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engineering
mechanical engineering
Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 8th edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles - Solutions
Is heat transfer to or from the fluid desirable as it flows through a nozzle? How will heat transfer affect the fluid velocity at the nozzle exit?
Air enters a nozzle steadily at 50 psia, 140°F, and 150 ft/s and leaves at 14.7 psia and 900 ft/s. The heat loss from the nozzle is estimated to be 6.5 Btu/lbm of air flowing. The inlet area of the nozzle is 0.1 ft2. Determine (a) The exit temperature of air and (b) The exit area of the nozzle.
The stators in a gas turbine are designed to increase the kinetic energy of the gas passing through them adiabatically. Air enters a set of these nozzles at 300 psia and 700oF with a velocity of 80 ft/s and exits at 250 psia and 645oF. Calculate the velocity at the exit of the nozzles.
The diffuser in a jet engine is designed to decrease the kinetic energy of the air entering the engine compressor without any work or heat interactions. Calculate the velocity at the exit of a diffuser when air at 100 kPa and 30oC enters it with a velocity of 350 m/s and the exit state is 200 kPa
Air at 600 kPa and 500 K enters an adiabatic nozzle that has an inlet-to - exit area ratio of 2:1 with a velocity of 120 m/s and leaves with a velocity of 380 m/s. Determine (a) The exit temperature and (b) The exit pressure of the air.
Steam enters a nozzle at 400oC and 800 kPa with a velocity of 10 m/s, and leaves at 300oC and 200 kPa while losing heat at a rate of 25 kW. For an inlet area of 800 cm2, determine the velocity and the volume flow rate of the steam at the nozzle exit.
Steam at 3 MPa and 400oC enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily with a velocity of 40 m/s and leaves at 2.5 MPa and 300 m/s. Determine (a) The exit temperature and (b) The ratio of the inlet to exit area A1/A2.
Air at 13 psia and 65oF enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily with a velocity of 750 ft/s and leaves with a low velocity at a pressure of 14.5 psia. The exit area of the diffuser is 3 times the inlet area. Determine(a) The exit temperature and(b) The exit velocity of the air.
Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 1 MPa and 500°C with a mass flow rate of 6000 kg/h and leaves at 100 kPa and 450 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 40 cm2. Determine (a) The inlet velocity and (b) The exit temperature.
Refrigerant-134a at 700 kPa and 120oC enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily with a velocity of 20 m/s and leaves at 400 kPa and 30oC. Determine (a) The exit velocity and (b) The ratio of the inlet to exit area A1/A2.
Nitrogen gas at 60 kPa and 7oC enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily with a velocity of 275 m/s and leaves at 85 kPa and 27°C. Determine (a) The exit velocity of the nitrogen and (b) The ratio of the inlet to exit area A1/A2.
Reconsider Prob. 5-35. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the inlet velocity on the exit velocity and the ratio of the inlet-to-exit area. Let the inlet velocity vary from 210 to 350 m/s. Plot the final results against the inlet velocity, and discuss the results.
Refrigerant-134a enters a diffuser steadily as saturated vapor at 600 kPa with a velocity of 160 m/s, and it leaves at 700 kPa and 40°C. The refrigerant is gaining heat at a rate of 2 kJ/s as it passes through the diffuser. If the exit area is 80 percent greater than the inlet area, determine (a)
Steam at 4 MPa and 400oC enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 60 m/s, and it leaves at 2 MPa and 300oC. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2, and heat is being lost at a rate of 75 kJ/s. Determine (a) The mass flow rate of the steam, (b) The exit velocity of the steam, and (c) The exit
Air at 80 kPa, 27°C, and 220 m/s enters a diffuser at a rate of 2.5 kg/s and leaves at 42°C. The exit area of the diffuser is 400 cm2. The air is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 18 kJ/s during this process. Determine (a) The exit velocity and (b) The exit pressure of the air.
Consider a device with one inlet and one outlet. If the volume flow rates at the inlet and at the outlet are the same, is the flow through this device necessarily steady? Why?
Air flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine, entering at 150 psia, 900oF, and 350 ft/s and leaving at 20 psia, 300oF, and 700 ft/s. The inlet area of the turbine is 0.1 ft2. Calcualte(1). The mass flow rate of the air and(2). The power output of the turbine.
Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at 224oC and leaves at 0.8 MPa and 60oC. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 1.2 kg/s. Determine (a) The power input to the compressor and (b) The volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the compressor inlet.
Refrigerant-134a enters a compressor at 180 kPa as a saturated vapor with a flow rate of 0.35 m3/min and leaves at 700 kPa. The power supplied to the refrigerant during compression process is 2.35 kW. What is the temperature of R-134a at the exit of the compressor?
Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of the steam are 4 MPa, 500°C, and 80 m/s, and the exit conditions are 30 kPa, 92 percent quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is 12 kg/s. Determine(a) The change in kinetic energy,(b) The power output, and(c)
Reconsider Prob. 5-46. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the turbine exit pressure on the power output of the turbine. Let the exit pressure vary from 10 to 200 kPa. Plot the power output against the exit pressure, and discuss the results.
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 10 MPa and 500oC and leaves at 10 kPa with a quality of 90 percent. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine the mass flow rate required for a power output of 5 MW.
Steam flows steadily through a turbine at a rate of 45,000 lbm/h, entering at 1000 psia and 900°F and leaving at 5 psia as saturated vapor. If the power generated by the turbine is 4 MW, determine the rate of heat loss from the steam.
The ventilating fan of the bathroom of a building has a volume flow rate of 30 L/s and runs continuously. If the density of air inside is 1.20 kg/m3, determine the mass of air vented out in one day.
Helium is to be compressed from 105 kPa and 295 K to 700 kPa and 460 K. A heat loss of 15 kJ/kg occurs during the compression process. Neglecting kinetic energy changes, determine the power input required for a mass flow rate of 60 kg/min.
Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa and 300 K at a rate of 0.5 kg/s and leaves at 600 kPa and 450 K. Neglecting kinetic energy changes, determine (a) The volume flow rate of the carbon dioxide at the compressor inlet and (b) The power input to the compressor.
Air is compressed from 14.7 psia and 608F to a pressure of 150 psia while being cooled at a rate of 10 Btu/lbm by circulating water through the compressor casing. The volume flow rate of the air at the inlet conditions is 5000 ft3/min, and the power input to the compressor is 700 hp. Determine (a)
Reconsider Prob. 5-52E. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the rate of cooling of the compressor on the exit temperature of air. Let the cooling rate vary from 0 to 100 Btu/lbm. Plot the air exit temperature against the rate of cooling, and discuss the results.
An adiabatic gas turbine expands air at 1300 kPa and 500°C to 100 kPa and 127°C. Air enters the turbine through a 0.2-m2 opening with an average velocity of 40 m/s, and exhausts through a 1-m2 opening. Determine (a) The mass flow rate of air through the turbine and (b) The power produced by the
Steam enters a steady-flow turbine with a mass flow rate of 13 kg/s at 600°C, 8 MPa, and a negligible velocity. The steam expands in the turbine to a saturated vapor at 300 kPa where 10 percent of the steam is removed for some other use. The remainder of the steam continues to expand to the
Air flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine, entering at 150 psia, 900oF, and 350 ft/s and leaving at 20 psia, 300oF, and 700 ft/s. The inlet area of the turbine is 0.1 ft2. Determine (a) The mass flow rate of the air and (b) The power output of the turbine.
Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine plant at ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 25°C with a low velocity and exits at 1 MPa and 347°C with a velocity of 90 m/s. The compressor is cooled at a rate of 1500 kJ/min, and the power input to the compressor is 250 kW. Determine the mass flow rate
Air whose density is 0.078 lbm/ft3 enters the duct of an air-conditioning system at a volume flow rate of 450 ft3/min. If the diameter of the duct is 10 in, determine the velocity of the air at the duct inlet and the mass flow rate of air.
Refrigerant-134a is throttled from the saturated liquid state at 700 kPa to a pressure of 160 kPa. Determine the temperature drop during this process and the final specific volume of the refrigerant.
Saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water, called wet steam, in a steam line at 1500 kPa is throttled to 50 kPa and 100oC. What is the quality in the steam line?
Refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa and 25°C is throttled to a temperature of 220°C. Determine the pressure and the internal energy of the refrigerant at the final state.
A well-insulated valve is used to throttle steam from 8 MPa and 350°C to 2 MPa. Determine the final temperature of the steam.
Reconsider Prob. 5-65. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the exit pressure of steam on the exit temperature after throttling. Let the exit pressure vary from 6 to 1 MPa. Plot the exit temperature of steam against the exit pressure, and discuss the results.
Refrigerant-134a enters the expansion valve of a refrigeration system at 120 psia as a saturated liquid and leaves at 20 psia. Determine the temperature and internal energy changes across the valve.
Air enters a 28-cm diameter pipe steadily at 200 kPa and 20°C with a velocity of 5 m/s. Air is heated as it flows, and leaves the pipe at 180 kPa and 40°C. Determine (a) The volume flow rate of air at the inlet, (b) The mass flow rate of air, and (c) The velocity and volume flow rate at the
Liquid water at 300 kPa and 20°C is heated in a chamber by mixing it with superheated steam at 300 kPa and 300°C. Cold water enters the chamber at a rate of 1.8 kg/s. If the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 60°C, determine the mass flow rate of the superheated steam required.
In steam power plants, open feed water heaters are frequently utilized to heat the feed water by mixing it with steam bled off the turbine at some intermediate stage. Consider an open feed water heater that operates at a pressure of 1000 kPa. Feed water at 50°C and 1000 kPa is to be heated with
Water at 65°F and 20 psia is heated in a chamber by mixing it with saturated water vapor at 20 psia. If both streams enter the mixing chamber at the same mass flow rate, determine the temperature and the quality of the exiting stream.
A stream of refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 20°C is mixed with another stream at 1 MPa and 80°C. If the mass flow rate of the cold stream is twice that of the hot one, determine the temperature and the quality of the exit stream.
Reconsider Prob. 5 - 74. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the mass flow rate of the cold stream of R-134a on the temperature and the quality of the exit stream. Let the ratio of the mass flow rate of the cold stream to that of the hot stream vary from 1 to 4. Plot the
A heat exchanger is to heat water (cp 5 4.18 kJ/kg·°C) from 25 to 60°C at a rate of 0.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water (cp = 4.31 kJ/kg·°C available at 140°C at a mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the exit
Steam is to be condensed on the shell side of a heat exchanger at 75°F. Cooling water enters the tubes at 50°F at a rate of 45 lbm/s and leaves at 65°F. Assuming the heat exchanger to be well-insulated, determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the rate of condensation of the
A thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is used to cool oil (cp = 2.20 kJ/kg·°C) from 150 to 40°C at a rate of 2 kg/s by water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg·°C) that enters at 22oC at a rate of 1.5 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the
Air (cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·°C) is to be preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger before it enters the furnace. Air enters the heat exchanger at 95 kPa and 20°C at a rate of 0.6 m3/s. The combustion gases (cp = 1.10 kJ/kg·°C) enter at 160°C at a rate of
A steady-flow compressor is used to compress helium from 15 psia and 70°F at the inlet to 200 psia and 600°F at the outlet. The outlet area and velocity are 0.01 ft2 and 100 ft/s, respectively, and the inlet velocity is 50 ft/s. Determine the mass flow rate and the inlet area.
In a steam heating system, air is heated by being passed over some tubes through which steam flows steadily. Steam enters the heat exchanger at 30 psia and 400°F at a rate of 15 lbm/min and leaves at 25 psia and 212°F. Air enters at 14.7 psia and 80°F and leaves at 130°F. Determine the volume
Refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 90°C is to be cooled to 1 MPa and 30°C in a condenser by air. The air enters at 100 kPa and 278C with a volume flow rate of 600 m3/min and leaves at 95 kPa and 60°C. Determine the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Answer: 100 kg/min
Air enters the evaporator section of a window air conditioner at 14.7 psia and 90°F with a volume flow rate of 200 ft3/min. Refrigerant-134a at 20 psia with a quality of 30 percent enters the evaporator at a rate of 4 lbm/min and leaves as saturated vapor at the same pressure. Determine (a) The
An air-conditioning system involves the mixing of cold air and warm outdoor air before the mixture is routed to the conditioned room in steady operation. Cold air enters the mixing chamber at 7°C and 105 kPa at a rate of 0.55 m3/s while warm air enters at 34°C and 105 kPa. The air leaves the room
Hot exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine are to be used to produce saturated water vapor at 2 MPa pressure. The exhaust gases enter the heat exchanger at 4008C at a rate of 32 kg/min while water enters at 158C. The heat exchanger is not well insulated, and it is estimated that 10 percent
The evaporator of a refrigeration cycle is basically a heat exchanger in which a refrigerant is evaporated by absorbing heat from a fluid. Refrigerant-22 enters an evaporator at 200 kPa with a quality of 22 percent and a flow rate of 2.65 L/h. R-22 leaves the evaporator at the same pressure
Steam is to be condensed in the condenser of a steam power plant at a temperature of 50°C with cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser at 18oC at a rate of 101 kg/s and leaves at 27°C. Determine the rate of condensation of the steam in the condenser.
Reconsider Prob. 5-86. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the inlet temperature of cooling water on the rate of condensation of steam. Let the inlet temperature vary from 10 to 20°C, and assume the exit temperature to remain constant. Plot the rate of condensation of steam
Two mass streams of the same ideal gas are mixed in a steady-flow chamber while receiving energy by heat transfer from the surroundings. The mixing process takes place at constant pressure with no work and negligible changes in kinetic and potential energies. Assume the gas has constant specific
Water enters a boiler at 500 psia as a saturated liquid and leaves at 600°F at the same pressure. Calculate the heat transfer per unit mass of water.
A 2-m3 rigid tank initially contains air whose density is 1.18 kg/m3. The tank is connected to a high-pressure supply line through a valve. The valve is opened, and air is allowed to enter the tank until the density in the tank rises to 5.30 kg/m3. Determine the mass of air that has entered the
A 110-volt electrical heater is used to warm 0.3 m3/s of air at 100 kPa and 15°C to 100 kPa and 30°C. How much current in amperes must be supplied to this heater?
The fan on a personal computer draws 0.3 ft3/s of air at 14.7 psia and 70°F through the box containing the CPU and other components. Air leaves at 14.7 psia and 83°F. Calculate the electrical power, in kW, dissipated by the PC components.
Water enters the tubes of a cold plate at 70oF with an average velocity of 40 ft/min and leaves at 105°F. The diameter of the tubes is 0.25 in. Assuming 15 percent of the heat generated is dissipated from the components to the surroundings by convection and radiation, and the remaining 85 percent
A sealed electronic box is to be cooled by tap water flowing through the channels on two of its sides. It is specified that the temperature rise of the water not exceed 4°C. The power dissipation of the box is 2 kW, which is removed entirely by water. If the box operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a
Repeat Prob. 5 - 93 for a power dissipation of 4 kW.
The components of an electronic system dissipating 180 W are located in a 1.4-m-long horizontal duct whose cross section is 20 cm × 20 cm. The components in the duct are cooled by forced air that enters the duct at 30°C and 1 atm at a rate of 0.6 m3/min and leaves at 40°C. Determine the rate
Repeat Prob. 5-95 for a circular horizontal duct of diameter 20 cm.
Consider a hollow-core printed circuit board 9 cm high and 18 cm long, dissipating a total of 15 W. The width of the air gap in the middle of the PCB is 0.25 cm. If the cooling air enters the 12-cm-wide core at 25°C and 1 atm at a rate of 0.8 L/s, determine the average temperature at which the air
A computer cooled by a fan contains eight PCBs, each dissipating 10 W power. The height of the PCBs is 12 cm and the length is 18 cm. The cooling air is supplied by a 25-W fan mounted at the inlet. If the temperature rise of air as it flows through the case of the computer is not to exceed
A 4-m 3 5-m 3 6-m room is to be heated by an electric resistance heater placed in a short duct in the room. Initially, the room is at 15°C, and the local atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. The room is losing heat steadily to the outside at a rate of 150 kJ/min. A 200-W fan circulates the air steadily
It is well known that the power consumed by a compressor can be reduced by cooling the gas during compression. Inspired by this, somebody proposes to cool the liquid as it flows through a pump, in order to reduce the power consumption of the pump. Would you support this proposal? Explain.
Air is compressed isothermally from 13 psia and 90°F to 80 psia in a reversible steady-flow device. Calculate the work required, in Btu/lbm, for this compression.
Saturated water vapor at 150°C is compressed in a reversible steady-flow device to 1000 kPa while its specific volume remains constant. Determine the work required, in kJ/kg.
Calculate the work produced, in Btu/lbm, for the reversible steady-flow process 1-3 shown in Fig. P7-104E.
Water enters the pump of a steam power plant as saturated liquid at 20 kPa at a rate of 45 kg/s and exits at 6 MPa. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies and assuming the process to be reversible, determine the power input to the pump.
Liquid water enters a 16-kW pump at 100-kPa pressure at a rate of 5 kg/s. Determine the highest pressure the liquid water can have at the exit of the pump. Neglect the kinetic and potential energy changes of water, and take the specific volume of water to be 0.001 m3/kg.
Consider a steam power plant that operates between the pressure limits of 5 MPa and 10 kPa. Steam enters the pump as saturated liquid and leaves the turbine as saturated vapor. Determine the ratio of the work delivered by the turbine to the work consumed by the pump. Assume the entire cycle to be
Reconsider Prob. 7-107. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the quality of the steam at the turbine exit on the net work output. Vary the quality from 0.5 to 1.0, and plot the net work output as a function of this quality.Prob. 7-107Consider a steam power plant that operates
Helium gas is compressed from 16 psia and 85°F to 120 psia at a rate of 10 ft3/s. Determine the power input to the compressor, assuming the compression process to be (a) Isentropic, (b) Polytropic with n = 1.2, (c) Isothermal, and (d) Ideal two-stage polytropic with n = 1.2.
Reconsider Prob. 7-109E. Using EES (or other) software, evaluate and plot the work of compression and entropy change of the helium as functions of the polytropic exponent as it varies from 1 to 1.667. Discuss your results. Prob. 7-109E Helium gas is compressed from 16 psia and 85°F to 120 psia at
Nitrogen gas is compressed from 80 kPa and 27°C to 480 kPa by a 10-kW compressor. Determine the mass flow rate of nitrogen through the compressor, assuming the compression process to be (a) Isentropic, (b) Polytropic with n = 1.3, (c) Isothermal, and (d) Ideal two-stage polytropic with n = 1.3.
Saturated refrigerant-134a vapor at 15 psia is compressed reversibly in an adiabatic compressor to 80 psia. Determine the work input to the compressor. What would your answer be if the refrigerant were first condensed at constant pressure before it was compressed?
On a T-s diagram, does the actual exit state (state 2) of an adiabatic turbine have to be on the right-hand side of the isentropic exit state (state 2s)? Why?
Steam at 100 psia and 650°F is expanded adiabatically in a closed system to 10 psia. Determine the work produced, in Btu/lbm, and the final temperature of steam for an isentropic expansion efficiency of 80 percent.
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 5 MPa, 650°C, and 80 m/s and leaves at 50 kPa, 150°C, and 140 m/s. If the power output of the turbine is 8 MW, determine (a) The mass flow rate of the steam flowing through the turbine and (b) The isentropic efficiency of the turbine.
Combustion gases enter an adiabatic gas turbine at 1540°F and 120 psia and leave at 60 psia with a low velocity. Treating the combustion gases as air and assuming an isentropic efficiency of 82 percent, determine the work output of the turbine.
Steam at 4 MPa and 350°C is expanded in an adiabatic turbine to 120 kPa. What is the isentropic efficiency of this turbine if the steam is exhausted as a saturated vapor?
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C with a mass flow rate of 3 kg/s and leaves at 30 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 0.90. Neglecting the kinetic energy change of the steam, determine(a) The temperature at the turbine exit and(b) The power output of the turbine.
Reconsider Prob. 7-120. Using EES (or other) software, study the effect of varying the turbine isentropic efficiency from 0.75 to 1.0 on both the work done and the exit temperature of the steam, and plot your results.Prob. 7-120Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C with a mass
Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa and 300 K at a rate of 1.8 kg/s and exits at 600 kPa and 450 K. Neglecting the kinetic energy changes, determine the isentropic efficiency of the compressor.
A refrigeration unit compresses saturated R-134a vapor at 10°C to 1000 kPa. How much power is required to compress 0.9 kg/s of R-134a with a compressor efficiency of 85 percent?
Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at 100 kPa at a rate of 0.7 m3/min and exits at 1-MPa pressure. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 87 percent, determine(a) The temperature of the refrigerant at the exit of the compressor and(b) The power input, in
Reconsider Prob. 7-124. Using EES (or other) software, redo the problem by including the effects of the kinetic energy of the flow by assuming an inlet-to-exit area ratio of 1.5 for the compressor when the compressor exit pipe inside diameter is 2 cm.Prob. 7-124Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic
Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 95 kPa and 27°C to 600 kPa and 277°C. Assuming variable specific heats and neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine (a) The isentropic efficiency of the compressor and (b) The exit temperature of air if the process were
Argon gas enters an adiabatic compressor at 14 psia and 75°F with a velocity of 60 ft/s, and it exits at 200 psia and 240 ft/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 87 percent, determine (a) The exit temperature of the argon and (b) The work input to the compressor.
Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 45 psia and 940°F with low velocity and exits at 650 ft/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the nozzle is 85 percent, determine the exit temperature and pressure of the air.
Reconsider Prob. 7-128E. Using EES (or other) software, study the effect of varying the nozzle isentropic efficiency from 0.8 to 1.0 on both the exit temperature and pressure of the air, and plot the results. Prob. 7-128E Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 45 psia and 940°F with low velocity and
The exhaust nozzle of a jet engine expands air at 300 kPa and 180°C adiabatically to 100 kPa. Determine the air velocity at the exit when the inlet velocity is low and the nozzle isentropic efficiency is 96 percent.
An adiabatic diffuser at the inlet of a jet engine increases the pressure of the air that enters the diffuser at 11 psia and 30°F to 20 psia. What will the air velocity at the diffuser exit be if the diffuser isentropic efficiency defined as the ratio of the actual kinetic energy change to the
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