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Statistics The Exploration & Analysis Of Data 7th Edition Roxy Peck, Jay L. Devore - Solutions

The U.S. Department of Education reported that 14% of adults were classified as being below a basic literacy level, 29% were classified as being at a basic literacy level, 44% were classified as being at an intermediate literacy level, and 13% were classified as being at a proficient level (2003
The Computer Assisted Assessment Center at the University of Luton published a report titled €œTechnical Review of Plagiarism Detection Software.€ The authors of this report asked faculty at academic institutions about the extent to which they agreed with the statement
The article €œJust How Safe Is That Jet?€ (USA Today, March 13, 2000) gave the following relative frequency distribution that summarized data on the type of violation for fines imposed on airlines by the Federal Aviation Administration:Use this information to construct a bar
Each year, U.S. News and World Report publish a ranking of U.S. business schools. The following data give the acceptance rates (percentage of applicants admitted) for the best 25 programs in a recent survey:Construct a dotplot, and comment on the interesting features of the plot.
Many adolescent boys aspire to be professional athletes. The paper €œWhy Adolescent Boys Dream of Becoming Professional Athletes€ (Psychological Reports [1999]:1075€“1085) examined some of the reasons. Each boy in a sample of teenage boys was asked the following
The article “Television’s Value to Kids: It’s All in How They Use It” (Seattle Times, July 6, 2005) described a study in which researchers analyzed standardized test results and television viewing habits of 1700 children. They found that children who averaged more than 2 hours of television
Based on a survey conducted on the DietSmart.com web site, investigators concluded that women who regularly watched Oprah were only one-seventh as likely to crave fattening foods as those who watched other daytime talk shows (San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 14, 2000). a. Is it reasonable to
A survey of affluent Americans (those with incomes of $75,000 or more) indicated that 57% would rather have more time than more money (USA Today, January 29, 2003). a. What condition on how the data were collected would make the generalization from the sample to the population of affluent Americans
Does living in the South cause high blood pressure? Data from a group of 6278 whites and blacks questioned in the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey between 1988 and 1994 (see CNN.com web site article of January 6, 2000, titled “High Blood Pressure Greater Risk in U.S.
As part of a curriculum review, the psychology department would like to select a simple random sample of 20 of last year’s 140 graduates to obtain information on how graduates perceived the value of the curriculum. Describe two different methods that might be used to select the sample.
A petition with 500 signatures is submitted to a university’s student council. The council president would like to determine the proportion of those who signed the petition who are actually registered students at the university. There is not enough time to check all 500 names with the registrar,
During the previous calendar year, a county’s small claims court processed 870 cases. Describe how a simple random sample of size n 5 50 might be selected from the case files to obtain information regarding the average award in such cases.
The financial aid advisor of a university plans to use a stratified random sample to estimate the average amount of money that students spend on textbooks each term. For each of the following proposed stratification schemes, discuss whether it would be worthwhile to stratify the university students
Suppose that a group of 1000 orange trees is laid out in 40 rows of 25 trees each. To determine the sugar content of fruit from a sample of 30 trees, researcher A suggests randomly selecting five rows and then randomly selecting six trees from each sampled row. Researcher B suggests numbering each
For each of the situations described, state whether the sampling procedure is simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, or convenience sampling. a. All first-year students at a university are enrolled in 1 of 30 sections of a seminar course. To
Of the 6500 students enrolled at a community college, 3000 are part time and the other 3500 are full time. The college can provide a list of students that is sorted so that all full-time students are listed first, followed by the part-time students. a. Describe a procedure for selecting a
The article “Acupuncture for Bad Backs: Even Sham Therapy Works” (Time, May 12, 2009) summarized a study conducted by researchers at the Group Health Center for Health Studies in Seattle. In this study, 638 adults with back pain were randomly assigned to one of four groups. People in group 1
A sample of pages from this book is to be obtained, and the number of words on each selected page will be determined. For the purposes of this exercise, equations are not counted as words and a number is counted as a word only if it is spelled out—that is, ten is counted as a word, but 10 is not.
The authors of the paper “Digital Inequality: Differences in Young Adults’ Use of the Internet” (Communication Research [2008]: 602–621) were interested in determining if people with higher levels of education use the Internet in different ways than those who do not have as much formal
The authors of the paper “Illicit Use of Psychostimulants among College Students” (Psychology, Health & Medicine [2002]: 283–287) surveyed college students about their use of legal and illegal stimulants. The sample of students surveyed consisted of students enrolled in a psychology class
The paper “Deception and Design: The Impact of Communication Technology on Lying Behavior” (Computer-Human Interaction [2009]: 130–136) describes an investigation into whether lying is less common in face-to-face communication than in other forms of communication such as phone conversations
The authors of the paper “Popular Video Games: Quantifying the Presentation of Violence and its Context” (Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media [2003]: 58–76) investigated the relationship between video game rating—suitable for everyone (E), suitable for 13 years of age and older
Participants in a study of honesty in online dating profiles were recruited through print and online advertisements in the Village Voice, one of New York City’s most prominent weekly newspapers, and on Craigslist New York City (“The Truth About Lying in Online Dating Profiles,” Computer-Human
The report “Undergraduate Students and Credit Cards in 2004: An Analysis of Usage Rates and Trends” (Nellie Mae, May 2005) estimated that 21% of undergraduates with credit cards pay them off each month and that the average outstanding balance on undergraduates’ credit cards is $2169. These
Suppose that you were asked to help design a survey of adult city residents in order to estimate the proportion that would support a sales tax increase. The plan is to use a stratified random sample, and three stratification schemes have been proposed. Scheme 1: Stratify adult residents into four
The article “Display of Health Risk Behaviors on MySpace by Adolescents” (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine [2009]:27–34) described a study in which researchers looked at a random sample of 500 publicly accessible MySpace web profiles posted by 18-year-olds. The content of each
The article “High Levels of Mercury Are Found in Californians” (Los Angeles Times, Feb ru ary 9, 2006) describes a study in which hair samples were tested for mercury. The hair samples were obtained from more than 6000 people who voluntarily sent hair samples to researchers at Greenpeace and
Whether or not to continue a Mardi Gras Parade through downtown San Luis Obispo, CA, is a hotly debated topic. The parade is popular with students and many residents, but some celebrations have led to complaints and a call to eliminate the parade. The local newspaper conducted online and telephone
The head of the quality control department at a printing company would like to carry out an experiment to determine which of three different glues results in the greatest binding strength. Although they are not of interest in the current investigation, other factors thought to affect binding
A study of college students showed a temporary gain of up to 9 IQ points after listening to a Mozart piano sonata. This conclusion, dubbed the Mozart effect, has since been criticized by a number of researchers who have been unable to con firm the result in similar studies. Suppose that you wanted
The Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College London found that dealing with “infomania” has a temporary, but significant derogatory effect on IQ (Discover, November 2005). In this experiment, researchers divided volunteers into two groups. Each subject took an IQ test. One group had to check
In an experiment to compare two different surgical procedures for hernia repair (€œA Single-Blinded, Randomized Comparison of Laparoscopic Versus Open Hernia Repair in Children,€ Pediatrics [2009]: 332€“ 336), 89 children were assigned at random to one of the two
In many digital environments, users are allowed to choose how they are represented visually online. Does how people are represented online affect online behavior? This question was examined by the authors of the paper “The Proteus Effect: The Effect of Transformed Self-Representation on
Can choosing the right music make wine taste better? This question was investigated by a researcher at a university in Edinburgh (www.decanter.com/news). Each of 250 volunteers was assigned at random to one of five rooms where they were asked to taste and rate a glass of wine. In one of the rooms,
To examine the effect of exercise on body composition, healthy women age 35 to 50 were classified as either active (9 hours or more of physical activity per week) or sedentary (“Effects of Habitual Physical Activity on the Resting Metabolic Rates and Body Composition of Women aged 35 to 50
Does playing action video games provide more than just entertainment? The authors of the paper "Action- Video-Game Experience Alters the Spatial Resolution of Vision" (Psychological Science [2007]: 88-94) concluded that spatial resolution, an important aspect of vision, is improved by playing
Construct a diagram to represent the subliminal messages experiment of Example 2.5.
Construct a diagram to represent the gasoline additive experiment.
An advertisement for a sweatshirt that appeared in SkyMall Magazine (a catalog distributed by some airlines) stated the following: “This is not your ordinary hoody! Why? Fact: Research shows that written words on containers of water can influence the water’s structure for better or worse
An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of Sweet Talk, a text messaging support system for patients with diabetes (“A Randomized Controlled Trial of Sweet Talk,” Diabetic Medicine [2006]: 1332–1338). Participants in the experiment were 92 patients, age 8 to 18, with type I diabetes
The Pew Research Center conducted a study of gender bias. The report “Men or Women: Who is the Better Leader? A Paradox in Public Attitudes” (www. pewsocialtrends.org, August 28, 2008) describes how the study was conducted: In the experiment, two separate random samples of more than 1000
Red wine contains flavonol, an antioxidant thought to have beneficial health effects. But to have an effect, the antioxidant must be absorbed into the blood. The article “Red Wine is a Poor Source of Bioavailable Flavonols in Men” (The Journal of Nutrition [2001]: 745–748) describes a study
Explain why some studies include both a control group and a placebo treatment. What additional comparisons are possible if both a control group and a placebo group are included?
Explain why blinding is a reasonable strategy in many experiments.
Consider the following graphical display that appeared in the New York Times: Based on the data summarized in the graph, we can see that students who have a high school GPA or 3.5 or higher and a combined SAT score of over 1200 have an 89% graduation rate when they attend a “most selective”
Swedish researchers concluded that viewing and discussing art soothes the soul and helps relieve medical conditions such as high blood pressure and constipation (AFP International News Agency, October 14, 2005). This conclusion was based on a study in which 20 elderly women gathered once a week to
In an experiment to compare two different surgical procedures for hernia repair (“A Single-Blinded, Randomized Comparison of Laparoscopic Versus Open Hernia Repair in Children,” Pediatrics [2009]: 332– 336), 89 children were assigned at random to one of the two surgical methods. The methods
Drug Makers Are Desperate to Know Why.” (Wired Magazine, August 8, 2009) states that “according to research, the color of a tablet can boost the effectiveness even of genuine meds—or help convince a patient that a placebo is a potent remedy.” Describe how you would design an experiment to
A novel alternative medical treatment for heart attacks seeds the damaged heart muscle with cells from the patient’s thigh muscle (“Doctors Mend Damaged Hearts with Cells from Muscles,” San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 18, 2002). Doctor Dib from the Arizona Heart Institute evaluated the
The article “Doctor Dogs Diagnose Cancer by Sniffing It Out” (Knight Ridder Newspapers, January 9, 2006) reports the results of an experiment described in the journal Integrative Cancer Therapies. In this experiment, dogs were trained to distinguish between people with breast and lung cancer
An experiment to evaluate whether vitamins can help prevent recurrence of blocked arteries in patients who have had surgery to clear blocked arteries was described in the article “Vitamins Found to Help Prevent Blocked Arteries” (Associated Press, September 1, 2002). The study involved 205
Pismo Beach, California, has an annual clam festival that includes a clam chowder contest. Judges rate clam chowders from local restaurants, and the judging is done in such a way that the judges are not aware of which chowder is from which restaurant. One year, much to the dismay of the seafood
The article “A Debate in the Dentist’s Chair” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, January 28, 2000) described an ongoing debate over whether newer resin fillings are a better alternative to the more traditional silver amalgam fillings. Because amalgam fillings contain mercury, there is concern that
“Fruit Juice May Be Fueling Pudgy Preschoolers, Study Says” is the title of an article that appeared in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (February 27, 2005). This article describes a study that found that for 3- and 4-year-olds, drinking something sweet once or twice a day doubled the risk of being
A tropical forest survey conducted by Conservation International included the following statements in the material that accompanied the survey: “A massive change is burning its way through the earth’s environment.” “The band of tropical forests that encircle the earth is being cut and
A pollster for the Public Policy Institute of California explains how the Institute selects a sample of California adults (“It’s About Quality, Not Quantity,” San Luis Obispo Tribune, January 21, 2000): That is done by using computer-generated random residential telephone numbers with all
Based on a survey of 4113 U.S. adults, researchers at Stanford University concluded that Internet use leads to increased social isolation. The survey was conducted by an Internet-based polling company that selected its samples from a pool of 35,000 potential respondents, all of whom had been given
A study in Florida is examining whether health literacy classes and using simple medical instructions that include pictures and avoid big words and technical terms can keep Medicaid patients healthier (San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 16, 2002). Twenty-seven community health centers are
Is status related to a student’s understanding of science? The article “From Here to Equity: The Influence of Status on Student Access to and Understanding of Science” (Culture and Comparative Studies [1999]: 577– 602) described a study on the effect of group discussions on learning biology
The article “Tots’ TV-Watching May Spur Attention Problems” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, April 5, 2004) describes a study that appeared in the journal Pediatrics. In this study, researchers looked at records of 2500 children who were participating in a long-term health study. They found that 10%
A study of more than 50,000 U.S. nurses found that those who drank just one soda or fruit punch a day tended to gain much more weight and had an 80% increased risk in developing diabetes compared to those who drank less than one a month. (The Washington Post, August 25, 2004). “The message is
Crime Finds the Never Married” is the conclusion drawn in an article from USA Today (June 29, 2001). This conclusion is based on data from the Justice Department’s National Crime Victimization Survey, which estimated the number of violent crimes per 1000 people, 12 years of age or older, to be
The article “Workers Grow More Dissatisfied” in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (August 22, 2002) states that “a survey of 5000 people found that while most Americans continue to find their jobs interesting, and are even satisfied with their commutes, a bare majority like their jobs.” This
An article titled “Guard Your Kids Against Allergies: Get Them a Pet” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, August 28, 2002) described a study that led researchers to conclude that “babies raised with two or more animals were about half as likely to have allergies by the time they turned six.” a. Do
Do ethnic group and gender influence the type of care that a heart patient receives? The following passage is from the article “Heart Care Reflects Race and Sex, Not Symptoms” (USA Today, February 25, 1999, reprinted with permission): Previous research suggested blacks and women were less
An article in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (September 7, 1999) described an experiment designed to investigate the effect of creatine supplements on the development of muscle fibers. The article states that the researchers “looked at 19 men, all about 25 years of age and similar in weight, lean
Researchers at the University of Houston decided to test the hypothesis that restaurant servers who squat to the level of their customers would receive a larger tip (“Effect of Server Posture on Restaurant Tipping,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology [1993]: 678– 685). In the experiment,
You have been asked to determine on what types of grasslands two species of birds, northern harriers and short-eared owls, build nests. The types of grasslands to be used include undisturbed native grasses, managed native grasses, undisturbed nonnative grasses, and managed nonnative grasses. You
A manufacturer of clay roofing tiles would like to investigate the effect of clay type on the proportion of tiles that crack in the kiln during firing. Two different types of clay are to be considered. One hundred tiles can be placed in the kiln at any one time. Firing temperature varies slightly
A mortgage lender routinely places advertisements in a local newspaper. The advertisements are of three different types: one focusing on low interest rates, one featuring low fees for first-time buyers, and one appealing to people who may want to refinance their homes. The lender would like to
Researchers at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto compared babies born to mothers with diabetes to babies born to mothers without diabetes (“Conditioning and Hyperanalgesia in Newborns Exposed to Repeated Heel Lances,” Journal of the American Medical Association [2002]: 857– 861).
Does eating broccoli reduce the risk of prostate cancer? According to an observational study from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (see the CNN.com web site article titled “Broccoli, Not Pizza Sauce, Cuts Cancer Risk, Study Finds,” January 5, 2000), men who ate more cruciferous
A poll conducted by the Associated Press€“ Ipsos on public attitudes found that most Americans are convinced that political corruption is a major problem (San Luis Obispo Tribune, December 9, 2005). In the poll, 1002 adults were surveyed. Two of the questions and the summarized responses to
The article €œDetermination of Most Representative Subdivision€ (Journal of Energy Engineering [1993]: 43€“ 55) gave data on various characteristics of subdivisions that could be used in deciding whether to provide electrical power using overhead lines or underground lines. Data on the
The paper €œLessons from Pacemaker Implantations€ (Journal of the American Medical Association [1965]: 231€“ 232) gave the results of a study that followed 89 heart patients who had received electronic pacemakers. The time (in months) to the first electrical malfunction of the pacemaker
How does the speed of a runner vary over the course of a marathon (a distance of 42.195 km)? Consider determining both the time (in seconds) to run the first 5 km and the time (in seconds) to run between the 35 km and 40 km points, and then subtracting the 5-km time from the 35€“ 40-km time. A
Data on x = poverty rate (%) and y = high school dropout rate (%) for the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia were used to construct the following scatterplot (Chronicle of Higher Education, August 31, 2001):Write a few sentences commenting on this scatterplot. Would you describe the
One factor in the development of tennis elbow, a malady that strikes fear into the hearts of all serious players of that sport, is the impact -induced vibration of the racket-and-arm system at ball contact. It is well known that the likelihood of getting tennis elbow depends on various properties
An article that appeared in USA Today (Septem ber 3, 2003) included a graph similar to the one shown here summarizing responses from polls conducted in 1978, 1991, and 2003 in which a sample of American adults were asked whether or not it was a good time or a bad time to buy a house.a. Construct a
An article that appeared in USA Today (August 11, 1998) described a study on prayer and blood pressure. In this study, 2391 people 65 years or older, were followed for 6 years. The article stated that people who attended a religious service once a week and prayed or studied the Bible at least once
Sometimes samples are composed entirely of volunteer responders. Give a brief description of the dangers of using voluntary response samples.
A newspaper headline stated that at a recent budget workshop, nearly three dozen people supported a sales tax increase to help deal with the city’s financial deficit (San Luis Obispo Tribune, January 22, 2005). This conclusion was based on data from a survey acknowledged to be unscientific, in
“More than half of California’s doctors say they are so frustrated with managed care they will quit, retire early, or leave the state within three years.” This conclusion from an article titled “Doctors Feeling Pessimistic, Study Finds” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, July 15, 2001) was based
Based on observing more than 400 drivers in the Atlanta area, two investigators at Georgia State University concluded that people exiting parking spaces did so more slowly when a driver in another car was waiting for the space than when no one was waiting (“Territorial Defense in Parking Lots:
An article from the Associated Press (May 14, 2002) led with the headline “Academic Success Lowers Pregnancy Risk.” The article described an evaluation of a program that involved about 350 students at 18 Seattle schools in high crime areas. Some students took part in a program beginning in
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania suggest that a nasal spray derived from pheromones (chemicals emitted by animals when they are trying to attract a mate) may be beneficial in relieving symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (Los Angeles Times, January 17, 2003).a. Describe how you
Students in California are required to pass an exit exam in order to graduate from high school. The pass rate for San Luis Obispo High School has been rising, as have the rates for San Luis Obispo County and the state of Cali fornia (San Luis Obispo Tribune, August 17, 2004). The percentage of
Each person in a nationally representative sample of 1252 young adults age 23 to 28 years old was asked how they viewed their “financial physique” (“2009 Young Adults & Money Survey Findings,” Charles Schwab, 2009). “Toned and fit” was chosen by 18% of the respondents, while 55%
The article €œThe Need to Be Plugged In€ (Associated Press, December 22, 2005) described the results of a survey of 1006 adults who were asked about various technologies, including personal computers, cell phones, and DVD players. The accompanying table summarizes the responses
Poor fitness in adolescents and adults increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. In a study of 3110 adolescents and 2205 adults ( Journal of the American Medical Association, December 21, 2005), researchers found 33.6% of adolescents and 13.9% of adults were unfit; the percentage was similar in
A survey of 1001 adults taken by Associated Press– Ipsos asked “How accurate are the weather fore- casts in your area?” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, June 15, 2005). The responses are summarized in the table below. Extremely ......4%Very........ 27%Somewhat....... 53%Not too........ 11%Not at
In a discussion of accidental deaths involving roadside hazards, the web site highwaysafety.com included a pie chart like the one shown:a. Do you think this is an effective use of a pie chart? Why or why not?b. Construct a bar chart to show the distribution of deaths by object struck. Is this
The article €œDeath in Roadwork Zones at Record High€ (San Luis Obispo Tribune, July 25, 2001) included a bar chart similar to this one:a. Comment on the trend over time in the number of people killed in highway work zones.b. Would a pie chart have also been an effective way to summarize
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services provided the data in the accompanying table in the report €œBirths: Preliminary Data for 2007€ (National Vital Statistics Reports, March 18, 2009). Entries in the table are the birth rates (births per 1,000 of population) for the year
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, conducted in 2006 and 2007 by the Office of Applied Studies, led to the following state estimates of the total number of people ages 12 and older who had used a tobacco product within the last month.a. Construct a stem-and-leaf display using thousands (of
The article “Going Wireless” (AARP Bulletin, June 2009) reported the estimated percentage of households with only wireless phone service (no land line) for the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. In the accompanying data table, each state was also classified into one of three
The article “Economy Low, Generosity High” (USA Today, July 28, 2009) noted that despite a weak economy in 2008, more Americans volunteered in their communities than in previous years. Based on census data (www.volunteeringinamerica.gov), the top and bottom five states in terms of percentage of
The article €œFrost Belt Feels Labor Drain€ (USA Today, May 1, 2008) points out that even though total population is increasing, the pool of young workers is shrinking in many states. This observation was prompted by the data in the accompanying table. Entries in the table are the percent
A report from Texas Transportation Institute (Texas A&M University System, 2005) titled €œCongestion Reduction Strategies€ included the accompanying data on extra travel time for peak travel time in hours per year per traveler for different sized urban areas.a. Construct a comparative
High school dropout rates (percentages) for 2008 for the 50 states were given in the 2008 Kids Count Data Book (www.aecf.org) and are shown in the following table:

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