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engineering
mechanical engineering

Thermodynamics for Engineers 1st edition Kenneth A. Kroos, Merle C. Potter - Solutions

A quarter-circular rod of weight W and uniform cross section is supported as shown. Determine the bending moment at point J when θ = 30°.
For the beam and loading shown,(a) Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams,(b) Determine the maximum absolute values of the shear and bending moment.
For the beam and loading shown,(a) Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams,(b) Determine the maximum absolute values of the shear and bending moment.
For the beam shown, determine(a) The magnitude P of the two upward forces for which the maximum absolute value of the bending moment is as small as possible,(b) The corresponding value e of M max.
For the beam shown, draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams, and determine the location and magnitude of the maximum absolute value of the bending moment knowing that(a) M = 0,(b) M =12kN ∙ m.
For the beam and loading shown,(a) Derive the equations of the shear and bending-moment curves,(b) Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams,(c) Determine the location and magnitude of the maximum bending moment.
Beam AB lies on the ground and supports the parabolic load shown. Assuming the upward reaction of the ground to be uniformly distributed,(a) Derive the equations of the shear and bending-moment curves,(b) Determine the maximum bending moment.
Knowing that dC = 4 m, determine(a) The reaction at A,(b) The reaction at E.
A steam pipe weighting 50 lb/ft that passes between two buildings 60 ft apart and is supported by a system of cables as shown, assuming that the weight of the cable is equivalent to a uniformly distributed loading of 7.5 lb/ft, determine(a) The location of the lowest point C of the cable,(b) The
A 200-ft steel surveying tape weighs 4 lb. If the tape is stretched between two points at the same elevation and pulled until the tension at each end is 16 lb, determine the horizontal distance between the ends of the tape. Neglect the elongation of the tape due to the tension.
An object has a mass of 10 lb determine its weight, in lbf, at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 31.0ft/s2.
An object weighs 25kN at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . Determine its mass, in Kg.
If superman has a mass of 100 Kg on his birth planet Krypton, where the acceleration of gravity is 25 m/s2, determine (a) His weight on Krypton, in N, and (b) His mass, in Kg, and weight, in N, on Earth where g = 9.81 m/s2.
A person whose mass is 150 lb weighs 144.4 lbf. Determine (a) The local acceleration of gravity, in ft/s2, and (b) The person’s mass, in lb and weight, in lbf, if g= 32.174 ft/s2.
A gas occupying a volume of 25 ft3 weights 3.5 lbs on the moon, where the acceleration of gravity is 5.47 ft/s2. Determine its weight, in lbf, and density, in lb/ft3, on Mars, where g= 12.86 ft/s2.
In severe head-on automobile accidents a deceleration of 60 g’s or more (1g = 32.2 ft/s2) often result in a fatality where force, in lbf, acts on a child whose mass is 50 lb, when subjected to a deceleration of 60 g’s?
Atomic and molecular weights of some common substances are listed in Appendix Tables A-I and A-IE. Using data from the appropriate table, determine(a) The mass, in kg of 10 kmol of each of the following: air, H2O, Cu, SO2. (b) The number of lb mol in 20 lb of each of the fol1owing Ar, H2, N2, C.
When an object of mass 5 kg is suspended from a spring, the spring is observed to stretch by 8 cm. The deflection of the spring is related linearly to the weight of the suspended mass. What is the proportionality constant, in Newton’s per cm, if g = 9.81 m/s2.
A spring compresses in length by 0.12 in. for every 1 lbf of applied force. Determine the deflection, in inches, of the spring caused by the weight of an object whose mass is 15 lb. The local acceleration of gravity is g = 31.4 ft/s2
A simple Instrument for measuring the acceleration of gravity employs a linear spring from which a mass is suspended. At a location on Earth where the acceleration of gravity is 32.174ft/s2 the spring extends 0.291 in. If the spring extends 0.116 in, when the instrument is on Mars, what is the
Estimate the magnitude of the force, in Ibf, exerted by a scat belt on a 200-lb driver during a frontal collision that decelerates a car from 10 mi/h to rest in 0.1 s. Express the car's deceleration in multiples of the standard acceleration of gravity, or g's.
An object whose mass is 35 lb is subject to an applied upward force of 15 lbf. The only other force action on the object is the force of gravity. Determine the net acceleration of the object, in ft/s2, assuming the acceleration of gravity is constant, g= 32.2 ft/s2. Is the net acceleration upwards
A closed system consisting of 5kg of a gas undergoes a process during which the relationship between pressure and specific volume is pv1.3 = constant. The process begins with p1 = 1 bar, v1= 0.2 m3/kg and ends with p2 =0.25 bar, Determine the final volume, in m3, and plot the process on a graph of
An object whose mass is 2 kg is subjected to an applied upward force. The only other force acting on the object is the force of gravity. The net acceleration of the object is upward with a magnitude of 5 m/s2. The acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s2. Determine the magnitude of the applied upward
If the variation of the acceleration of gravity, in m/s2 , with elevation z, in m, above sea level is g = 9.81 – (3.3 × 10-6) z, determine the percent change in weight of an airliner landing from a cruising altitude of 10 km on a runway at sea level.
The storage tank of a water tower is nearly spherical in shape with a radius of 30 ft. If the density of the water is 62.4 lb/ft3, what is the mass of water stored in the tower, in lb, when the tank is full? What is the weight, in lbf, of the water if the local acceleration of gravity is 32.1 ft/s2?
A cylinder of compacted scrap metal measuring 2 m in length and 0.5 m in diameter is suspended from a spring scale at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 9.78 m/s2. If the scrap metal density, in kg/m3, varies with position z, in m, according to ρ=7800 – 360(z/L) 2, determine the
A closed system consists of 0.5 kmol of ammonia occupying a volume of 6 m3. Determine (a) The weight of the system, in N, and (b) The specific volume, in m3/kmol and m3/kg. Let g= 9.81 m/s2.
A spherical balloon holding 35 lb of air has diameter of 10 ft. For the air, determine (a) The specific volume, in ft3/lb and ft3/lbmol, and (b) The weight, in lbf, let g= 31.0 ft/s2.
A closed vessel having a volume of 1 liter holds 2.5 × 1022 molecules of ammonia vapor. For the ammonia, determine (a) The amount present, in kg and kmol, and (b) The specific volume, in m3/kg and m3/kmol.
The specific volume of water vapor at 0.3MPa 1060 C is 0.651m3/kg. If the water vapor occupies a volume of 2 m3, determine (a) The amount percent, in kg and kmol, and (b) The number of molecules.
Fifteen kg of the carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is fed to a cylinder having a volume of 20 m3 and initially containing 15kg of CO2 at a pressure of 10bar. Later a pinhole develops and the gas slowly leaks from the cylinder. Determine (a) The specific volume, in m3/kg, of the CO2 in the cylinder
As shown in fig.P1.55, a small diameter water pipe passes through the 6-in-thick exterior wall of a dwelling. Assuming the temperature varies linearly with position x through the wall from 68°F to 20°F, would the water in the pipe freeze? Explain.
A closed system consisting of 2 lb of a gas undergoes a process during which the relation between pressure and volume PVn = constant, the process begins with P1= 20 lbf/in.2, V2= 2 .9 ft3. Determine (a) The value of n and (b) The specific volume at states 1 and 2, each in ft3/lb. (c) Sketch the
A system consists of nitrogen (N2) in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at p1 = 20 lbf/in2.and occupying a volume of 2.5ft3. The nitrogen is compressed to p2 = 100 lbf/in2 and final volume of 1.5 ft3. During the process the relation between pressure and volume is linear. Determine the pressure
A gas initially at p1 = 1 bar and occupying a volume of 1 liter is compressed within a piston-cylinder assembly to a final pressure p2 = 4 bar. (a) If the relationship between pressure and volume during the compression is PV = constant, determine the volume, in liters, at a pressure of 3 bar. Also
A gas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in serial:Process1-2: Compression with PV = constant from p1= 1 bar V1 = 1.0 m3 to V2 = 0.2m3.Process 2-3: Constant-pressure expansion to V3 = 1.0 m3.Process 3-1: Constant VolumeSketch the processes in series on a p-V
As shown in fig 1.7, a manometer is attached to a tank of gas in which the pressure is 104.0 kPa. The manometer liquid is mercury, with a density of 13.59 g/cm3. If g = 9.81 m/s2 and the atmospheric pressure is 101.33 kPa, calculate(a) The difference in mercury levels in the manometer, in cm, (b)
A vacuum gage at the intake duct to a fan gives a reading of 4.5 in. of manometer fluid. The surrounding atmospheric pressure is 14.5lbf/in2. Determine the absolute pressure inside the duct, in lbf/in2. The density of the manometer fluid is 49.94 lb/ft3, and the acceleration of gravity is 32.2 ft/s2
The absolute pressure inside a tank is 0.4 bars, and the surrounding atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. What reading would a bourdon gage mounted in the tank wall give, in kPa? Is this a gage or vacuum reading?
The barometer shown in Fig P1.35 contains mercury (ρ =13.59 g/cm3). If the local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and g = 9.81 m/s2, determine the height of the mercury column, L, in mmHg and in Hg.
Water flows through a Venturi meter, as shown in Fig.P1.36. The pressure of the water in the pipe supports columns of water that differ in height by 10. Determine the difference between points a and b, in lbf/in.2. Does the pressure increase or decrease in the direction of flow? The atmospheric
Figure P1-37 shows a tank within a tank, each containing air. The absolute pressure ion tank A is 267.7 kPa. Pressure gage A is located inside tank B and reads 140 kPa. The U-tube manometer connected to tank B contains mercury. Using data on the diagram, determine the absolute pressure inside tank
As shown in Fig. P1.38, an underwater exploration vehicle submerges to a depth of 1000 ft. if the atmospheric pressure at the surface is 1 atm, the water density is 62.4 lb/ft3, and g = 32.2ft/s2, determine the pressure on the vehicle, in atm.
A vacuum gage indicates that the pressure of carbon dioxide in a close tank is – 10 kPa. A mercury barometer gives the local atmospheric pressure as 750 mmHg. Determine the absolute pressure of the carbon dioxide, in kPa. The density of mercury is 13.59g/cm3 and g= 9.81 m/s2.
Refrigerant 22vapor enters the compressor of a refrigeration system at an absolute pressure of 20lbf/in2 a pressure gage at the compressor exit indicates a pressure of 280lbf/in2 (Gage) the atmospheric pressure is 14.6lbf/in2 determine the change in absolute pressure from inlet to exit, in lbf/in2,
As shown in Fig.P1.41m, air is contained in a vertical piston-cylinder assembly fitted with an electrical resistor. The atmosphere exerts a pressure of 14.lbf/in2 on the top piston, which has a mass of 100 lb and face area of 1 ft2. As electric current passes through the resistor, the volume of the
Warm air is contained in a piston-cylinder assembly oriented horizontally as shown in Fig.P1.42. The air cools slowly from an initial volume of 0.003 m3 to a final volume of 0.002 m3. During the process the spring exerts a force that varies linearly from an initial value of 900 N to a final value
Air contained within a vertical piston-cylinder assembly is shown in Fig.P1.43. On its top, the 10 kg piston is attached to a spring and exposed to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar. Initially, the bottom of the piston is at x = 0, and the spring exerts a negligible force on the piston. The value is
Determine the total force, in kN, on the bottom of a 100 × 50 m swimming pool. The depth of the pool varies linearly along its length from 1 m to 4m. Also, determine the pressure on the floor at the center of the pool. In kPa, the atmospheric pressure is 0.98 bar, the density of the water is 998.2
The pressure from water mains located at street level may be insufficient for delivering water to the upper floors of tall buildings. In such case, water may be pumped up to a tank that feeds water to the building by gravity. For an open storage tank atop a 300-ft-tall building, determine the
As shown in Fig.P1.46, an inclined manometer is used to measure the pressure of the gas within the reservoir.(a) Using data on the figure, determine the gas pressure, in lbf/in.2(b) Express the pressure as a gage or a vacuum pressure, as appropriate, in lbf/in.2.(c) What advantage does inclined
The variation of pressure within the biosphere affects not only living things but also systems such as aircraft and undersea exploration vehicles. In each case, g= 9.81 m/s2 and the pressure at sea level is 1 atm.
One thousand kg of natural gas at 100 bar and 255 K is stored in tank. If the pressure, ρ, specific volume, υ, and temperature, T, of the gas are related by following expression ρ = [(5.18 × 10-3) T/ (υ – 0.002668)] – (8.91 × 10-3)/ υ2 Where υ is in m3/kg, T is
An 82.3-ft3 tank contains water vapor at 1500 lbf/in.2, and 1140° R. If the pressure, ρ, specific volume, υ, and temperature, T, of water vapor are related by the expression. ρ = [(0.5954) T / (υ – 0.2708)] – (63.36)/ υ2 Where υ is in ft3/lb, T is in °R, and
Convert the following temperatures from °C to °F; (a) 21°C, (b) -40°C, (c) 500°C,(d) 0°C,(e) 100°C,(f) -273.15°C, Convert each temperature to °R.
Convert the following temperatures from °F to °C,(a) 68°F, (b) -40°F, (c) 500°F, (d) 0°F, (e) 212°F, (f)-459.67°F, Convert each temperature to K.
Natural gas is burned with air to produce gaseous products at 1985°C. Express this temperature in K, °R and °F.
The temperature of a child ill with a fever is measured at 40°C. The child’s normal temperature is 37°C. Express both temperatures in °F.
A baseball has a mass of 0.3 lb. What is the kinetic energy relative to home plate of a 94 mile per hour fastball, in Btu?
An object whose mass is 400 kg is located at an elevation of 25 m above the surface of the earth. For g= 9.78/s2, determine the gravitational potential energy of the object, in kJ, relative to the surface of the earth.
An object whose weight 100 lbf experiences a decrease in kinetic energy of 500 ft. lbf and an increase in potential energy of 1500 ft.lbf. The initial velocity and elevation of the object, each relative to the surface of the earth, are 40 ft/s and 30 ft, respectively. If g= 32.2 ft/s2, determine(a)
A 2.5 X 3.5 X 6 in. brick whose density is 120 lb/ft3 slips off the top of a building under construction and falls 69ft. For g= 32.0 ft/s2, determine the change in gravitational potential energy of the brick, in ft.lbf
What is the overall change in potential energy, in ft.lb and Btu, of an automobiles weighing 2500 lbf in a drive from San Diego, CA to Santa Fe, NM? Take g constant.
An object of mass 1000 kg, initially having a velocity of 100 m/s, decelerates to a final velocity of 20 m/s. What is the change in kinetic energy of the object, in kJ?
A 30-seat turboprop airliner whose mass is 14,000 kg takes off from an airport and eventually achieves its cruising speed of 620 km/h at an altitude of 10,000 m. For g= 9.78 m/s2, determine the change in kinetic energy and the change in gravitational potential energy of the airliner, each in kJ
An object whose mass is 1 lb has a velocity of 100 ft/s. determine(a) The final velocity, in ft/s, if the kinetic energy of the object decreases by 100 ft.lbf.(b) The change in elevation, in ft. associated with a 100 ft.lbf change in potential energy. Let g= 32.0ft/s2
An object whose mass is 2kg is acceleration from a velocity of 200 m/s to a final velocity of 500 m/s by the action of a resultant force F. Determine the work done by the resultant force, in kJ, if there are no other interactions between the object and its surroundings.
An object whose mass is 300 lb experience changes in its kinetic and potential energies owing to the action of a resultant force R. the work done on the object by the resultant force is 140 Btu. There are no other interactions between the object and its surroundings. If the object’s elevation
A dist-shaped flywheel, of uniform density ρ, other radius R, and thickness w, rotates with an angular velocity ω, in rad/s. (a) Show that the moment of inertia, I= ∫vol ρr2 dV, can be expressed as I= πρwR4/2 and the kinetic energy can be expressed as KE=
Using KE= Iω2/2 from problem 2.11a, how fast would a flywheel whose moment of inertia is 200 lb.ft2 have to spin in RPM, to store an amount of kinetic energy equivalent to the potential energy of a 100 lb mass raised to an elevation of 30 ft above the surface of the earth? Let g= 32.2 ft/s2.
Two objects having different masses fall freely under the influence of gravity from rest and the same initial elevation. Ignoring the effect of air resistance, show that the magnitudes of the velocities of the objects are equal at the moment just before they strike the earth.
An object whose mass is 50 lb is projected upward from the surface of the earth with an initial velocity of 200 ft/s. the only force acting on the object is the force of gravity .Plot the velocity of the object versus elevation. Determine the elevation of the object, in ft, when its velocity
A block of mass 10 kg moves along a surface inclined 30° relative to the horizontal. The center of gravity of the block is elevated by 3.0 m and the kinetic energy of the block decreases by 50 J. The block is acted upon by a constant force R parallel to the incline and by the force of gravity.
Beginning from rest, an object of mass 200 kg slides down a 10-m-long ramp, the ramp is inclined at an angle of 40° from the horizontal. If air resistance and friction between the object and the ramp are negligible, determine the velocity of the object, in m/s, at the bottom of the ramp, Let g=
Jack, who weighs 150lbg, runs 5 miles in 43 minutes on a treadmill set at a one-degree incline. The treadmill display shows he has burned 620 kcal. For Jack to break even calorie-wise, how much vanilla ice cream, in cups, may he have after his workout?
A system with a mass of 5 kg, initially moving horizontally with a velocity of 40 m/s, experiences a constant horizontal deceleration of 2 m/s2 due to the action of a resultant force. As a result, the system comes to rest. Determine the length of time, in s, the force is applied and the amount of
An object of mass 80 lb, initially at rest, experiences a constant horizontal acceleration of 12ft.s2 due to the action of a resultant force applied for 6.5s determine the work of the resultant force, in ft.lbf, and in Btu.
The drag force, Fd, imposed by the surrounding air on a vehicle moving with velocity V is given by Fd= Cd A ½ ρV2 Where Cd is a constant called the drag coefficient, A is the projected frontal area of the vehicle, and ρ is the air density. Determine the power, in kW, required to overcome
Knowing that WA = 25lb and Î¸ = 30°, determine(a) The smallest value of B W for which the system is in equilibrium,(b) The largest value of WB for which the system is in equilibrium.
A major force opposing the motion of a vehicle is the rolling resistance of the tires Fυ given by Fr= F W Where f is a constant called the rolling resistance coefficient and W is the vehicle weight. Determine the power, in kW, required to overcome rolling resistance for a truck weighing
Knowing that WA = 40lb, WB = 52 lb, and Î¸ =25°, determine(a) Whether the system is in equilibrium,(b) The magnitude and direction of the friction force.
Determine whether the 10-kg block shown is in equilibrium, and find the magnitude and direction of the friction force when P = 40 N and Î¸ =20°.
Determine whether the 10-kg block shown is in equilibrium, and find the magnitude and direction of the friction force when 62.5 P = N and Î¸ =15°.
The two major forces opposing the motion of a vehicle moving on a level road are the rolling resistance of the tires, F and the aerodynamic drag force of the air flowing around the vehicle, Fd, given respectively by Fr fW, Fd= Cd A½ ρV2. Where f and Cd are constants known as the rolling
Knowing that t Î¸ =25°, determine the range of values of P for which equilibrium is maintained.
Knowing that the coefficient of static friction between the 20-kg block and the incline is 0.30, determine the smallest value of Î¸ for which the block is in equilibrium.
Measured data for pressure versus volume during the compression of a refrigerant within the cylinder of a refrigeration compressor are given in the table below. Using data from the table complete the following:(a) Determine a value of n such that the data are fit by an equation of the form pVn=
Neglecting the mass of the block and knowing that the coefficient of static friction between the block and the incline is 0.35, determine(a) The smallest value of P for which the block is in equilibrium,(b) The corresponding value of β.
Knowing that the coefficient of static friction between the 30-lb block and the incline is 0.25 s μ =, determine(a) The smallest value of P required to maintain the block in equilibrium,(b) The corresponding value of β.
Measured data for pressure versus volume during the expansion of gases within the cylinder of an internal combustion engine are given in the table below. Using data from the table complete the following:(a) Determine a value of n such that the data are fit by an equation of the form pvn =
One-fourth kg of a gas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a constant pressure process at 5 bar beginning at υ1=0.20m3/kg. For the gas as the system, the work is -15 kJ. Determine the final volume of the gas, in m3
Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion from a state where P1= 20 lbf/in2, V1= 0.5ft3 to a state where P2=5 lbf/in2, V2= 2.5ft3. the relationship between pressure and volume during the process is ρ= A+BV, where A and B are constant. (a) For the CO2
A gas is compressed from V1= 0.3m3, p1=1 bar to V2=0.1 m3, p2= 3 bar, pressure and volume are related linearly during process for the gas, find the work, in kJ.
Nitrogen (N2) gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a compression from p1= 0.2MPa, V1=2.75 m3 to state where p2 =2MPa. The relationship between pressure and volume during the process is pV1.35= constant. For the N2, determine (a) The volume at state 2, in m3, and (b) The work, in kJ.
A 15-lb block is at rest as shown. Determine the positive range of values of θ for which the block is in equilibrium if(a) θ is less than 90°,(b) θ is between 90° and 180°.
Oxygen (O2) gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion from a volume V1= 0.01 m3 to volume V2 = 0.03 m3. The relationship between pressure and volume during the process is p=AV-1+B, where A= 0.06 bar.m3 and B= 3.0 bar. For the O2, determine(a) The initial and final pressure, each
The 20-lb block A hangs from a cable as shown. Pulley C is connected by a short link to block E which rests on a horizontal rail. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction between block E and the rail is 0.35 and neglecting the weight of the block E and the friction in the pulleys, determine
The coefficients of friction are μs = 0.40 and μk = 0.30 between all surfaces of contact. Determine the force P for which motion of the 30-kg block is impending if cable AB(a) Is attached as shown,(b) Is removed.
A close system consisting of 0.2 lbmol of air undergoes a polytrophic process from P1=20 lbf/in.2, υ1 = 11.50 ft3/lb to a final state where P2= 80 lbf/in2, υ2= 3.98 ft3/lb. determine the amount of energy transfer by work, in Btu, for the process.

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