What are the clinical manifestations and interventions for hypokalemia? Flushed skin and fever, restless, increased blood pressure Lethargic, low shallow respirations, lethal cardiac dysrhythmias Stupor/coma, anorexia, lethargic, tendon reflexes diminished Muscle weakness, urine output of little to none, respiratory failure

Lethargic, low shallow respirations, lethal cardiac dysrhythmias

What are the clinical manifestations and interventions for hyperkalemia? Lethargic, low shallow respirations, lethal cardiac dysrhythmias Stupor/coma, anorexia, lethargic, tendon reflexes diminished Muscle weakness, urine output of little to none, respiratory failure Flushed skin and fever, restless, increased blood pressure

Muscle weakness, urine output of little to none, respiratory failure

What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? Muscle weakness, urine output of little to none, respiratory failure Flushed skin and fever, restless, increased blood pressure Stupor/coma, anorexia, lethargic, tendon reflexes diminished Lethargic, low shallow respirations, lethal cardiac dysrhythmias

Stupor/coma, anorexia, lethargic, tendon reflexes diminished

What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? Stupor/coma, anorexia, lethargic, tendon reflexes diminished Muscle weakness, urine output of little to none, respiratory failure Flushed skin and fever, restless, increased blood pressure Lethargic, low shallow respirations, lethal cardiac dysrhythmias

Flushed skin and fever, restless, increased blood pressure

What are the interventions for hyponatremia? Monitor VS, heart monitor, increase potassium intake Monitor VS, heart monitor, decrease sodium intake Fluid restrictions, hypertonic solutions, antidiarrheals, antiemetics Decrease K intake, diuretics, dialysis, Kayexalate

Fluid restrictions, hypertonic solutions, antidiarrheals, antiemetics

What are the causes of hyperkalemia? Stupor/coma, anorexia, lethargic, tendon reflexes diminished Inadequate consumption of K+, too much water intake Flushed skin and fever, restless, increased blood pressure Cellular movement of K+ from intracellular to extracellular, adrenal insufficiency

Cellular movement of K+ from intracellular to extracellular, adrenal insufficiency

What are the causes of hypokalemia? Drugs: loop diuretics, inadequate consumption of K+, too much water intake Cellular movement of K+ from intracellular to extracellular, adrenal insufficiency Stupor/coma, anorexia, lethargic, tendon reflexes diminished Flushed skin and fever, restless, increased blood pressure

Drugs: loop diuretics, inadequate consumption of K+, too much water intake

What are the clinical manifestations and lab values for fluid volume deficit? Headache, seizures, pulmonary congestion, bounding pulse Thirst, confusion, dry skin, tachycardia, increased urine specific gravity Lethargic, low shallow respirations, lethal cardiac dysrhythmias Flushed skin and fever, restless, increased blood pressure

Thirst, confusion, dry skin, tachycardia, increased urine specific gravity

What are the clinical manifestations of fluid volume excess? Flushed skin and fever, restless, increased blood pressure Headache, seizures, pulmonary congestion, bounding pulse Lethargic, low shallow respirations, lethal cardiac dysrhythmias Thirst, confusion, dry skin, tachycardia, increased urine specific gravity

Headache, seizures, pulmonary congestion, bounding pulse

What type of hypersensitivity involves an allergen binding to IgE, leading to histamine release? Type 2 Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity Type 4 T-Cell Mediated Type 1 Immediate Hypersensitivity Type 3 Immune Complex-Mediated

Type 1 Immediate Hypersensitivity

Which hypersensitivity type is characterized by antibody-mediated responses involving IgG and IgM, promoting phagocytosis and cell lysis? Type 3 Immune Complex-Mediated Type 2 Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity Type 4 T-Cell Mediated Type 1 Immediate Hypersensitivity

Type 2 Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity

Which of the following are examples of spirochetes? Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Actinomyces Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella Borrelia, Leptospira, and Treponema

Borrelia, Leptospira, and Treponema

What is the significance of Borrelia in relation to Lyme disease? It causes tuberculosis and is transmitted via respiratory droplets. It is transmitted by deer ticks and causes a localized disease with a bullseye rash. It is responsible for malaria and is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a common cause of food poisoning and is transmitted through contaminated food.

It is transmitted by deer ticks and causes a localized disease with a bullseye rash.

Which laboratory tests are used for diagnosing Borrelia infections? Antibody testing using ELISA, autoimmune panels, CBC, blood chemistry, radiographs Skin biopsy, fungal cultures, and KOH preparation PCR testing, blood cultures, and urine antigen tests Rapid antigen tests, throat swabs, and sputum cultures

Antibody testing using ELISA, autoimmune panels, CBC, blood chemistry, radiographs

What is the importance of Leptospira in human health? It causes leptospirosis, a zoonotic infection with symptoms like photophobia. It is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. It is a major cause of bacterial meningitis in children. It is responsible for causing severe gastroenteritis outbreaks.

It causes leptospirosis, a zoonotic infection with symptoms like photophobia.

Which diagnostic tool is essential for identifying spirochetes? Dark field microscope with immunofluorescence Fluorescent microscope with DAPI staining Phase contrast microscope with oil immersion Electron microscope with negative staining

Dark field microscope with immunofluorescence

Why is Treponema significant in medical studies? It is a major pathogen in hospital-acquired pneumonia. It causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease that can cross the placenta. It is responsible for causing severe respiratory infections. It is a common cause of urinary tract infections.

It causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease that can cross the placenta.

What is the significance of Rickettsia in relation to Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? It causes a rash on palms and soles that spreads. It is responsible for chronic skin infections. It leads to severe gastrointestinal symptoms. It is a major cause of bacterial endocarditis.

It causes a rash on palms and soles that spreads.

How is Rickettsia transmitted? Via respiratory droplets from infected individuals By dog ticks, specifically the 'American dog tick' Through contaminated water sources By direct contact with infected animals

By dog ticks, specifically the 'American dog tick'

Which regions within the hand are most likely to show muscle atrophy after a longstanding ulnar and median neuropathy? Hypothenar eminence, interosseous spaces, webspace of the thumb Only the webspace of the thumb Only the hypothenar eminence Thenar eminence, dorsal interossei, palmar interossei

Hypothenar eminence, interosseous spaces, webspace of the thumb

Does the adductor pollicis muscle have stable proximal bony attachments necessary for its function? Yes, but only to the capitate No, it lacks stable attachments Yes, it attaches to the capitate and third metacarpal No, it only attaches to the metacarpals

Yes, it attaches to the capitate and third metacarpal

Which movements at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb constitute opposition? Flexion and lateral rotation Abduction and extension Abduction and flexion with medial rotation Extension and adduction

Abduction and flexion with medial rotation

Describe the path of the lumbrical muscle of the index finger from its proximal to distal attachment. How does it flex the MCP joint and extend the IP joints? Originates from the palmar aponeurosis, inserts into the distal phalanx Originates from the dorsal interossei, inserts into the extensor hood Originates from the metacarpal, inserts into the proximal phalanx Originates from the flexor digitorum profundus tendon, inserts into the extensor mechanism

Originates from the flexor digitorum profundus tendon, inserts into the extensor mechanism

What is the role of the lumbricals and interossei in opening the hand? They abduct the fingers and stabilize the thumb They extend the fingers and prevent hyperextension They adduct the fingers and extend the wrist They flex the fingers and stabilize the wrist

They extend the fingers and prevent hyperextension

Contrast the underlying pathomechanics in the swan-neck and boutonniere deformities. Swan-neck involves DIP flexion; boutonniere involves DIP hyperextension Both involve PIP hyperextension Both involve DIP flexion Swan-neck involves PIP hyperextension; boutonniere involves PIP flexion

Swan-neck involves PIP hyperextension; boutonniere involves PIP flexion

Why do clinicians immobilize the hand in a position of MCP flexion and IP extension after a metacarpal fracture? To decrease passive tension and allow healing To increase passive tension and prevent contracture To increase active tension and strengthen muscles To decrease active tension and reduce pain

To increase passive tension and prevent contracture

What is the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP called? oxidative phosphorylation chemiosmosis photophosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation

Become capable of limited logic and more complex learning. At age 5, should be able to copy simple shape/ figure. Dress Themselves. Play games. Remain rooted in the present with little ability to understand consequences or abstractions School, family, and environment greatly influence learning Major developmental task is self-efficacy Language becomes increasingly complex female tanner stage 3 cognitive and language development in middle childhood (5-10y) female tanner stage 5 male tanner stage 2

cognitive and language development in middle childhood (5-10y)

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