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Statistics The Exploration & Analysis Of Data 7th Edition Roxy Peck, Jay L. Devore - Solutions
Each person in a random sample of 228 male teenagers and a random sample of 306 female teenagers was asked how many hours he or she spent online in a typical week (1psos, January 25, 2006). The sample mean and standard deviation were 15.1 hours and11.4 hours for males and 14.1 and 11.8 for
Each person in random samples of 247 male and 253 female working adults living in Calgary, Canada, was asked how long, in minutes, his or her typical daily commute was (€œCalgary Herald Traffic Study,€ Ipsos, September 17, 2005). Use the accompanying summary statistics and an appropriate
The paper “Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey” (Pediatrics [2004]: 112– 118) investigated the effect of fast-food consumption on other dietary variables. For a sample of 663 teens who reported that they did not eat
In a study of malpractice claims where a settlement had been reached, two random samples were selected: a random sample of 515 closed malpractice claims that were found not to involve medical errors and a random sample of 889 claims that were found to involve errors (New England Journal of Medicine
In a study of the effect of college student employment on academic performance, the following summary statistics for GPA were reported for a sample of students who worked and for a sample of students who did not work (University of Central Florida Undergraduate Research Journal, Spring 2005):The
Acrylic bone cement is commonly used in total joint replacement to secure the artificial joint. Data on the force (measured in Newtons, N) required to break a cement bond under two different temperature conditions and in two different mediums appear in the accompanying table. (These data are
The article €œGenetic Tweak Turns Promiscuous Animals Into Loyal Mates€ (Los Angeles Times, June 17, 2004) summarizes the results of a research study that appeared in the June 2004 issue of Nature. In this study, 11 male meadow voles who had a single gene introduced into a specific part of
A newspaper story headline reads “Gender Plays Part in Monkeys’ Toy Choices, Research Finds—Like Humans, Male Monkeys Choose Balls and Cars, While Females Prefer Dolls and Pots” (Knight Ridder Newspapers, December 8, 2005). The article goes on to summarize findings published in the paper
The paper €œThe Observed Effects of Teenage Passengers on the Risky Driving Behavior of Teenage Drivers€ (Accident Analysis and Prevention [2005]: 973€“ 982) investigated the driving behavior of teenagers by observing their vehicles as they left a high school parking lot and then again
Fumonisins are environmental toxins produced by a type of mold and have been found in corn and in products made from raw corn. The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition provided recommendations on allowable fumonisin levels in human food and in animal feed based on a study of corn meal. The
An individual can take either a scenic route to work or a nonscenic route. She decides that use of the nonscenic route can be justified only if it reduces the mean travel time by more than 10 minutes. a. If µ1 is the mean for the scenic route and µ2 for the nonscenic route, what hypotheses should
A researcher at the Medical College of Virginia conducted a study of 60 randomly selected male soccer players and concluded that frequently €œheading€ the ball in soccer lowers players€™ IQs (USA Today, August 14, 1995). The soccer players were divided into two groups, based on whether
Do certain behaviors result in a severe drain on energy resources because a great deal of energy is expended in comparison to energy intake? The article €œThe Energetic Cost of Courtship and Aggression in a Plethodontid Salamander€ (Ecology [1983]: 979€“ 983) reported on one of the few
Suppose that you were interested in investigating the effect of a drug that is to be used in the treatment of patients who have glaucoma in both eyes. A comparison between the mean reduction in eye pressure for this drug and for a standard treatment is desired. Both treatments are applied directly
Two different underground pipe coatings for preventing corrosion are to be compared. The effect of a coating (as measured by maximum depth of corrosion penetration on a piece of pipe) may vary with depth, orientation, soil type, pipe composition, etc. Describe how an experiment that filters out the
To determine if chocolate milk was as effective as other carbohydrate replacement drinks, nine male cyclists performed an intense workout followed by a drink and a rest period. At the end of the rest period, each cyclist performed an endurance trial in which he exercised until exhausted and time to
The humorous paper “Will Humans Swim Faster or Slower in Syrup?” (American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal [2004]: 2646– 2647) investigates the fluid mechanics of swimming. Twenty swimmers each swam a specified distance in a water-filled pool and in a pool in which the water was
The study described in the paper “Marketing Actions Can Modulate Neural Representation of Experienced Pleasantness” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [2008]: 1050–1054) investigated whether price affects people’s judgment. Twenty people each tasted six cabernet
In the experiment described in the paper €œExposure to Diesel Exhaust Induces Changes in EEG in Human Volunteers€ (Particle and Fibre Toxicology [2007]), 10 healthy men were exposed to diesel exhaust for 1 hour. A measure of brain activity (called median power frequency, or MPF) was recorded
The paper “Less Air Pollution Leads to Rapid Reduction of Airway Inflammation and Improved Airway Function in Asthmatic Children” (Pediatrics [2009]: 1051–1058) describes a study in which children with mild asthma who live in a polluted urban environment were relocated to a less polluted
The paper €œThe Truth About Lying in Online Dating Profiles€ (Proceedings, Computer-Human Interactions [2007]: 1€“4) describes an investigation in which 40 men and 40 women with online dating profiles agreed to participate in a study. Each participant€™s height (in inches) was
Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is known to be a predictor of mortality after a heart attack. One measure of HRV is the average of normal-to-normal beat interval (in milliseconds) for a 24-hour time period. Twenty-two heart attack patients who were dog owners and 80 heart attack patients who
Breast feeding sometimes results in a temporary loss of bone mass as calcium is depleted in the mother€™s body to provide for milk production. The paper €œBone Mass Is Recovered from Lactation to Postweaning in Adolescent Mothers with Low Calcium Intakes€ (American Journal of Clinical
The paper “Quantitative Assessment of Glenohumeral Translation in Baseball Players” (The American Journal of Sports Medicine [2004]: 1711– 1715) considered various aspects of shoulder motion for a sample of pitchers and another sample of position players. The authors kindly supplied the data
Two proposed computer mouse designs were compared by recording wrist extension in degrees for 24 people who each used both mouse types (“Comparative Study of Two Computer Mouse Designs,” Cornell Human Factors Laboratory Technical Report RP7992). The difference in wrist extension was computed by
The article €œMore Students Taking AP Tests€ (San Luis Obispo Tribune, January 10, 2003) provided the following information on the percentage of students in grades 11 and 12 taking one or more AP exams and the percentage of exams that earned credit in 1997 and 2002 for seven high schools on
Babies born extremely prematurely run the risk of various neurological problems and tend to have lower IQ and verbal ability scores than babies that are not premature. The article “Premature Babies May Recover Intelligence, Study Says” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, February 12, 2003) summarized the
Do girls think they don’t need to take as many science classes as boys? The article “Intentions of Young Students to Enroll in Science Courses in the Future: An Examination of Gender Differences” (Science Education [1999]: 55– 76) gives information from a survey of children in grades 4, 5,
A hotel chain is interested in evaluating reservation processes. Guests can reserve a room by using either a telephone system or an online system that is accessed through the hotel’s web site. Independent random samples of 80 guests who reserved a room by phone and 60 guests who reserved a room
The authors of the paper “Adolescents and MP3 Players: Too Many Risks, Too Few Precautions” (Pediatrics [2009]: e953–e958) concluded that more boys than girls listen to music at high volumes. This conclusion was based on data from independent random samples of 764 Dutch boys and 748 Dutch
After the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, many charitable organizations conducted fundraising campaigns to raise money for emergency relief. Some of these campaigns allowed people to donate by sending a text message using a cell phone to have the donated amount added to their cell-phone bill. The report
In the paper €œHappiness for Sale: Do Experiential Purchases Make Consumers Happier than Material Purchases?€ (Journal of Consumer Research [2009]: 188€“197), the authors distinguish between spending money on experiences (such as travel) and spending money on material possessions (such
Common Sense Media surveyed 1000 teens and 1000 parents of teens to learn about how teens are using social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace (“Teens Show, Tell Too Much Online,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 10, 2009). The two samples were independently selected and were chosen in
The report “Audience Insights: Communicating to Teens (Aged 12–17)” (www.cdc.gov, 2009) described teens’ attitudes about traditional media, such as TV, movies, and newspapers. In a representative sample of American teenage girls, 41% said newspapers were boring. In a representative sample
The director of the Kaiser Family Foundation’s Program for the Study of Entertainment Media and Health said, “It’s not just teenagers who are wired up and tuned in, its babies in diapers as well.” A study by Kaiser Foundation provided one of the first looks at media use among the very
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety issued a press release titled “Teen Drivers Often Ignoring Bans on Using Cell Phones” (June 9, 2008). The following quote is from the press release: Just 1–2 months prior to the ban’s Dec. 1, 2006 start, 11 percent of teen drivers were observed
The press release referenced in the previous exercise also included data from independent surveys of teenage drivers and parents of teenage drivers. In response to a question asking if they approved of laws banning the use of cell phones and texting while driving, 74% of the teens surveyed and 95%
The article “Fish Oil Staves Off Schizophrenia” (USA Today, February 2, 2010) describes a study in which 81 patients age 13 to 25 who were considered atrisk for mental illness were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Those in one group took four fish oil capsules daily. The other group took
The report “Young People Living on the Edge” (Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, 2008) summarizes a survey of people in two independent random samples. One sample consisted of 600 young adults (age 19 to 35) and the other sample consisted of 300 parents of children age 19 to 35. The young
Some commercial airplanes recirculate approximately 50% of the cabin air in order to increase fuel efficiency. The authors of the paper “Aircraft Cabin Air Recirculation and Symptoms of the Common Cold” (Journal of the American Medical Association [2002]: 483– 486) studied 1100 airline
“Doctors Praise Device That Aids Ailing Hearts” (Associated Press, November 9, 2004) is the headline of an article that describes the results of a study of the effectiveness of a fabric device that acts like a support stocking for a weak or damaged heart. In the study, 107 people who consented
The article “Portable MP3 Player Ownership Reaches New High” (Ipsos Insight, June 29, 2006) reported that in 2006, 20% of those in a random sample of 1112 Americans age 12 and older indicated that they owned an MP3 player. In a similar survey conducted in 2005, only 15% reported owning an MP3
The article €œPlugged In, but Tuned Out€ (USA Today, January 20, 2010) summarizes data from two surveys of kids age 8 to 18. One survey was conducted in 1999 and the other was conducted in 2009. Data on number of hours per day spent using electronic media that are consistent with summary
The article referenced in the previous exercise also reported that 24% of the males and 16% of the females in the 2006 sample reported owning an MP3 player. Suppose that there were the same number of males and females in the sample of 1112. Do these data provide convincing evidence that the
Public Agenda conducted a survey of 1379 parents and 1342 students in grades 6– 12 regarding the importance of science and mathematics in the school curriculum (Associated Press, February 15, 2006). It was reported that 50% of students thought that understanding science and having strong math
The article “Spray Flu Vaccine May Work Better Than Injections for Tots” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, May 2, 2006) described a study that compared flu vaccine administered by injection and flu vaccine administered as a nasal spray. Each of the 8000 children under the age of = who participated in
“Smartest People Often Dumbest About Sunburns” is the headline of an article that appeared in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (July 19, 2006). The article states that “those with a college degree reported a higher incidence of sunburn that those without a high school degree—43% versus 25%.”
The following quote is from the article “Canadians Are Healthier Than We Are” (Associated Press, May 31, 2006): “The Americans also reported more heart disease and major depression, but those differences were too small to be statistically significant.” This statement was based on the
“Mountain Biking May Reduce Fertility in Men, Study Says” was the headline of an article appearing in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (December 3, 2002). This conclusion was based on an Austrian study that compared sperm counts of avid mountain bikers (those who ride at least 12 hours per week) and
Women diagnosed with breast cancer whose tumors have not spread may be faced with a decision between two surgical treatments—mastectomy (removal of the breast) or lumpectomy (only the tumor is removed). In a long-term study of the effectiveness of these two treatments, 701 women with breast
In December 2001, the Department of Veterans Affairs announced that it would begin paying benefits to soldiers suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease who had served in the Gulf War (The New York Times, December 11, 2001). This decision was based on an analysis in which the Lou Gehrig’s disease
The paper €œThe Psychological Consequences of Money€ (Science [2006]: 1154€“1156) describes several experiments designed to investigate the way in which money can change behavior. In one experiment, participants completed one of two versions of a task in which they were given lists of
An experiment to determine if an online intervention can reduce references to sex and substance abuse on social networking web sites of adolescents is described in the paper “Reducing At-Risk Adolescents’ Display of Risk Behavior on a Social Networking Web Site” (Archives of Pediatrics and
Can moving their hands help children learn math? This question was investigated in the paper €œGesturing Gives Children New Ideas about Math€ (Psychological Science [2009]: 267€“272). Eighty-five children in the third and fourth grades who did not answer any questions correctly on a test
The paper “Ready or Not? Criteria for Marriage Readiness among Emerging Adults” (Journal of Adolescent Research [2009]: 349–375) surveyed emerging adults (defined as age 18 to 25) from five different colleges in the United States. Several questions on the survey were used to construct a scale
Do faculty and students have similar perceptions of what types of behavior are inappropriate in the classroom? This question was examined by the author of the article €œFaculty and Student Perceptions of Classroom Etiquette€ (Journal of College Student Development (1998): 515€“ 516).
Are girls less inclined to enroll in science courses than boys? One study (€œIntentions of Young Students to Enroll in Science Courses in the Future: An Examination of Gender Differences,€ Science Education [1999]: 55€“76) asked randomly selected fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-graders how
A deficiency of the trace element selenium in the diet can negatively impact growth, immunity, muscle and neuromuscular function, and fertility. The introduction of selenium supplements to dairy cows is justified when pastures have low selenium levels. Authors of the paper €œEffects of
The Oregon Department of Health web site provides information on the cost-to-charge ratio (the percentage of billed charges that are actual costs to the hospital). The cost-to-charge ratios for both inpatient and outpatient care in 2002 for a sample of six hospitals in Oregon follow.Is there
The article “A ‘White’ Name Found to Help in Job Search” (Associated Press, January 15, 2003) described an experiment to investigate if it helps to have a “white-sounding” first name when looking for a job. Researchers sent 5000 resumes in response to ads that appeared in the Boston
In a study of a proposed approach for diabetes prevention, 339 people under the age of 20 who were thought to be at high risk of developing type I diabetes were assigned at random to two groups. One group received twice-daily injections of a low dose of insulin. The other group (the control) did
When a surgeon repairs injuries, sutures (stitched knots) are used to hold together and stabilize the injured area. If these knots elongate and loosen through use, the injury may not heal properly because the tissues would not be optimally positioned. Researchers at the University of California,
The article “Trial Lawyers and Testosterone: Blue-Collar Talent in a White-Collar World” (Journal of Applied Social Psychology [1998]: 84– 94) compared trial lawyers and nontrial lawyers on the basis of mean testosterone level. Random samples of 35 male trial lawyers, 31 male nontrial
In a study of memory recall, eight students from a large psychology class were selected at random and given 10 minutes to memorize a list of 20 nonsense words. Each was asked to list as many of the words as he or she could remember both 1 hour and 24 hours later. The data are as shown in the
The accompanying data on food intake (in Kcal) for 15 men on the day following two nights of only 4 hours of sleep each night and for 15 men on the day following two nights of 8 hours of sleep each night is consistent with summary quantities in the paper €œShort- Term Sleep Loss Decreases
As part of a study to determine the effects of allowing the use of credit cards for alcohol purchases in Canada (see “Changes in Alcohol Consumption Patterns Following the Introduction of Credit Cards in Ontario Liquor Stores,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol [1999]: 378– 382), randomly
Several methods of estimating the number of seeds in soil samples have been developed by ecologists. An article in the Journal of Ecology (€œA Comparison of Methods for Estimating Seed Numbers in the Soil€ [1990]: 1079€“ 1093) considered three such methods. The accompanying data give
Are college students who take a freshman orientation course more or less likely to stay in college than those who do not take such a course? The article “A Longitudinal Study of the Retention and Academic Performance of Participants in Freshmen Orientation Courses” (Journal of College Student
The article Truth and DARE: Tracking Drug Education to Graduation (Social Problems [1994]: 448 456) compared the drug use of 288 randomly selected high school seniors exposed to a drug education program (DARE) and 335 randomly selected high school seniors who
The article €œSoftball Sliding Injuries€ (American Journal of Diseases of Children [1988]: 715€“ 716) provided a comparison of breakaway bases (designed to reduce injuries) and stationary bases. Consider the accompanying data (which agree with summary values given in the paper).Is the
The positive effect of water fluoridation on dental health is well documented. One study that validates this is described in the article “Impact of Water Fluoridation on Children’s Dental Health: A Controlled Study of Two Pennsylvania Communities” (American Statistical Association Proceedings
Wayne Gretzky was one of ice hockey€™s most prolific scorers when he played for the Edmonton Oilers. During his last season with the Oilers, Gretzky played in 41 games and missed 17 games due to injury. The article €œThe Great Gretzky€ (Chance [1991]: 16€“ 21) looked at the number of
Heres one to sink your teeth into: The authors of the article Analysis of Food Crushing Sounds During Mastication: Total Sound Level Studies (Journal of Texture Studies [1990]: 165 178) studied the nature of sounds generated during eating. Peak
Are very young infants more likely to imitate actions that are modeled by a person or simulated by an object? This question was the basis of a research study summarized in the article The Role of Person and Object in Eliciting Early Imitation (Journal of Experimental Child
Dentists make many people nervous (even more so than statisticians!). To see whether such nervousness elevates blood pressure, the blood pressure and pulse rates of 60 subjects were measured in a dental setting and in a medical setting (The Effect of the Dental Setting on Blood Pressure
The paper If Its Hard to Read, Its Hard to Do (Psychological Science [2008]: 986988) described an interesting study of how people perceive the effort required to do certain tasks. Each of 20 students was randomly assigned to one of two
Key terms in survey questions too often are not well understood, and such ambiguity can affect responses. As an example, the article €œHow Unclear Terms Affect Survey Data€ (Public Opinion Quarterly [1992]: 218€“ 231) described a survey in which each individual in a sample was asked,
An electronic implant that stimulates the auditory nerve has been used to restore partial hearing to a number of deaf people. In a study of implant acceptability (Los Angeles Times, January 29, 1985), 250 adults born deaf and 250 adults who went deaf after learning to speak were followed for a
Samples of both surface soil and subsoil were taken from eight randomly selected agricultural locations in a particular county. The soil samples were analyzed to determine both surface pH and subsoil pH, with the results shown in the accompanying table.a. Compute a 90% confidence interval for the
Is injecting medical cement effective in reducing pain for people who have suffered fractured vertebrae? The paper €œA Randomized Trial of Vertebroplasty for Osteoporotic Spinal Fractures€ (New England Journal of Medicine [2009]: 569€“578) describes an experiment to compare patients who
From the given information in each case below, state what you know about the P-value for a chi-square test and give the conclusion for a significance level of a = .01. a. X2 = 7.5, df = 2 b. X2 = 13.0, df = 6 c. X2 = 18.0, df = 9 d. X2 = 21.3, df = 4 e. X2 = 5.0, df = 3
The report referenced in the previous exercise (€œFatality Facts 2004: Bicycles€) also classified 719 fatal bicycle accidents according to the month in which the accident occurred, resulting in the accompanying table.a. Use the given data to test the null hypothesis H0: p1 5 1/12, p2 = 1/12,
An article about the California lottery that appeared in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (December 15, 1999) gave the following information on the age distribution of adults in California: 35% are between 18 and 34 years old, 51% are between 35 and 64 years old, and 14% are 65 years old or older. The
A certain genetic characteristic of a particular plant can appear in one of three forms (phenotypes). A researcher has developed a theory, according to which the hypothesized proportions are p1 = .25, p2 = .50, and p3 = .25. A random sample of 200 plants yields X2 = 4.63.a. Carry out a test of the
The article €œLinkage Studies of the Tomato€ (Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute [1931]: 1€“19) reported the accompanying data on phenotypes resulting from crossing tall cut-leaf tomatoes with dwarf potato-leaf tomatoes. There are four possible phenotypes: (1) tall cut-leaf,
A particular state university system has six campuses. On each campus, a random sample of students will be selected, and each student will be categorized with respect to political philosophy as liberal, moderate, or conservative. The null hypothesis of interest is that the proportion of students
A random sample of 1000 registered voters in a certain county is selected, and each voter is categorized with respect to both educational level (four categories) and preferred candidate in an upcoming election for county supervisor (five possibilities). The hypothesis of interest is that
The polling organization Ipsos conducted telephone surveys in March of 2004, 2005, and 2006. In each year, 1001 people age 18 or older were asked about whether they planned to use a credit card to pay federal income taxes that year. The data given in the accompanying table are from the report
The paper Contemporary College Students and Body Piercing (Journal of Adolescent Health [2004]: 5861) described a survey of 450 undergraduate students at a state university in the southwestern region of the United States. Each student in the sample was classified
The accompanying data on degree of spirituality for a sample of natural scientists and a sample of social scientists working at research universities appeared in the paper €œConflict Between Religion and Science among Academic Scientists€ (Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion [2009]:
The authors of the paper The Relationship of Field of Study to Current Smoking Status Among College Students (College Student Journal [2009]: 744754) carried out a study to investigate if smoking rates were different for college students in different majors. Each
A particular paperback book is published in a choice of four different covers. A certain bookstore keeps copies of each cover on its racks. To test the hypothesis that sales are equally divided among the four choices, a random sample of 100 purchases is identified. a. If the resulting X2 value were
The authors of the paper Movie Character Smoking and Adolescent Smoking: Who Matters More, Good Guys or Bad Guys? (Pediatrics [2009]: 135141) classified characters who were depicted smoking in movies released between 2000 and 2005. The smoking characters were
The data in the accompanying table is from the paper Gender Differences in Food Selections of Students at a Historically Black College and University (College Student Journal [2009]: 800806). Suppose that the data resulted from classifying each person in a random
In a study of high-achieving high school graduates, the authors of the report High-Achieving Seniors and the College Decision (Lipman Hearne, October 2009) surveyed 828 high school graduates who were considered academic superstars and 433 graduates
Does including a gift with a request for a donation affect the proportion who will make a donation? This question was investigated in a study described in the report Gift-Exchange in the Field (Institute for the Study of Labor, 2007). In this study, letters were sent to a
The paper Credit Card Misuse, Money Attitudes, and Compulsive Buying Behavior: Comparison of Internal and External Locus of Control Consumers (College Student Journal [2009]: 268275) describes a study that surveyed a sample of college students at two midwestern
Each person in a large sample of German adolescents was asked to indicate which of 50 popular movies they had seen in the past year. Based on the response, the amount of time (in minutes) of alcohol use contained in the movies the person had watched was estimated. Each person was then classified
In a study to determine if hormone therapy increases risk of venous thrombosis in menopausal women, each person in a sample of 579 women who had been diagnosed with venous thrombosis was classified according to hormone use. Each woman in a sample of 2243 women who had not been diagnosed with venous
The paper Overweight Among Low-Income Preschool Children Associated with the Consumption of Sweet Drinks (Pediatrics [2005]: 223229) described a study of children who were underweight or normal weight at age 2. Children in the sample were classified according to
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