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mechanical engineering

Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 8th edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles - Solutions

A 20◦ full-depth steel spur pinion has 20 teeth and a module of 2 mm and is to transmit 0.5 kW at a speed of 200 rev/min. Find an appropriate face width if the bending stress is not to exceed 75 MPa.
A steel spur pinion is to transmit 20 hp at a speed of 400 rev/min. The pinion is cut on the 20◦ full-depth system and has a diametral pitch of 4 teeth/in and 16 teeth. Find a suitable face width based on an allowable stress of 12 kpsi.
A gearset has a module of 5 mm, a 20◦ pressure angle, and a 24-tooth cast-iron spur pinion driving a 48-tooth cast-iron gear. The pinion is to rotate at 50 rev/min. What horsepower input can be used with this gearset if the contact stress is limited to 690 MPa and F = 60 mm?
A speed-reducer has 20◦ full-depth teeth, and the single-reduction spur-gear gearset has 22 and 60 teeth. The diametral pitch is 4 teeth/in and the face width is 3 ¼ in. The pinion shaft speed is 1145 rev/min. The life goal of 5-year 24-hour-per-day service is about 3(109) pinion revolutions.
The countershaft in Prob. 3–72, p. 138, is part of a speed reducing compound gear train using 20◦ spur gears. A gear on the input shaft drives gear A. Gear B drives a gear on the output shaft. The input shaft runs at 2400 rev/min. Each gear reduces the speed (and thus increases the torque) by a
The countershaft in Prob. 3–73, p. 138, is part of a speed reducing compound gear train using 20◦ spur gears. A gear on the input shaft drives gear A with a 2 to 1 speed reduction. Gear B drives a gear on the output shaft with a 5 to 1 speed reduction. The input shaft runs at 1800 rev/min. All
Build on the results of Prob. 13–40, p. 728, to find factors of safety for bending and wear for gear F. Both gears are made from Grade 2 carburized and hardened steel. Use a face-width of 4 times the circular pitch. The desired life is 12 kh with a 95 percent reliability.
Build on the results of Prob. 13–41, p. 729, to find factors of safety for bending and wear for gear C. Both gears are made from Grade 2 carburized and hardened steel. Use a face-width of 4 times the circular pitch. The desired life is 14 kh with a 98 percent reliability.
The figure shows an internal rim-type brake having an inside rim diameter of 300 mm and a dimension R = 125 mm. The shoes have a face width of 40 mm and are both actuated by a force of 2.2 kN. The mean coefficient of friction is 0.28.(a) Find the maximum pressure and indicate the shoe on which it
In the figure for Prob. 16€“1, the inside rim diameter is 11 in and the dimension R is 3.5 in. The shoes have a face width of 1.25 in. Find the braking torque and the maximum pressure for each shoe if the actuating force is 225 lbf, the drum rotation is counterclockwise, and f =
The block-type hand brake shown in the figure has a face width of 1.25 in and a mean coefficient of friction of 0.25. For an estimated actuating force of 90 lbf, find the maximum pressure on the shoe and find the brakingtorque.
Problem 16â€“9 is preliminary to analyzing the brake. A rigid molded non-asbestos lining is used dry in the brake of Prob. 16â€“9 on a cast iron drum. The shoes are 6 in wide and subtend a 90â—¦ arc. Find the maximum allowable actuation force and the braking torque.Problem
The maximum band interface pressure on the brake shown in the figure is 620 kPa. Use a 350 mm diameter drum, a band width of 25 mm, a coefficient of friction of 0.30, and an angle-of-wrap of 270—¦.Find the band tensions and the torquecapacity.
The drum for the band brake in Prob. 16€“11 is 12 in diameter. The band selected has a mean coefficient of friction of 0.28 and a width of 3.25 in. It can safely support a tension of 1.8 kip. If the angle of wrap is 270—¦, find the lining pressure and the torque capacity.In
Look again at Prob. 16â€“17.(a) Show how the optimal diameter d is related to the outside diameter D.(b) What is the optimal inner diameter?(c) What does the tabulation show about maxima?(d) Common proportions for such plate clutches lie in the range 0.45 â‰¤ d/D â‰¤ 0.80. Is the
A cone clutch has D = 12 in, d = 11 in, a cone length of 2.25 in, and a coefficient of friction of 0.28. A torque of 1.8 kip ∙ in is to be transmitted. For this requirement, estimate the actuating force and pressure by both models.
A brake has a normal braking torque of 2.8 kip ∙ in and heat-dissipating surfaces whose mass is 40 lbm. Suppose a load is brought to rest in 8.0 s from an initial angular speed of 1600 rev/min using the normal braking torque; estimate the temperature rise of the heat- dissipating surfaces.
A cast-iron flywheel has a rim whose OD is 1.5 m and whose ID is 1.4 m. The flywheel weight is to be such that an energy fluctuation of 6.75 J will cause the angular speed to vary no more than 240 to 260 rev/min. Estimate the coefficient of speed fluctuation. If the weight of the spokes is
A single-geared blanking press has a stroke of 200 mm and a rated capacity of 320kN. A cam-driven ram is assumed to be capable of delivering the full press load at constant force during the last 15 percent of a constant-velocity stroke. The camshaft has an average speed of 90 rev/min and is geared
Apply the rules of Prob. 16€“26 to the three-shaft system shown in the figure to create a motor shaft shish kebab.(a) Show that the equivalent inertia Ie is given byIe = IM + IP + n2IP + IP/n2 + m2IP/n2 + IL/m2n2(b) If the overall gear reduction R is a constant nm, show that the
In solving problems and examining examples, you probably have noticed some recurring forms:Show thatb = 1/a0 ˆ’ a2 33000Hd/V exp(f Ï†) /exp(f Ï†) €“1
The standard roller-chain number indicates the chain pitch in inches, construction proportions, series, and number of strands as follows:This convention makes the pitch directly readable from the chain number. In Ex. 17€“5 ascertain the pitch from the selected chain number and confirm
Equate Eqs. (17â€“32) and (17â€“33) to find the rotating speed n1 at which the power equates and marks the division between the premaximum and the postmaximum power domains.(a) Show that(b) Find the speed n1 for a no. 60 chain, p = 0.75 in, N1 = 17, Kr = 17, and confirm fromTable
Generalize the results of Prob. 17–31 by representing the factor of safety n asn = ad/(b/m) + cd2Where m is the number of ropes supporting the cage, and a, b, and c are constants. Show that the optimal diameter is d* = [b/(mc)]1/2 and the corresponding maximum attainable factor of safety is n* =
From your results in Prob. 17–32, show that to meet a fatigue factor of safety n1 the optimal solution ism = 4bcn1/a2 ropesHaving a diameter ofd = a/2cn1Solve Prob. 17–31 if a factor of safety of 2 is required. Show what to do in order to accommodate to the necessary discreteness in the rope
A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42 m3 to a final volume of 0.12 m3. During the quasi-equilibrium process, the pressure changes with volume according to the relation P = aV + b, where a = - 1200 kPa/m3 and b = 600 kPa. Calculate the work done during this process(a) By plotting the
A woman who used to drink about one liter of regular cola every day switches to diet cola (zero calorie) and starts eating two slices of apple pie every day. Is she now consuming fewer or more calories?
A 190-pound man and a 130-pound woman went to Burger King for lunch. The man had a BK Big Fish sandwich (720 Cal), medium french fries (400 Cal), and a large Coke (225 Cal). The woman had a basic hamburger (330 Cal), medium french fries (400 Cal), and a diet Coke (0 Cal). After lunch, they start
A person eats a McDonald's Big Mac sandwich (530 Cal), a second person eats a Burger King Whopper sandwich (640 Cal), and a third person eats 50 olives with regular French fries (350 Cal) for lunch. Determine who consumes the most calories. An olive contains about 5 Calories.
A 75-kg man decides to lose 5 kg without cutting down his intake of 4000 Calories a day. Instead, he starts fast swimming, fast dancing, jogging, and biking each for an hour every day. He sleeps or relaxes the rest of the day. Determine how long it will take him to lose 5 kg.
The range of healthy weight for adults is usually expressed in terms of the body mass index (BMI), defined, in SI units, as BMI = W(kg)/H2(m2) where W is the weight (actually, the mass) of the person in kg and H is the height in m, and the range of healthy weight is 19 # BMI $ 25. Convert the
The body mass index (BMI) of a 1.6-m tall woman who normally has 3 large slices of cheese pizza and a 400-ml Coke for lunch is 30. She now decides to change her lunch to 2 slices of pizza and a 200-ml Coke. Assuming that the deficit in the calorie intake is made up by burning body fat, determine
Alcohol provides 7 Calories per gram, but it provides no essential nutrients. A 1.5 ounce serving of 80-proof liquor contains 100 Calories in alcohol alone. Sweet wines and beer provide additional calories since they also contain carbohydrates. About 75 percent of American adults drink some sort of
The temperature of air changes from 0 to 10oC while its velocity changes from zero to a final velocity, and its elevation changes from zero to a final elevation. At which values of final air velocity and final elevation will the internal, kinetic, and potential energy changes be equal?
Consider a piston - cylinder device that contains 0.5 kg air. Now, heat is transferred to the air at constant pressure and the air temperature increases by 5oC. Determine the expansion work done during this process.
Air in the amount of 2 lbm is contained in a well insulated, rigid vessel equipped with a stirring paddle wheel. The initial state of this air is 30 psia and 60oF. How much work, in Btu, must be transferred to the air with the paddle wheel to raise the air pressure to 40 psia? Also, what is the
A mass of 1.5 kg of air at 120 kPa and 24oC is contained in a gas-tight, frictionless piston cylinder device. The air is now compressed to a final pressure of 600 kPa. During the process, heat is transferred from the air such that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Calculate the
Air is expanded in a polytropic process with n 5 1.2 from 1 MPa and 400oC to 110 kPa in a piston-cylinder device. Determine the final temperature of the air.
Nitrogen at 100 kPa and 25oC in a rigid vessel is heated until its pressure is 300 kPa. Calculate the work done and the heat transferred during this process, in kJ/kg.
A well-insulated rigid vessel contains 3 kg of saturated liquid water at 40oC. The vessel also contains an electrical resistor that draws 10 amperes when 50 volts are applied. Determine the final temperature in the vessel after the resistor has been operating for 30 minutes.
In order to cool 1 ton of water at 208C in an insulated tank, a person pours 80 kg of ice at 25oC into the water. Determine the final equilibrium temperature in the tank. The melting temperature and the heat of fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure are 0oC and 333.7 kJ/kg, respectively.
A mass of 3 kg of saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water is contained in a piston-cylinder device at 160 kPa. Initially, 1 kg of the water is in the liquid phase and the rest is in the vapor phase. Heat is now transferred to the water, and the piston, which is resting on a set of stops, starts
A mass of 12 kg of saturated refrigerant-134a vapor is contained in a piston - cylinder device at 240 kPa. Now 300 kJ of heat is transferred to the refrigerant at constant pressure while a 110-V source supplies current to a resistor within the cylinder for 6 min. Determine the current supplied if
Saturated water vapor at 200oC is condensed to a saturated liquid at 50oC in a spring-loaded piston - cylinder device. Determine the heat transfer for this process, in kJ/kg.
A piston - cylinder device contains 0.8 kg of an ideal gas. Now, the gas is cooled at constant pressure until its temperature decreases by 10oC. If 16.6 kJ of compression work is done during this process, determine the gas constant and the molar mass of the gas. Also, determine the constant-volume
A piston - cylinder device contains helium gas initially at 100 kPa, 10oC, and 0.2 m3. The helium is now compressed in a polytropic process (PVn = constant) to 700 kPa and 290oC. Determine the heat loss or gain during this process.
An insulated piston - cylinder device initially contains 0.01 m3 of saturated liquid-vapor mixture with a quality of 0.2 at 120oC. Now some ice at 0oC is added to the cylinder. If the cylinder contains saturated liquid at 120oC when thermal equilibrium is established, determine the amount of ice
During some actual expansion and compression processes in piston - cylinder devices, the gases have been observed to satisfy the relationship PVn = C, where n and C are constants. Calculate the work done when a gas expands from 350 kPa and 0.03 m3 to a final volume of 0.2 m3 for the case of n = 1.5.
Nitrogen gas is expanded in a polytropic process with n 5 1.25 from 2 MPa and 1200 K to 200 kPa in a piston - cylinder device. How much work is produced and heat is transferred during this expansion process, in kJ/kg?
A passive solar house that is losing heat to the outdoors at an average rate of 50,000 kJ/h is maintained at 22oC at all times during a winter night for 10 h. The house is to be heated by 50 glass containers each containing 20 L of water that is heated to 80oC during the day by absorbing solar
One ton (1000 kg) of liquid water at 50oC is brought into a well-insulated and well-sealed 4-m × 5-m × 6-m room initially at 15oC and 95 kPa. Assuming constant specific heats for both air and water at room temperature, determine the final equilibrium temperature in the room.
Water is boiled at sea level in a coffee maker equipped with an immersion-type electric heating element. The coffee maker contains 1 L of water when full. Once boiling starts, it is observed that half of the water in the coffee maker evaporates in 25 min. Determine the power rating of the electric
A 3-m × 4-m × 5-m room is to be heated by one ton (1000 kg) of liquid water contained in a tank that is placed in the room. The room is losing heat to the outside at an average rate of 6000 kJ/h. The room is initially at 20oC and 100 kPa and is maintained at an average temperature of 20oC at all
The energy content of a certain food is to be determined in a bomb calorimeter that contains 3 kg of water by burning a 2-g sample of it in the presence of 100 g of air in the reaction chamber. If the water temperature rises by 3.28C when equilibrium is established, determine the energy content of
A 68-kg man whose average body temperature is 39oC drinks 1 L of cold water at 3oC in an effort to cool down. Taking the average specific heat of the human body to be 3.6 kJ/kg·oC, determine the drop in the average body temperature of this person under the influence of this cold water.
An insulated rigid tank initially contains 1.4-kg saturated liquid water at 200oC and air. At this state, 25 percent of the volume is occupied by liquid water and the rest by air. Now an electric resistor placed in the tank is turned on, and the tank is observed to contain saturated water vapor
A 0.3-L glass of water at 20oC is to be cooled with ice to 5oC. Determine how much ice needs to be added to the water, in grams, if the ice is at (a) 0oC and (b) 220oC. Also determine how much water would be needed if the cooling is to be done with cold water at 0oC. The melting temperature and the
A piston - cylinder device contains helium gas initially at100 kPa, 10oC, and 0.2 m3. The helium is now compressed in a polytropic process (PVn = constant) to 700 kPa and 290oC. Determine the heat loss or gain during this process.
Reconsider Prob. 4-12. Using the EES (or other) software, plot the process described in the problem on a P-V diagram, and investigate the effect of the polytropic exponent n on the boundary work. Let the polytropic exponent vary from 1.1 to 1.6. Plot the boundary work versus the polytropic
A well-insulated 3-m × 4-m × 6-m room initially at 7oC is heated by the radiator of a steam heating system. The radiator has a volume of 15 L and is filled with superheated vapor at 200 kPa and 200oC. At this moment both the inlet and the exit valves to the radiator are closed. A 120-W fan is
Two rigid tanks are connected by a valve. Tank A contains 0.2 m3 of water at 400 kPa and 80 percent quality. Tank B contains 0.5 m3 of water at 200 kPa and 250oC. The valve is now opened, and the two tanks eventually come to the same state. Determine the pressure and the amount of heat transfer
Reconsider Prob. 4 - 131. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the environment temperature on the final pressure and the heat transfer. Let the environment temperature vary from 0 to 50oC. Plot the final results against the environment temperature, and discuss the results.
Consider a well-insulated horizontal rigid cylinder that is divided into two compartments by a piston that is free to move but does not allow either gas to leak into the other side. Initially, one side of the piston contains 1 m3 of N2 gas at 500 kPa and 120oC while the other side contains 1 m3 of
Repeat Prob. 4-133 by assuming the piston is made of 8 kg of copper initially at the average temperature of the two gases on both sides.
Reconsider Prob. 4-134. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the mass of the copper piston on the final equilibrium temperature. Let the mass of piston vary from 1 to 10 kg. Plot the final temperature against the mass of piston, and discuss the results.
An insulated piston-cylinder device initially contains 1.8-kg saturated liquid water at 120oC. Now an electric resistor placed in the tank is turned on for 10 min until the volume quadruples. Determine(a) The volume of the tank,(b) The final temperature, and(c) The electrical power rating of the
A vertical 12-cm diameter piston - cylinder device contains an ideal gas at the ambient conditons of 1 bar and 24oC. Initially, the inner face of the piston is 20 cm from the base of the cylinder. Now an external shaft connected to the piston exerts a force corresponding to a boundary work input of
A vertical 12-cm diameter piston - cylinder device contains an ideal gas at the ambient conditons of 1 bar and 24oC. Initially, the inner face of the piston is 20 cm from thebase of the cylinder. Now an external shaft connected to the piston exerts a force corresponding to a boundary work input of
A piston - cylinder device initially contains 0.35-kg steam at 3.5 MPa, superheated by 7.4oC. Now the steam loses heat to the surroundings and the piston moves down, hitting a set of stops at which point the cylinder contains saturated liquid water. The cooling continues until the cylinder contains
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 5 kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and 250 K. Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according to the relation PV1.4 = constant until it reaches a final temperature of 360 K. Calculate the work input during this process.
An insulated rigid tank is divided into two compartments of different volumes. Initially, each compartment contains the same ideal gas at identical pressure but at different temperatures and masses. The wall separating the two compartments is removed and the two gases are allowed to mix. Assuming
One kilogram of carbon dioxide is compressed from 0.5 MPa and 200oC to 3 MPa in a piston - cylinder device arranged to execute a polytropic process with n 5 1.3. Use the compressibility factor to determine the final temperature.
In solar-heated buildings, energy is often stored as sensible heat in rocks, concrete, or water during the day for use at night. To minimize the storage space, it is desirable to use a material that can store a large amount of heat while experiencing a small temperature change. A large amount of
The early steam engines were driven by the atmospheric pressure acting on the piston fitted into a cylinder filled with saturated steam. A vacuum was created in the cylinder by cooling the cylinder externally with cold water, and thus condensing the steam.Consider a piston-cylinder device with a
The specific heat of a material is given in a strange unit to be c 5 3.60 kJ/kg·oF. The specific heat of this material in the SI units of kJ/kg·oC is (a) 2.00 kJ/kg·oC (b) 3.20 kJ/kg·oC (c) 3.60 kJ/kg·oC (d) 4.80 kJ/kg·oC (e) 6.48 kJ/kg·oC
A 3-m3 rigid tank contains nitrogen gas at 500 kPa and 300 K. Now heat is transferred to the nitrogen in the tank and the pressure of nitrogen rises to 800 kPa. The work done during this process is (a) 500 kJ (b) 1500 kJ (c) 0 kJ (d) 900 kJ (e) 2400 kJ
A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains nitrogen gas at 600 kPa and 300 K. Now the gas is compressed isothermally to a volume of 0.1 m3. The work done on the gas during this compression process is (a) 720 kJ (b) 483 kJ (c) 240 kJ (d) 175 kJ (e) 143 kJ
A well-sealed room contains 60 kg of air at 200 kPa and 258C. Now solar energy enters the room at an average rate of 0.8 kJ/s while a 120-W fan is turned on to circulate the air in the room. If heat transfer through the walls is negligible, the air temperature in the room in 30 min will be (a)
A 2-kW baseboard electric resistance heater in a vacant room is turned on and kept on for 15 min. The mass of the air in the room is 75 kg, and the room is tightly sealed so that no air can leak in or out. The temperature rise of air at the end of 15 min is (a) 8.5°C (b) 12.4°C (c) 24.0°C (d)
A room contains 75 kg of air at 100 kPa and 15°C. The room has a 250-W refrigerator (the refrigerator consumes 250 W of electricity when running), a 120-W TV, a 1.8-kW electric resistance heater, and a 50-W fan. During a cold winter day, it is observed that the refrigerator, the TV, the fan, and
The equation of state of a gas is given as v-(P + 10/ v-2) = 5 RuT, where the units of v- and P are m3/kmol and kPa, respectively. Now 0.2 kmol of this gas is expanded in a quasi equilibrium manner from 2 to 4 m3 at a constant temperature of 350 K. Determine (a) the unit of the quantity 10 in the
A piston-cylinder device contains 5 kg of air at 400 kPa and 30°C. During a quasi-equilibium isothermal expansion process, 15 kJ of boundary work is done by the system, and 3 kJ of paddle-wheel work is done on the system. The heat transfer during this process is (a) 12 kJ (b) 18 kJ (c) 2.4
A 6-pack canned drink is to be cooled from 18oC to 3°C. The mass of each canned drink is 0.355 kg. The drinks can be treated as water, and the energy stored in the aluminum can itself is negligible. The amount of heat transfer from the 6 canned drinks is (a) 22 kJ (b) 32 kJ (c) 134 kJ (d) 187 kJ
A glass of water with a mass of 0.45 kg at 20°C is to be cooled to 0°C by dropping ice cubes at 0°C into it. The latent heat of fusion of ice is 334 kJ/kg, and the specific heat of water is 4.18 kJ/kg·°C. The amount of ice that needs to be added is (a) 56 g (b) 113 g (c) 124 g (d) 224 g (e)
A 2-kW electric resistance heater submerged in 5-kg water is turned on and kept on for 10 min. During the process, 300 kJ of heat is lost from the water. The temperature rise of water is (a) 0.4°C (b) 43.1°C (c) 57.4°C (d) 71.8°C (e) 180°C
1.5 kg of liquid water initially at 12°C is to be heated at 95°C in a teapot equipped with a 800-W electric heating element inside. The specific heat of water can be taken to be 4.18 kJ/kg·oC, and the heat loss from the water during heating can be neglected. The time it takes to heat water to
An ordinary egg with a mass of 0.1 kg and a specific heat of 3.32 kJ/kg·oC is dropped into boiling water at 95°C. If the initial temperature of the egg is 58C, the maximum amount of heat transfer to the egg is (a) 12 kJ (b) 30 kJ (c) 24 kJ (d) 18 kJ (e) infinity
An apple with an average mass of 0.18 kg and average specific heat of 3.65 kJ/kg·°C is cooled from 22°C to 5°C. The amount of heat transferred from the apple is (a) 0.85 kJ (b) 62.1 kJ (c) 17.7 kJ (d) 11.2 kJ (e) 7.1 kJ
The specific heat at constant volume for an ideal gas is given by cv = 0.7 + (2.7 × 10 -4)T (kJ/kg·K) where T is in kelvin. The change in the internal energy for this ideal gas undergoing a process in which the temperature changes from 27 to 127°C is most nearly (a) 70 kJ/kg (b) 72.1 kJ/kg (c)
An ideal gas has a gas constant R = 0.3 kJ/kg·K and a constant-volume specific heat cv = 0.7 kJ/kg·K. If the gas has a temperature change of 100°C, choose the correct answer for each of the following: 1. The change in enthalpy is, in kJ/kg (a) 30 (b) 70 (c) 100 (d) Insufficient information
An ideal gas undergoes a constant temperature (isothermal) process in a closed system. The heat transfer and work are, respectively (a) 0, - cv DT (b) cv DT, 0 (c) cp DT, RDT (d) R ln(T2/T1), R ln(T2/T1)
Reconsider Prob. 4 - 15. Using the integration feature of the EES software, calculate the work done, and compare your result with the "hand-calculated" result obtained in Prob. 4 15. Plot the process described in the problem on a P-v diagram.
An ideal gas under goes a constant volume (isochoric) process in a closed system. The heat transfer and work are, respectively (a) 0, −cvΔT (b) cvΔT, 0 (c) cpΔT, RΔT (d) R ln(T2/T1), R ln(T2/T1)
An ideal gas under goes a constant pressure (isobaric) process in a closed system. The heat transfer and work are, respectively(a) 0, −cvΔT (b) cvΔT, 0 (c) cpΔT, RΔT (d) R ln(T2/T1), R ln(T2/T1)
It is claimed that fruits and vegetables are cooled by 6°C for each percentage point of weight loss as moisture during vacuum cooling. Using calculations, demonstrate if this claim is reasonable.
During an expansion process, the pressure of a gas changes from 15 to 100 psia according to the relation P = aV + b, where a = 5 psia/ft3 and b is a constant. If the initial volume of the gas is 7 ft3, calculate the work done during the process.
A piston - cylinder device initially contains 0.4 kg of nitrogen gas at 160 kPa and 140oC. The nitrogen is now expanded isothermally to a pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the boundary work done during this process.
Hydrogen is contained in a piston-cylinder device at 14.7 psia and 15 ft3. At this state, a linear spring (F ~ x) with a spring constant of 15,000 lbf/ft is touching the piston but exerts no force on it. The cross-sectional area of the piston is 3 ft2. Heat is transferred to the hydrogen, causing
Nitrogen at an initial state of 300 K, 150 kPa, and 0.2 m3 is compressed slowly in an isothermal process to a final pressure of 800 kPa. Determine the work done during this process.
A piston - cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350oC. The air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state.

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