, which grants the user all the rights of the effective id associated with a program he is running, fsuid grants the user who is running the program special rights only with respect to access to files. Why is this feature useful?
On a Linux system, go to /proc/#### directory, where #### is a decimal number corresponding to a process currently running in the system. Answer the following along with an explanation: (a) What is the size of most of the files in this directory? (b) What are the time and date settings of most of
If you are writing an Android activity to display a Web page in a browser, how would you implement its activity-state saving to minimize the amount of saved state without losing anything important?
If you are writing networking code on Android that uses a socket to download a file, what should you consider doing that is different than on a standard Linux system?
If you are designing something like Android's zygote process for a system that will have multiple threads running in each process forked from it, would you prefer to start those threads in zygote or after the fork?
Write a Linux pipeline that prints the eighth line of file z on standard output.
Imagine you use Android's Binder IPC to send an object to another process. You later receive an object from a call into your process, and find that what you have received is the same object as previously sent. What can you assume or not assume about the caller in your process?
Consider an Android system that, immediately after starting, follows these steps: 1. The home (or launcher) application is started. 2. The email application starts syncing its mailbox in the background. 3. The user launches a camera application. 4. The user launches a Web browser application. The
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of the registry vs. having individual .ini files.
The Win32 API call WaitForMultipleObjects allows a thread to block on a set of synchronization objects whose handles are passed as parameters. As soon as any one of them is signaled, the calling thread is released. Is it possible to have the set of synchronization objects include two semaphores,
When initializing a global variable in a multithreaded program, a common programming error is to allow a race condition where the variable can be initialized twice. Why could this be a problem? Windows provides the InitOnceExecuteOnce API to prevent such races. How might it be implemented?
Name three reasons why a desktop process might be terminated. What additional reason might cause a process running a modern application to be terminated?
Modern applications must save their state to disk every time the user switches away from the application. This seems inefficient, as users may switch back to an application many times and the application simply resumes running. Why does the operating system require applications to save their state
As described in Sec. 11.4, there is a special handle table used to allocate IDs for processes and threads. The algorithms for handle tables normally allocate the first available handle (maintaining the free list in LIFO order). In recent releases of Windows this was changed so that the ID table
Windows uses a facility called Autoboost to temporarily raise the priority of a thread that holds the resource that is required by a higher-priority thread. How do you think this works?
In Windows it is easy to implement a facility where threads running in the kernel can temporarily attach to the address space of a different process. Why is this so much harder to implement in user mode? Why might it be interesting to do so?
A mouse can have one, two, or three buttons. All three types are in use. Does the HAL hide this difference from the rest of the operating system? Why or why not?
Even when there is plenty of free memory available, and the memory manager does not need to trim working sets, the paging system can still frequently be writing to disk. Why?
Windows swaps the processes for modern applications rather than reducing their working set and paging them. Why would this be more efficient?
Why does the self-map used to access the physical pages of the page directory and page tables for a process always occupy the same 8 MB of kernel virtual addresses (on the x86)?
If a region of virtual address space is reserved but not committed, do you think a VAD is created for it? Defend your answer.
Which of the transitions shown in Fig. 11-34 are policy decisions, as opposed to required moves forced by system events (e.g., a process exiting and freeing its pages)?
Suppose that a page is shared and in two working sets at once. If it is evicted from one of the working sets, where does it go in Fig. 11-34? What happens when it is evicted from the second working set?
When a process unmaps a clean stack page, it makes the transition (5) in Fig. 11-34. Where does a dirty stack page go when unmapped? Why is there no transition to the modified list when a dirty stack page is unmapped?
Suppose that a dispatcher object representing some type of exclusive lock (like a mutex) is marked to use a notification event instead of a synchronization event to announce that the lock has been released. Why would this be bad? How much would the answer depend on lock hold times, the length of
To support POSIX, the native NtCreateProcess API supports duplicating a process in order to support fork. In UNIX fork is shortly followed by an exec most of the time. One example where this was used historically was in the Berkeley dump(8S) program which would backup disks to magnetic tape. Fork
A file has the following mapping. Give the MFT run entries.
Consider the MFT record of Fig. 11-41. Suppose that the file grew and a 10th block was assigned to the end of the file. The number of this block is 66. What would the MFT record look like now?
The mitigation strategy for improving security despite the continuing presence of vulnerabilities has been very successful. Modern attacks are very sophisticated, often requiring the presence of multiple vulnerabilities to build a reliable exploit. One of the vulnerabilities that is usually
An extension model used by many programs (Web browsers, Office, COM servers) involves hosting DLLs to hook and extend their underlying functionality. Is this a reasonable model for an RPC-based service to use as long as it is careful to impersonate clients before loading the DLL? Why not?
When running on a NUMA machine, whenever the Windows memory manager needs to allocate a physical page to handle a page fault it attempts to use a page from the NUMA node for the current thread's ideal processor. Why? What if the thread is currently running on a different processor?
Give a couple of examples where an application might be able to recover easily from a backup based on a volume shadow copy rather the state of the disk after a system crash.
In Sec. 11.10, providing new memory to the process heap was mentioned as one of the scenarios that require a supply of zeroed pages in order to satisfy security requirements. Give one or more other examples of virtual memory operations that require zeroed pages.
In Sec. 11.3.3 we described the problems caused by multithreaded applications closing handles in one thread while still using them in another. One possibility for fixing this would be to insert a sequence field. How could this help? What changes to the system would be required?
Windows contains a hypervisor which allows multiple operating systems to run simultaneously. This is available on clients, but is far more important in cloud computing. When a security update is applied to a guest operating system, it is not much different than patching a server. However, when a
Many components of the executive (Fig. 11-11) call other components of the executive. Give three examples of one component calling another one, but use (six) different components in all.
Win32 does not have signals. If they were to be introduced, they could be per process, per thread, both, or neither. Make a proposal and explain why it is a good idea.
An alternative to using DLLs is to statically link each program with precisely those library procedures it actually calls, no more and no less. If this scheme were to be introduced, would it make more sense on client machines or on server machines?
The discussion of Windows User-Mode Scheduling mentioned that user-mode and kernel- mode threads had different stacks. What are some reasons why separate stacks are needed?
Windows uses 2-MB large pages because it improves the effectiveness of the TLB, which can have a profound impact on performance. Why is this? Why are 2-MB large pages not used all the time?
Moore's Law describes a phenomenon of exponential growth similar to the population growth of an animal species introduced into a new environment with abundant food and no natural enemies. In nature, an exponential growth curve is likely eventually to become a sigmoid curve with an asymptotic limit
In Fig. 12-5, a flag, found, is used to tell whether the PID was located. Would it b possible to forget about found and just test p at the end of the loop to see whether it got to the end or not?
In Fig. 12-6, the differences between the x86 and the UltraSPARC are hidden by conditional compilation. Could the same approach be used to hide the difference between x86 machines with an IDE disk as the only disk and x86 machines with a SCSI disk as the only disk? Would it be a good idea?
Can reentrant procedures have private static global variables? Discuss your answer.
The macro of Fig. 12-7(b) is clearly much more efficient than the procedure of Fig. 12-7(a). One disadvantage, however, is that it is hard to read. Are there any other disadvantages? If so, what are they?
Suppose that we need a way of computing whether the number of bits in a 32-bit word is odd or even. Devise an algorithm for performing this computation as fast as possible. You may use up to 256 KB of RAM for tables if need be. Write a macro to carry out your algorithm. Extra Credit: Write a
One disadvantage of GIF is that the image must include the color palette, which increases the file size. What is the minimum image size for which an 8-bit-wide color palette breaks even? Now repeat this question for a 16-bit-wide color palette.
In the text we showed how caching path names can result in a significant speedup when looking up path names. Another technique that is sometimes used is having a daemon program that opens all the files in the root directory and keeps them open permanently, in order to force their i-nodes to be in
Even if a remote file has not been removed since a hint was recorded, it may have been changed since the last time it was referenced. What other information might it be useful to record?
Consider a system that hoards references to remote files as hints, for example as (name, remote-host, remote-name). It is possible that a remote file will quietly be removed and then replaced. The hint may then retrieve the wrong file. How can this problem be made less likely to occur?
In the text it is stated that locality can often be exploited to improve performance. But consider a case where a program reads input from one source and continuously outputs to two or more files. Can an attempt to take advantage of locality in the file system lead to a decrease in efficiency here?
Using Brooks' figure of 1000 lines of code per programmer per year, make an estimate of the amount of money it took to produce Windows 8. Assume that a programmer costs $100,000 per year (including overhead, such as computers, office space, secretarial support, and management overhead). Do you
As memory gets cheaper and cheaper, one could imagine a computer with a big battery- backed-up RAM instead of a hard disk. At current prices, how much would a low-end RAM-only PC cost? Assume that a 100-GB RAM-disk is sufficient for a lowend machine. Is this machine likely to be competitive?
Name some features of a conventional operating system that are not needed in an embedded system used inside an appliance.
Hierarchical file names always start at the top of the tree. Consider, for example, the file name /usr/ast/books/mos2/chap-12 rather than chap-12/mos2/books/ast/usr. In contrast, DNS names start at the bottom of the tree and work up. Is there some fundamental reason for this difference?
In a microkernel-based client-server system, the microkernel just does message passing and nothing else. Is it possible for user processes to nevertheless create and use semaphores? If so, how? If not, why not?
Careful optimization can improve system-call performance. Consider the case in which one system call is made every 10 msec. The average time of a call is 2 msec. If the system calls can be speeded up by a factor of two, how long does a process that took 10 sec to run now take?
Operating systems often do naming at two different levels: external and internal. What are the differences between these names with respect to (a) Length? (b) Uniqueness? (c) Hierarchies?
One way to handle tables whose size is not known in advance is to make them fixed, but when one fills up, to replace it with a bigger one, copy the old entries over to the new one, then release the old one. What are the advantages and disadvantages of making the new one 2 × the size of the
1. Which the following statements about the base keyword is false? a.A constructor can use at most one base statement. b.A constructor cannot use both a base statement and a this statement. c.The base keyword lets a constructor invoke a different constructor in the same
Write a Python program in which the user enters either 'A', 'B', or 'C'. If 'A' is entered, the program should display the word 'Apple'; if 'B' is entered, it displays 'Banana'; and if 'C' is entered, it displays 'Coconut'. Use nested if statements for this as depicted in Figure 3-13.
Identify all the errors in the following repetition statements. Some errors are syntactical while others are logical (e.g., infinite loops). a. for (int i = 10; i > 0; i++) { x = y; a = b; } b. int sum = 0; Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); do { num = scanner.nextInt(); sum += num; } until
What are the advantages of a virtualized data center over a classic data center?
Suppose m and r are integers. Write a Java expression for mr2 to obtain a floating point result.
The following algorithm is designed to print the beginning of what is known as the Fibonacci sequence. Identify the body of the loop. Where is the initialization step for the loop control? The modification step? The test step? What list of numbers is produced? Last ← 0; Current ← 1; while
A Student object should validate its own data. The client runs this method, called validateData(), with a Student object, as follows: String result = student.validateData(); if (result == null) else System.out.println(result); If the student's data are valid, the method returns the value null;
1.Suppose the MovedEventHandler delegate is defined by the statement delegate void MovedEventHandler(). Which of the following correctly declares the Moved event?a.public MovedEventHandler MovedEvent;b.public event MovedEventHandler MovedEvent;c.public event Action MovedEvent;d.Both b and c are
Describe agility (for software projects) in your own words.
Write a program that reads in an investment amount, the annual interest rate, and the number of years, and displays the future investment value using the following formula: futureInvestmentValue = investmentAmount * (1 + monthlyInterestRate)numberOfMonths For example, if you enter the amount 1000,
Write a program that receives an ASCII code (an integer between 0 and 127) and displays its character. For example, if the user enters 97, the program displays the character a. Here is a sample run: Enter an ASCII code: 69 The character is E
1.Which of the following is a valid delegate definition? a.private delegate float MyDelegate(float); b.private delegate MyDelegate(x); c.private delegate MyDelegate(float x); d.private delegate void MyDelegate(float x); 2.Which of the following statements is not true of delegate variables?
Write a program that creates a Random object with seed 1000 and displays the first 50 random integers between 0 and 100 using the nextInt(100) method.
Write a program that displays all the prime numbers less than 120 in decreasing order. Use the StackOfIntegers class to store the prime numbers (e.g., 2, 3, 5,... ) and retrieve and display them in reverse order.
Listing 2.6, ShowCurrentTime.java, gives a program that displays the current time in GMT. Revise the program so that it prompts the user to enter the time zone offset to GMT and displays the time in the specified time zone. Here is a sample run: Enter the time zone offset to GMT: -5 The current
1.What is the parameter in this method known as? public void displayAbsoluteValue(int value = 1) a.Modified b.Optional c.Named d.Default 2.When you create an abstract method, how do you use that method in a derived class? a.You must overload the method in your derived class. b.You must
1. In what way are general-purpose registers and main memory cells similar?2. In what way do general-purpose registers and main memory cells differ?
1. Which the following statements about the base keyword is false? a.A constructor can use at most one base statement. b.A constructor cannot use both a base statement and a this statement. c.The base keyword lets a constructor invoke a different constructor in the same class. d.If a constructor
(a) Write an if statement that increases pay by 3% if score is greater than 90. (b) Write an if statement that increases pay by 3% if score is greater than 90, otherwise increases pay by 1%.
1.To parse a string that might contain a currency value such as $1,234.56, you should pass the Parse or TryParse method which of the following values? a.NumberStyles.AllowCurrencySymbol b.NumberStyles.AllowThousands c.NumberStyles.Currency d.A combination of all NumberStyles values 2.Which of
For each of the following Visual Basic code snippets, identify the syntax error.1. If intX > 100lblResult.Text = "Invalid Data"End If2. Dim str As String = "Hello"Dim intLength As IntegerintLength = Length(str)3. If intZ < 10 ThenlblResult.Text = "Invalid Data"4. Dim str As String = "123"If
1. Which object does the variable mySet inherit from? Int[] mySet = new int[5]; a.System.Collection b.System.Collection.List c.System.Array d.None, this is a value type. 2. Which type should you use to store objects of different types but do not know how many elements you need at the time of
1.You are a developer at company xyx. You have been asked to improve the responsiveness of your WPF application. Which solution best fits the requirements? a.Use the BackgroundWorker class. b.Use the LongRunningMethod class. c.Run the method in the UI thread. d.Use the WorkInBackground class.
1.Which of the following methods is the best way to store an integer value typed by the user in a variable? a.ToString b.Convert c.ParseInt d.TryParse 2.The statement object obj = 72 is an example of which of the following? a.Explicit conversion b.Immutable conversion c.Boxing d.Unboxing
List four activities of a typical operating system.

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Business Communication Process and Product 6th Edition Mary Ellen Guffey - Solutions

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