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linear algebra
Discovering Advanced Algebra An Investigative Approach 1st edition Jerald Murdock, Ellen Kamischke, Eric Kamischke - Solutions
The local outlet of Frankfurter Franchise sells three types of hot dogs: plain, with chili, and veggie. The owners know that 47% of their sales are chili dogs, 36% are plain, and the rest are veggie. They also offer three types of buns: plain, rye, and multigrain. Sixty-two percent of their sales
All students in a school were surveyed regarding their preference for whipped cream or ice cream to be served with chocolate cake. The results, tabulated by grade level, are reported in the table.a. Copy and complete the table. b. What is the probability that a randomly chosen 10th grader will
Rita is practicing darts. On this particular dartboard, she can score 20 points for a bull's- ye and 10 points, 5 points, or 1 point for the other regions. Although Rita doesn't know exactly where her five darts will land, she has been a fairly consistent dart player over the years. She figures
Misty polls residents of her neighborhood about the types of pets they have: cat, dog, other, or none. She determines these facts:Ownership of cats and dogs is mutually exclusive.32% of homes have dogs.54% of homes have a dog or a cat.16% of homes have only a cat.42% of homes have no pets.22% of
Elliott has time to take exactly 20 more pizza orders before closing. He has enough pepperoni for 16 more pizzas. On a typical night, 65% of orders are for pepperoni pizzas. What is the probability that Elliott will run short on pepperoni?
Pascal's triangle is filled with patterns. Write the first ten rows of Pascal's triangle, and look for as many relationships as you can among the numbers. You may want to consider numerical patterns, sums of numbers in particular locations, and patterns of even or odd numbers, or numbers that share
In this chapter you have seen that a binomial expansion can help you find the probability of an outcome of a series of events when each event has only two possible results (such as success or failure). When there are three possible results instead of two, you can use trinomials in a similar way.
What strategies did you use to judge whether a die was loaded? Suppose you suspect that a die is loaded. How can you show that it is?
The Law of Large Numbers states that if an experiment is repeated many times, the experimental probability will get closer and closer to the theoretical probability. How does the Law of Large Numbers apply to this activity?
Create a tree diagram showing the different outcomes if the cafeteria has three main entrée choices, two vegetable choices, and two dessert choices.
You are totally unprepared for a true-false quiz, so you decide to guess randomly at the answers. There are four questions. Find the probabilities described in 10a-e. a. P(none correct) b. P(exactly one correct) c. P(exactly two correct) d. P(exactly three correct) e. P(all four correct) f. What
The ratios of the number of phones manufactured at three sites, M1, M2, and M3, are 20%, 35%, and 45%, respectively. The diagram at right shows some of the ratios of the numbers of defective (D) and good (G) phones manufactured at each site. The top branch indicates a .20 probability that a phone
The Pistons and the Bulls are tied, and time has run out in the game. However, the Pistons have a player at the free throw line, and he has two shots to make. He generally makes 83% of the free throw shots he attempts. The shots are independent events, so each one has the same probability. Find
What is the probability that there are exactly two girls in a family with four children? Assume that girls and boys are equally likely.
The table at right gives numbers of students in several categories. Are the events "10th grade" and "Female" dependent or independent? Explain your reasoning.
In 1963, the U.S. Postal Service introduced the ZIP code to help process mail more efficiently. Postal workers sort through bulk mail.a. A ZIP code contains five digits, 0-9. How many possible ZIP codes are there? b. In 1983, the U.S. Postal Service introduced ZIP + 4. The extra four digits at the
Write each expression in the form a + bi. a. (2 + 4i) - (5 + 2i) b. (2 + 4i) (5 + 2i) c. 2 + 4i / 5 2i
What is the probability that a randomly selected point within the rectangle at right is in the orange region? The blue region?
A sample of 230 students is categorized as shown.a. What is the probability that a junior is female? b. What is the probability that a student is a senior?
Find the probability of each path, a-d, in the tree diagram at right. What is the sum of the values of a, b, c, and d?
The side of the largest square in the diagram at right is 4. Each new square has side length equal to half of the previous one. If the pattern continues infinitely, what is the long-run length of the spiral made by the diagonals?
Find the probability of each path, a-g, in the tree diagram below.
Three friends are auditioning for different parts in a comedy show. Each student has a 50% chance of success.Use the tree diagram at right to answer 4a-c. a. Find the probability that all three students will be successful. b. Find the probability that exactly two students will be successful. c. If
Explain the branch probabilities listed on this tree diagram, which models the outcomes of selecting two different students from a class of 7 juniors and 14 sophomores.
Use the diagram from Exercise 5 to answer each question.In Exercise 5a. Use the multiplication rule to find the probability of each path. b. Are the paths equally likely? Explain. c. What is the sum of the four answers in 6a?
A recipe calls for four ingredients: flour, baking powder, shortening, and milk (F, B, S, M). But there are no directions stating the order in which they should be combined. Chris has never followed a recipe like this before and has no idea which order is best, so he chooses the order at random. a.
Draw a tree diagram that pictures all possible equally likely outcomes if a coin is flipped as specified. a. Two times b. Three times c. Four times
How many different equally likely outcomes are possible if a coin is flipped as specified? a. Two times b. Three times c. Four times d. Five times e. Ten times f. N times
Describe the events represented by each of the four regions.Exercises 1-4 refer to the diagram at right. Let S represent the event that a student is a sophomore, and A represent the event that a student takes advanced algebra.
At right are two color wheels. Figure A represents the mixing of light, and Figure B represents the mixing of pigments.Using Figure A, what color is produced when equal amounts ofa. Red and green light are mixed? b. Blue and green light are mixed? c. Red, green, and blue light are mixed? Figure A
Kendra needs help on her math homework and decides to call one of her friends- Amber, Bob, or Carol. Kendra knows that Amber is on the phone 30% of the time, Bob is on the phone 20% of the time, and Carol is on the phone 25% of the time. a. If the three friends' phone usage is independent, make a
The registered voters represented in the table have been interviewed and rated.Assume that this sample is representative of the voting public in a particular town. Find each probability.a. P(a randomly chosen voter is over 45 yr old and liberal) b. P(a randomly chosen voter is conservative) c. P(a
The most recent test scores in a chemistry class were {74, 71, 87, 89, 73, 82, 55, 78, 80, 83, 72} What was the average (mean) score?
If an unfair coin has P(H) = 2 / 5 and P(T) = 3 / 5, then what is the probability that six flips come up with H, T, T, T, H, T in exactly this order?
Rewrite each expression in the form a √b, such that b contains no factors that are perfect squares. a. √18 b. √54 c. √60x3y3
Port Charles and Turner Lake are 860 km apart. At 6:15 A.M., Patrick and Ben start driving from Port Charles to Turner Lake at an average speed of 80 km/h. At 9:30 A.M., Carl and Louis decide to meet them. They leave Turner Lake and drive at 95 km/h toward Port Charles. When and where do the two
Find the probability of each event.a. P(S)b. P(A and not S)c. P(S | A)d. P(S or A)Exercises 1-4 refer to the diagram at right. Let S represent the event that a student is a sophomore, and A represent the event that a student takes advanced algebra.
Suppose the diagram refers to a high school with 500 students. Change each probability into a frequency (number of students).Exercises 1-4 refer to the diagram at right. Let S represent the event that a student is a sophomore, and A represent the event that a student takes advanced algebra.
Are the two events, S and A, independent? Show mathematically that you are correct.Exercises 1-4 refer to the diagram at right. Let S represent the event that a student is a sophomore, and A represent the event that a student takes advanced algebra.
Events A and B are pictured in the Venn diagram at right.a. Are the two events mutually exclusive? Explain. b. Are the two events independent? Assume P(A) and P(B) . Explain.
Of the 420 students at Middletown High School, 126 study French and 275 study music. Twenty percent of the music students take French. a. Create a Venn diagram of this situation. b. What percentage of the students take both French and music? c. How many students take neither French nor music?
Two events, A and B, have probabilities P(A) = .2, P(B) = .4, P(A | B) = .2. a. Create a Venn diagram of this situation. b. Find the value of each probability indicated. i. P(A and B) ii. P(not B) iii. P(not (A or B))
If P(A) = .4 and P(B) = .5, what range of values is possible for P(A and B)? What range of values is possible for P(A or B)? Use a Venn diagram to help explain how each range is possible.
Assume that the diagram for Exercises 1 - 4 refers to a high school with 800 students. Draw a new diagram showing the probabilities if 20 sophomores moved from geometry to advanced algebra.
Which of these numbers comes from a discrete random variable? Explain. a. The number of children who will be born to members of your class b. The length of your pencil in inches c. The number of pieces of mail in your mailbox today
A group of friends has a huge bag of red and blue candies, with approximately the same number of each color. Each of them picks out candies, one at a time, until he or she gets a red candy. The bag is then passed on to a friend. a. Devise and describe a simulation for this problem. Use your
A quality-control engineer randomly selects five radios from an assembly line. Experience has shown that the probabilities of finding 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 defective radios are as shown in the table.a. What is the probability the engineer will find at least one defective radio in a random sample of
What is the probability that a 6 will not appear until the eighth roll of a fair die?
Two varieties of flu spread through a school one winter. The probability that a student gets both varieties is .18. The probability that a student gets neither variety is .42. Having one variety of flu does not make a student more or less likely to get the other variety. What is the probability
This table gives counts of different types of paperclips in Maricela's paperclip holder.a. Create a Venn diagram of the probabilities of picking each kind of clip if one is selected at random. Use metal, oval, and small as the categories for the three circles on your diagram. b. Create a tree
Which of these numbers comes from a geometric random variable? Explain. a. The number of phone calls a telemarketer makes until she makes a sale b. The number of cats in the home of a cat owner c. The number of minutes until the radio plays your favorite song
You have learned that 8% of the students in your school are left-handed. Suppose you stop students at random and ask whether they are left-handed. a. What is the probability that the first left-handed person you find is on your third try? b. What is the probability that you will find exactly one
Suppose you are taking a multiple-choice test for fun. Each question has five choices (A-E). You roll a six-sided die and mark the answer according to the number on the die and leave the answer blank if the die is a 6. Each question is scored one point for a right answer, minus one-quarter point
Sly asks Andy to play a game with him. They each roll a die. If the sum is greater than 7, Andy scores 5 points. If the sum is less than 8, Sly scores 4 points. a. Find a friend and play the game ten times. b. What is the experimental probability that Andy will have a higher score after ten
Suppose each box of a certain kind of cereal contains a card with one letter from the word CHAMPION. The letters have been equally distributed in the boxes. You win a prize when you send in all eight letters. a. Describe a method of modeling this problem using the random-number generator in your
In a concert hall, 16% of seats are in section A, 24% are in section B, 32% are in section C, and 28% are in section D. Section A seats sell for $35, section B for $30, section C for $25, and section D for $15. You see a ticket stuck high in a tree. a. What is the expected value of the ticket? b.
The tree diagram at right represents a game played by two players.Find a value of x that gives approximately the same expected value for each player. Explain the rules of the game and the scoring of points.
Bonny and Sally are playing in a tennis tournament. On average, Bonny makes 80% of her shots, whereas Sally makes 75% of hers. Bonny serves first. At right are tree diagrams depicting possible sequences of events for one and two volleys of the ball. (A volley is a single sequence of Bonny hitting
Screamers Ice Cream Parlor sells a triple-scoop cone. Which of these situations are permutations? For those that are not, tell why.a. The different cones if all three scoops are different flavors and vanilla, then lemon, then mint is considered different from vanilla, then mint, then lemon b. The
Suppose a computer is programmed to list all permutations of N items. Use the values given in the table below to figure out how long it will take for the computer to list all of the permutations for the remaining values of N listed. Use an appropriate time unit for each answer (minutes, hours,
You have purchased four tickets to a charity raffle. Only 50 tickets were sold. Three tickets will be drawn, and first, second, and third prizes will be awarded. a. What is the probability that you win the first prize (and no other prize)? b. What is the probability that you win both the first and
Biologists use Punnett squares to represent the ways that genes can be passed from parent to offspring. In the Punnett squares at right, B stands for brown eyes, a dominant trait, whereas b stands for blue eyes, a recessive trait. E represents brown hair, the dominant trait, whereas e represents
A fair six-sided die is rolled. If the number showing is even, you lose a point for each dot showing. If the number showing is odd, you win a point for each dot showing. a. Find E(x) for one roll if x represents the number of points you win. b. Find the expected winnings for ten rolls.
Assume that boys and girls are equally likely to be born. a. If there are three consecutive births, what is the probability of two girls and one boy being born, in that order? b. What is the probability that two girls and one boy are born in any order? c. Given that the first two babies born are
Write the equation of the parabola at right ina. Polynomial form. b. Vertex form. c. Factored form.
As an art project, Jesse is planning to make a set of nesting boxes (boxes that fit inside each other). Each box requires five squares that will fold into an open box with no lid. The largest box will measure 4 in. on each side. The side length of each successive box is 95% of the previous box.
Evaluate the factorial expressions. (Some answers will be in terms of n.) a. 12 ( / 11( b. 7 ( / 6 ( c. (n + 1) ( / n ( d. n ( / (n - 1) ( e. 120 ( / 118 ( f. n ( / (n - 2) ( g. Find n if (n + 1) ( / n ( = 15.
Evaluate each expression. (Some answers will be in terms of n.) a. 7P3 b. 7P6 c. n + 2Pn d. nPn - 2
Consider making a four-digit I.D. number using the digits 3, 5, 8, and 0. a. How many I.D. numbers can be formed using each digit once? b. How many can be formed using each digit once and not using 0 first? c. How many can be formed if repetition is allowed and any digit can be first? d. How many
A combination lock has four dials. On each dial are the digits 0 to 9. a. Suppose you forget the correct combination to open the lock. How many combinations do you have to try? If it takes 10 s to enter each combination, how long will it take you to try every possibility? b. Suppose you replace
For what value(s) of n and r does nP= = 720? Is there more than one answer?
How many factors are in the expression n(n - 1) (n - 2) (n - 3) · · · (n - r + 1)?
An eight-volume set of reference books is kept on a shelf. The books are used frequently and put back in random order.a. How many ways can the eight books be arranged on the shelf? b. How many ways can the books be arranged so that Volume 5 will be the rightmost book? c. Use the answers from 9a and
Evaluate each expression without using your calculator. a. 10( / 3(7( b. 7( / 4(3( c. 15( / 13(2( d. 7( / 7(0(
Consider the Lotto 47 game, which you simulated in the Investigation Winning the Lottery. a. If it takes someone 10 seconds to fill out a Lotto 47 ticket, how long would it take him or her to fill out all possible tickets? b. If someone fills out 1000 tickets, what is his or her probability of
Draw a circle and space points equally on its circumference. Draw chords to connect all pairs of points. How many chords are there if you place a. 4 points? b. 5 points? c. 9 points? d. n points?
In most state and local courts, 12 jurors and 2 alternates are chosen from a pool of 30 prospective jurors. The order of the alternates is specified. If a juror is unable to serve, then the first alternate will replace that juror. The second alternate will be called on if another juror is
Expand each expression. a. (x + y)2 b. (x + y)3 c. (x + y)4
Use the tree diagram at right. Find each probability and explain its meaning.a. P(H and P) b. P(P | H) c. P(P) d. P(H | P)
If the equation x2 + y2 + 6x − 11y + C = 0 describes a circle, give the range of possible values for C.
While on a bird-watching field trip, Angelo sees a Boreal owl at the top of a tall tree. Lying on his stomach in the grass, he measures the angle of elevation of his line of sight to the owl to be 32°. He then crawls 8.6 m closer to the tree. The angle of his line of sight is now 42°. He
Suppose the value of a certain building depreciates at a rate of 6% per year. When new, the building was worth $36,500. a. How much is the building worth after 5 years and 3 months? b. To the nearest month, when will the building be worth less than $10,000?
Evaluate each expression. a. 10C7 b. 7C3 c. 15C2 d. 7C0
Consider each expression in the form nPr and nCr. a. What is the relationship between 7P2 and 7C2? b. What is the relationship between 7P3 and 7C3? c. What is the relationship between 7P4 and 7C4? d. What is the relationship between 7P7 and 7C7? e. Describe how you can find nCr if you know nPr.
Which is larger, 18C2 or 18C16? Explain.
For what value(s) of n and r does nCr equal 35?
Find a number r, r ≠ 4, such that 10Cr = 10C4. Explain why your answer makes sense.
Suppose you need to answer any four of seven essay questions on a history test and you can answer them in any order. a. How many different question combinations are possible? b. What is the probability that you include Essay Question 5 if you randomly select your combination?
Does a "combination lock" really use combinations of numbers? Should it be called a "permutation lock?" Explain.
Find the following sums. a. 2C0 + 2C1 + 2C2 b. 3C0 + 3C1 + 3C2 + 3C3 c. 4C0 + 4C1 + 4C2 + 4C3 + 4C4 d. Make a conjecture about the sum of nC0 + nC1 + . . . + nCn. Test it by finding the sum for all possible combinations of five things.
Given the expression (x + y)47, find the terms below. a. 1st term b. 11th term c. 41st term d. 47th term
A university medical research team has developed a new test that is 88% effective at detecting a disease in its early stages. What is the probability that there will be more than 20 incorrect readings in 100 applications of the test on subjects known to have the disease?
Suppose the probability is .12 that a randomly chosen penny was minted before 1975. What is the probability that you will find 25 or more such coins in a. A roll of 100 pennies? b. Two rolls of 100 pennies each? c. Three rolls of 100 pennies each?
Suppose that a blue-footed booby has a 47% chance of surviving from egg to adulthood. For a nest of four eggsa. What is the probability that all four birds will hatch and survive to adulthood? b. What is the probability that none of the four birds will hatch and survive to adulthood? c. How many
A fair coin is tossed five times and comes up heads four out of five times. In your opinion, is this event a rare occurrence? Defend your position.
Data collected over the last ten years show that, in a particular town, it will rain sometime during 30% of the days in the spring. How likely is it that there will be a week with a. Exactly five rainy days? b. Exactly six rainy days? c. Exactly seven rainy days? d. At least five rainy days?
Consider the function y = f(x) = (1 + 1 / x)x right side of the equation is a binomial raised to a power.a. Fill in the table below using the Binomial Theorem or Pascal's triangle. Verify using your calculator.b. Using your calculator, find f (10), f(100), f(1000), and f(10000). c. Describe what
Mrs. Gutierrez has 25 students and she sends 4 or 5 students at random to the board each day to solve a homework problem. You can calculate that there are 25C4, or 12,650, ways that 4 students could be selected, and 25C5, or 53,130, ways that 5 students could be selected. Suppose the class has
Suppose that 350 points are randomly selected within the rectangle at right and 156 of them fall within the closed curve. What is an estimate of the area within the curve?
Use statistics software to simulate flipping a coin. a. Simulate 10 flips of a coin and make a bar graph of the results. How do your experimental probabilities compare to the theoretical probabilities of getting heads or tails? b. Simulate 1000 flips of a coin by adding 990 more trials to your
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