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Probability And Statistics For Engineering And The Sciences 9th Edition Jay L. Devore - Solutions
The article "Flexure of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Advanced Composite Orthogrids" (J. of Aerospace Engr., 1997: 7-15) gave the accompanying data on ultimate load (kN) for two different types of beams.a. Assuming that the underlying distributions are normal, calculate and interpret a 99% CI for
Refer to Exercise 33 in Section 7.3. The cited article also gave the following observations on degree of polymerization for specimens having viscosity times concentration in a higher range:Exercise 33 in Section 7.3 The article "Measuring and Understanding the Aging of Kraft Insulating Paper in
The degenerative disease osteoarthritis most frequently affects weight-bearing joints such as the knee. The article "Evidence of Mechanical Load Redistribution at the Knee Joint in the Elderly When Ascending Stairs and Ramps" (Annals of Biomed. Engr., 2008: 467-476) presented the following summary
The article "The Effects of a Low-Fat, Plant-Based Dietary Intervention on Body Weight, Metabolism, and Insulin Sensitivity in Postmenopausal Women" (Amer. J. of Med., 2005: 991-997) reported on the results of an experiment in which half of the individuals in a group of 64 postmenopausal overweight
Consider the pooled t variablewhich has a t distribution with m = n - 2 df when both population distributions are normal with Ï1 = Ï2 (see the Pooled t Procedures subsection for a description of Sp). a. Use this t variable to obtain a pooled t confidence interval formula for
Refer to Exercise 34. Describe the pooled t test for testing H0: µ1 - µ2 = Î0 when both population distributions are normal with Ï1 = Ï2. Then use this test procedure to test the hypotheses suggested in Exercise 33.Exercise 34Consider the pooled t
Consider the accompanying data on breaking load (kg/25 mm width) for various fabrics in both an unabraded con dition and an abraded condition ("The Effect of Wet Abrasive Wear on the Tensile Properties of Cotton and Polyester-Cotton Fabrics," J. Testing and Evaluation, 1993: 84-93). Use the paired
Hexavalent chromium has been identified as an inhalation carcinogen and an air toxin of concern in a number of different locales. The article "Airborne Hexavalent Chromium in Southwestern Ontario" (J. of Air and Waste Mgmnt. Assoc., 1997: 905-910) gave the accompanying data on both indoor and
Adding computerized medical images to a database promises to provide great resources for physicians.However, there are other methods of obtaining such information, so the issue of efficiency of access needs to be investigated. The article "The Comparative Effectiveness of Conventional and Digital
Scientists and engineers frequently wish to compare two different techniques for measuring or determining the value of a variable. In such situations, interest centers on testing whether the mean difference in measurements is zero. The article "Evaluation of the Deuterium Dilution Technique Against
Reliance on solid biomass fuel for cooking and heating exposes many children from developing countries to high levels of indoor air pollution. The article "Domestic Fuels, Indoor Air Pollution, and Children's Health" (Annals of the N.Y. Academy of Sciences, 2008: 209-217) presented information on
Lactation promotes a temporary loss of bone mass to provide adequate amounts of calcium for milk production. The paper "Bone Mass Is Recovered from Lactation to Postweaning in Adolescent Mothers with Low Calcium Intakes" (Amer. J. of Clinical Nutr., 2004: 1322-1326) gave the following data on total
Antipsychotic drugs are widely prescribed for conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disease. The article "Cardiometabolic Risk of Second- Generation Antipsychotic Medications During First-Time Use in Children and Adolescents" (J. of the Amer. Med. Assoc., 2009) reported on body composition
Many freeways have service (or logo) signs that give information on attractions, camping, lodging, food, and gas services prior to off-ramps. These signs typically do not provide information on distances. The article "Evaluation of Adding Distance Information to Freeway-Specific Service (Logo)
Cushing's disease is characterized by muscular weakness due to adrenal or pituitary dysfunction. To provide effective treatment, it is important to detect childhood Cushing's disease as early as possible. Age at onset of symptoms and age at diagnosis (months) for 15 children suffering from the
Refer back to the previous exercise.a. By far the most frequently tested null hypothesis when data is paired is H0: µD = 0. Is that a sensible hypothe sis in this context? Explain.b. Carry out a test of hypotheses to decide whether there is compelling evidence for concluding that on average
Torsion during hip external rotation (ER) and extension may be responsible for certain kinds of injuries in golfers and other athletes. The article "Hip Rotational Velocities During the Full Golf Swing" (J. of Sports Science and Medicine, 2009: 296-299) reported on a study in which peak ER velocity
Example 7.11 gave data on the modulus of elasticity obtained 1 minute after loading in a certain configuration. The cited article also gave the values of modulus of elasticity obtained 4 weeks after loading for the same lumber specimens. The data is presented here.Calculate and interpret an upper
The article "Slender High-Strength RC Columns Under Eccentric Compression" (Magazine of Concrete Res., 2005: 361-370) gave the accompanying data on cylinder strength (MPa) for various types of columns cured under both moist conditions and laboratory drying conditions.a. Estimate the difference in
Construct a paired data set for which t = ∞ so that the data is highly significant when the correct analysis is used, yet t for the two-sample t test is quite near zero, so the incorrect analysis yields an insignificant result.
Consider the following two questions designed to assess quantitative literacy:What is 15% of 1000? A store is offering a 15% off sale on all TVs. The most popular television is normally priced at $1000. How much money would a customer save on the television during this sale?Suppose the first
Persons having Reynaud's syndrome are apt to suffer a sudden impairment of blood circulation in fingers and toes. In an experiment to study the extent of this impairment, each subject immersed a forefinger in water and the resulting heat output (cal/cm2/min) was measured. For m = 10 subjects with
Recent incidents of food contamination have caused great concern among consumers. The article "How Safe Is That Chicken?" (Consumer Reports, Jan. 2010: 19-23) reported that 35 of 80 randomly selected Perdue brand broilers tested positively for either campylobacter or salmonella (or both), the
It is well known that a placebo, a fake medication or treatment, can sometimes have a positive effect just because patients often expect the medication or treatment to be helpful. The article "Beware the Nocebo Effect" (New York Times, Aug. 12, 2012) gave examples of a less familiar phenomenon, the
Do teachers find their work rewarding and satisfying? The article "Work-Related Attitudes" (Psychological Reports, 1991: 443-450) reports the results of a survey of 395 elementary school teachers and 266 high school teachers. Of the elementary school teachers, 224 said they were very satisfied with
Olestra is a fat substitute approved by the FDA for use in snack foods. Because there have been anecdotal reports of gastrointestinal problems associated with olestra consumption, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment was carried out to compare olestra potato chips to regular
Teen Court is a juvenile diversion program designed to circumvent the formal processing of first-time juvenile offenders within the juvenile justice system. The article "An Experimental Evaluation of Teen Courts" (J. of Experimental Criminology, 2008: 137-163) reported on a study in which offenders
a. Use these facts to obtain a large-sample 95% CI formula for estimating ln(θ), and then a CI for θ itself.b. Return to the heart-attack data of Example 1.3, and calculate an interval of plausible values for θ at the 95% confidence level. What does this interval suggest about the efficacy
Sometimes experiments involving success or failure responses are run in a paired or before/after manner. Suppose that before a major policy speech by a political candidate, n individuals are selected and asked whether (S) or not (F) they favor the candidate. Then after the speech the same n people
Two different types of alloy, A and B, have been used to manufacture experimental specimens of a small tension link to be used in a certain engineering application. The ultimate strength (ksi) of each specimen was determined, and the results are summarized in the accompanying frequency
Using the traditional formula, a 95% CI for p1 - p2 is to be constructed based on equal sample sizes from the two populations. For what value of n (= m) will the resulting interval have a width at most of .1, irrespective of the results of the sampling?
Obtain or compute the following quantities: a. F.05,5,8 b. F.05,8,5 c. F.95,5,8 d. F.95,8,5 e. The 99th percentile of the F distribution with v1 = 10, v2 = 12 f. The 1st percentile of the F distribution with v1 = 10, v2 = 12 g. P(F ≤ 6.16) for v1 = 6, v2 = 4 h. P(.177 ≤ F ≤ 4.74) for v1 =
An experiment to compare the tension bond strength of polymer latex modified mortar (Portland cement mortar to which polymer latex emulsions have been added during mixing) to that of unmodified mortar resulted in = 18.12 kgf/cm2 for the modified mortar (m = 40) and = 16.87 kgf/cm2 for the
Give as much information as you can about the P-value of the F test in each of the following situations: a. v1 = 5, v2 = 10, upper-tailed test, f = 4.75 b. v1 = 5, v2 = 10, upper-tailed test, f = 2.00 c. v1 = 5, v2 = 10, two-tailed test, f = 5.64 d. v1 = 5, v2 = 10, lower-tailed test, f = .200 e.
Return to the data on maximum lean angle given in Exercise 28 of this chapter. Carry out a test at significance level .10 to see whether the population standard deviations for the two age groups are different (normal probability plots support the necessary normality assumption).Data from Exercise 28
Refer to Example 9.7. Does the data suggest that the standard deviation of the strength distribution for fused specimens is smaller than that for not-fused specimens? Carry out a test at significance level .01.
Toxaphene is an insecticide that has been identified as a pollutant in the Great Lakes ecosystem. To investigate the effect of toxaphene exposure on animals, groups of rats were given toxaphene in their diet. The article "Reproduction Study of Toxaphene in the Rat" (J. of Environ. Sci. Health,
The following observations are on time (h) for a AA 1.5- volt alkaline battery to reach a 0.8 voltage ("Comparing the Lifetimes of Two Brands of Batteries," J. of Statistical Educ., 2013, online):Normal probability plots support the assumption that the population distributions are normal. Does the
The article "Enhancement of Compressive Properties of Failed Concrete Cylinders with Polymer Impregnation" (J. of Testing and Evaluation, 1977: 333-337) reports the following data on impregnated compressive modulus (psi à 106) when two different polymers were used to repair cracks in
Reconsider the data of Example 9.6, and calculate a 95% upper confidence bound for the ratio of the standard deviation of the triacetate porosity distribution to that of the cotton porosity distribution.
The accompanying summary data on compression strength (lb) for 12 Ã 10 Ã 8 in. boxes appeared in the article "Compression of Single-Wall Corrugated Shipping Containers Using Fixed and Floating Test Platens" (J. Testing and Evaluation, 1992: 318-320). The authors stated
The article "Supervised Exercise Versus Non- Supervised Exercise for Reducing Weight in Obese Adults" (The J. of Sports Med. and Physical Fitness, 2009: 85-90) reported on an investigation in which participants were randomly assigned to either a supervised exercise program or a control group. Those
Is the response rate for questionnaires affected by including some sort of incentive to respond along with the questionnaire? In one experiment, 110 questionnaires with no incentive resulted in 75 being returned, whereas 98 questionnaires that included a chance to win a lottery yielded 66 responses
Is there any systematic tendency for part-time college faculty to hold their students to different standards than do full-time faculty? The article "Are There Instructional Differences Between Full-Time and Part-Time Faculty?" (College Teaching, 2009: 23-26) reported that for a sample of 125
Shoveling is not exactly a high-tech activity, but it will continue to be a required task even in our information age. The article "A Shovel with a Perforated Blade Reduces Energy Expenditure Required for Digging Wet Clay" (Human Factors, 2010: 492-502) reported on an experiment in which 13 workers
The article "Quantitative MRI and Electrophysiology of Preoperative Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in a Female Population" (Ergonomics, 1997: 642-649) reported that (2473.13, 1691.9) was a large-sample 95% confidence interval for the difference between true average thenar muscle volume (mm3) for sufferers
The following summary data on bending strength (lb-in/in) of joints is taken from the article "Bending Strength of Corner Joints Constructed with Injection Molded Splines" (Forest Products J., April, 1997: 89-92).a. Calculate a 95% lower confidence bound for true average strength of joints with a
The article "Urban Battery Litter" cited in Example 8.14 gave the following summary data on zinc mass (g) for two different brands of size D batteries:Assuming that both zinc mass distributions are at least approximately normal, carry out a test at significance level .05 to decide whether true
The derailment of a freight train due to the catastrophic failure of a traction motor armature bearing provided the impetus for a study reported in the article "Locomotive Traction Motor Armature Bearing Life Study" (Lubrication Engr., Aug. 1997: 12-19). A sample of 17 high-mileage traction motors
Headability is the ability of a cylindrical piece of material to be shaped into the head of a bolt, screw, or other cold-formed part without cracking. The article "New Methods for Assessing Cold Heading Quality" (Wire J. Intl., Oct. 1996: 66-72) described the result of a headability impact test
The article "Fatigue Testing of Condoms" cited in Exercise 7.32 reported that for a sample of 20 natural latex condoms of a certain type, the sample mean and sample standard deviation of the number of cycles to break were 4358 and 2218, respectively, whereas a sample of 20 polyisoprene condoms gave
Information about hand posture and forces generated by the fingers during manipulation of various daily objects is needed for designing high-tech hand prosthetic devices. The article "Grip Posture and Forces During Holding Cylindrical Objects with Circular Grips" (Ergonomics, 1996: 1163-1176)
The article "Pine Needles as Sensors of Atmospheric Pollution" (Environ. Monitoring, 1982: 273-286) reported on the use of neutron-activity analysis to determine pollutant concentration in pine needles. According to the article's authors, "These observations strongly indicated that for those
The article "The Accuracy of Stated Energy Contents of Reduced-Energy, Commercially Prepared Foods" (J. of the Amer. Dietetic Assoc., 2010: 116-123) presented the accompanying data on vendor-stated gross energy and measured value (both in kcal) for 10 different supermarket convenience meals):Carry
Tensile-strength tests were carried out on two different grades of wire rod ("Fluidized Bed Patenting of Wire Rods," Wire J., June 1977: 56-61), resulting in the accompanying data.a. Does the data provide compelling evidence for concluding that true average strength for the 1078 grade exceeds that
Arsenic is a known carcinogen and poison. The standard laboratory procedures for measuring arsenic concentration (mg/L) in water are expensive. Consider the accompanying summary data and Minitab output for comparing a laboratory method to a new relatively quick and inexpensive field method (from
The accompanying data on response time appeared in the article "The Extinguishment of Fires Using Low-Flow Water Hose Streams-Part II" (Fire Technology, 1991: 291-320).The authors analyzed the data with the pooled t test. Does the use of this test appear justified? [Check for normality. The z
Acrylic bone cement is commonly used in total joint arthroplasty as a grout that allows for the smooth transfer of loads from a metal prosthesis to bone structure. The paper "Validation of the Small-Punch Test as a Technique for Characterizing the Mechanical Properties of Acrylic Bone Cement" (J.
In an experiment to compare bearing strengths of pegs inserted in two different types of mounts, a sample of 14 observations on stress limit for red oak mounts resulted in a sample mean and sample standard deviation of 8.48 MPa and .79 MPa, respectively, whereas a sample of 12 observations when
How does energy intake compare to energy expenditure? One aspect of this issue was considered in the article "Measurement of Total Energy Expenditure by the Doubly Labelled Water Method in Professional Soccer Players" (J. of Sports Sciences, 2002: 391-397), which contained the accompanying data
An experimenter wishes to obtain a CI for the difference between true average breaking strength for cables manufactured by company I and by company II. Suppose breaking strength is normally distributed for both types of cable with σ1 = 30 psi and σ2 = 20 psi. a. If costs dictate that the sample
A study was carried out to compare two different methods, injection and nasal spray, for administering flu vaccine to children under the age of 5. All 8000 children in the study were given both an injection and a spray. However, the vaccine given to 4000 of the children actually contained just
Wait staff at restaurants have employed various strategies to increase tips. An article in the Sept. 5, 2005, New Yorker reported that "In one study a waitress received 50% more in tips when she introduced herself by name than when she didn't." Consider the following (fictitious) data on tip amount
Suppose a level .05 test of H0: µ1 - µ2 = 0 versus Ha: µ1 - µ2> 0 is to be performed, assuming σ1 = σ 2 = 10 and normality of both distributions, using equal sample sizes (m = n). Evaluate the probability of a type II error when µ1 - µ2 = 1 and n = 25, 100, 2500, and 10,000. Can you think
The article "Evaluation of a Ventilation Strategy to Prevent Barotrauma in Patients at High Risk for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome" (New Engl. J. of Med., 1998: 355-358) reported on an experiment in which 120 patients with similar clinical features were randomly divided into a control group
The invasive diatom species Didymosphenia geminate has the potential to inflict substantial ecological and economic damage in rivers. The article "Substrate Characteristics Affect Colonization by the Bloom- Forming Diatom Didymosphenia geminata" (Acquatic Ecology, 2010: 33-40) described an
Researchers sent 5000 resumes in response to job ads that appeared in the Boston Globe and Chicago Tribune. The resumes were identical except that 2500 of them had "white sounding" first names, such as Brett and Emily, whereas the other 2500 had "black sounding" names such as Tamika and Rasheed.
McNemar's test, developed in Exercise 56, can also be used when individuals are paired (matched) to yield n pairs and then one member of each pair is given treatment 1 and the other is given treatment 2. Then X1 is the number of pairs in which both treatments were successful, and similarly for X2,
The article "Evaluating Variability in Filling Operations" (Food Tech., 1984: 51-55) describes two different filling operations used in a ground-beef packing plant. Both filling operations were set to fill packages with 1400 g of ground beef. In a random sample of size 30 taken from each filling
Let X1,..., Xm be a random sample from a Poisson distribution with parameter µ1, and let Y1,..., Yn be a random sample from another Poisson distribution with parameter µ2. We wish to test H0: µ1 - µ2 = 0 against one of the three standard alternatives. When m and n are large,
Referring to Exercise 94, develop a large-sample confidence interval formula for µ1- µ2. Calculate the interval for the data given there using a confidence level of 95%.Exercise 94Let X1,..., Xm be a random sample from a Poisson distribution with parameter µ1, and let Y1,..., Yn
In an experiment to compare the tensile strengths of I = 5 different types of copper wire, J = 4 samples of each type were used. The between-samples and within samples estimates of (2 were computed as MSTr = 2673.3 and MSE = 1094.2, respectively. Use the F test at level .05 = to test H0: µ1 = µ2
In single-factor ANOVA with I treatments and J observations per treatment, let µ = (1/I)(µ.a. Express E(X̅..) in terms of µ.b. Determine E (X̅2i).c. Determine E (X̅2̤ ).d. Determine E (SSTr) and then show thate. Using the result of part (d), what is E (MSTr) when H0 is true?
An experiment to compare the spreading rates of five different brands of yellow interior latex paint available in a particular area used 4 gallons (J = 4) of each paint. The sample average spreading rates (ft2 /gal) for the five brands were x̅1. = 462.0, x̅2. = 512.8, x̅3. = 437.5, x̅4. =
Repeat exercise 11, An experiment to compare the spreading rates of five different brands of yellow interior latex paint available in a particular area used 4 gallons (J = 4) of each paint. The sample average spreading rates (ft2 /gal) for the five brands were x̅1. = 462.0, x̅2. = 512.8, x̅3. =
Suppose x̅3. = 427.5. Now which true average spreading rates differ significantly from one another? Be sure to use the method of underscoring to illustrate your conclusions, and write a paragraph summarizing your results. Suppose that x̅2. = 502.8 in addition to x̅3. = 427.5?
Use Tukey's procedure on the data in Example 10.3 to identify differences in true average bond strengths among the five protocols?
Exercise 10.7 described an experiment in which 26 resistivity observations were made on each of six different concrete mixtures. The article cited there gave the following sample means: 14.18, 17.94, 18.00, 18.00, 25.74, 27.67. Apply Tukey's method with a simultaneous confidence level of 95% to
Reconsider the axial stiffness data given in Exercise 8. ANOVA output from Minitab follows:Pooled StDev = 32.39. Tukey's pair-wise comparisons Family error rate = 0.0500 Individual error rate = 0.00693 Critical value = 4.10 Intervals for (column level mean) - (row level mean). a. Is it plausible
Refer to Exercise 5.Consider the following summary data on the modulus of elasticity (Ã 106 psi) for lumber of three different grades [in close agreement with values in the article "Bending Strength and Stiffness of Second-Growth Douglas-Fir Dimension Lumber" (Forest Products J., 1991:
Consider the accompanying data on plant growth after the application of five different types of growth hormone.a. Perform an F test at level a = .05. b. What happens when Tukey's procedure is applied?
Consider a single-factor ANOVA experiment in which I = 3, J = 5, x̅1. = 10, x̅2. = 12, and x̅3. = 20. Find a value of SSE for which f . > F.05,2,12, so that H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 is rejected, yet when Tukey's procedure is applied none of the mi's can be said to differ significantly from one
Suppose that the compression-strength observations on the fourth type of box in Example 10.1 had been 655.1, 748.7, 662.4, 679.0, 706.9, nd 640.0 (obtained by dding 120 to each previous x4j). Assuming no change in the remaining observations, carry out n F test with = .05?
The article "The Effect of Enzyme Inducing Agents on the Survival Times of Rats Exposed to Lethal Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide" (Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1978: 169-174) reports the following data on survival times for rats exposed to nitrogen dioxide (70 ppm) via different injection
The following data refers to yield of tomatoes (kg/plot) for four different levels of salinity. Salinity level here refers to electrical conductivity (EC), where the chosen levels were EC = 1.6, 3.8, 6.0, and 10.2 nmhos/cm.Use the F test at level a = .05 to test for any differences in true average
Apply the modified Tukey's method to the data in Exercise 22 to identify significant differences among the µi's?
The accompanying summary data on skeletal-muscle CS activity (nmol/min/mg) appeared in the article "Impact of Lifelong Sedentary Behavior on Mitochondrial Function of Mice Skeletal Muscle" (J. of Gerontology, 2009: 927-939):Carry out a test to decide whether true average activity differs for the
Lipids provide much of the dietary energy in the bodies of infants and young children. There is a growing interest in the quality of the dietary lipid supply during infancy as a major determinant of growth, visual and neural development, and long-term health. The article "Essential Fat Requirements
Samples of six different brands of diet/imitation margarine were analyzed to determine the level of physiologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids (PAPFUA, in percentages), resulting in the following data:(The preceding numbers are fictitious, but the sample means agree with data reported in
Although tea is the world's most widely consumed beverage after water, little is known about its nutritional value. Folacin is the only B vitamin present in any significant amount in tea, and recent advances in assay methods have made accurate determination of folacin content feasible. Consider the
For a single-factor ANOVA with sample sizes Ji (i = 1, 2,...I), show that SSTr = (Ji (X̅i. - X̅...)2 = (Ji X̅2i. - X̅2̤ where n = (Ji?
When sample sizes are equal (Ji = J), the parameters a1, a2, ... aI of the alternative parameterization are restricted by (ai = 0. For unequal sample sizes, the most natural restriction is (Ji ai = 0. Use this to show thatWhat is E(MSTr) when H0 is true? [This expectation is correct if (Jiai = 0 is
The lumen output was determined for each of I = 3 different brands of light-bulbs having the same wattage, with J = 8 bulbs of each brand tested. The sums of squares were computed as SSE = 4773.3 and SSTr = 591.2. State the hypotheses of interest (including word definitions of parameters), and use
Reconsider Example 10.8 involving an investigation of the effects of different heat treatments on the yield point of steel ingots. a. If J = 8 and ( = 1, what is β for a level .0 = F test when µ1 = µ2, µ3 = µ1, - 1, and µ4 = µ1 + 1? b. For the alternative of part (a), what value of J is
When sample sizes are not equal, the non-centrality parameter is (Jia2i / (2 and (2 = (1/I) (Jia2i / (2. Referring to Exercise 22, what is the power of the test when µ2 = µ3, µ1 = µ2 - (, and µ4 = µ2 + (?
In an experiment to compare the quality of four different brands of magnetic recording tape, five 2400-ft reels of each brand (A-D) were selected and the number of flaws in each reel was determined.It is believed that the number of flaws has approximately a Poisson distribution for each brand.
Suppose that Xij is a binomial variable with parameters n and pi (so approximately normal when npi $ 10 and nqi ≥ 10. Then since µi = npi, V(Xij) = (2i = npi(1 - pi) = µi(1 - µi / n). How should the Xij's be transformed so as to stabilize the variance?
Simplify E(MSTr) for the random effects model when J1 = J2 = ... = JI = J?
An experiment was carried out to compare flow rates for four different types of nozzle. a. Sample sizes were 5, 6, 7, and 6, respectively, and calculations gave f = 3.68. State and test the relevant hypotheses using a = .01. b. Analysis of the data using a statistical computer package yielded
Cortisol is a hormone that plays an important role in mediating stress. There is growing awareness that exposure of outdoor workers to pollutants may impact cortisol levels. The article "Plasma Cortisol Concentration and Lifestyle in a Population of Outdoor Workers" (Intl. J. of Envir. Health Res.,
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