Fundamentals Of Hydraulic Engineering Systems 4th Edition Robert J. Houghtalen, A. Osman H. Akan, Ned H. C. Hwang - Solutions

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The temperature of a coated tungsten part is increased. What happens when the protective coating on a tungsten part expands more than the tungsten? What happens when the protective coating on a tungsten part expands less than the tungsten?
Structural steels have traditionally been used in shipbuilding; however, with increasing fuel costs, it is desirable to find alternative lower weight materials. Some of the key properties required for shipbuilding materials are high yield strength, high corrosion resistance, and low cost. Discuss
Nanoparticles (3 nm in diameter) of platinum with a total weight of 1 milligram are used in automobile catalytic converters to facilitate oxidation reactions. As Pt is an expensive metal, a method to coat iron nanoparticles with Pt is being explored to reduce the cost of the catalyst metal. If 3 nm
Assuming that the density remains unchanged, compare the specific strength of the 2090-T6 aluminum alloy to that of a die-cast 443-F aluminum alloy. If you considered the actual density, do you think the difference between the specific strengths would increase or decrease? Explain.
Explain why aluminum alloys containing more than about 15% Mg are not used.
Estimate the tensile strength expected for the following aluminum alloys: (a) 1100-H14; (b) 5182-H12; and (c) 3004-H16.
A 1-cm diameter steel cable with a yield strength of 480 MPa needs to be replaced to reduce the overall weight of the cable. Which of the following aluminum alloys could be a potential replacement?(a) 3004-H18 (Sy = 248 MPa);(b) 1100-H18 (Sy = 151 MPa);(c) 4043-H18 (Sy = 269 MPa); and(d) 5182-O (Sy
Suppose, by rapid solidification from the liquid state, that a supersaturated Al- 7% Li alloy can be produced and subsequently aged. Compare the amount of β that will form in this alloy with that formed in a 2090 alloy.
The specific gravity of Al2O3 is 3.96 g/cm3. A ceramic part is produced by sintering alumina power. It weighs 80 g when dry; 92 g after it has soaked in water, and 58 g when suspended in water. Calculate the apparent porosity, the true porosity, and the closed porosity.
Silicon carbide (SiC) has a specific gravity of 3.1 g/cm3. A sintered SiC part is produced, occupying a volume of 500 cm3 and weighing 1200 g. After soaking in water, the part weighs 1250 g. Calculate the bulk density, the true porosity, and the volume fraction of the total porosity that consists
A sintered zirconium oxide (ZrO2) ceramic has a true porosity of 28%, and the closed pore fraction is 0.5. If the weight after soaking in water is 760 g, what is the dry weight of the ceramic? The specific gravity of ZrO2 is 5.68 g/cm3.
How many grams of BaO can be added to 1 kg of SiO2 before the O:Si ratio exceeds 2.5 and glass-forming tendencies are poor? Compare this to the case when Li2O is added to SiO2.
Calculate the O:Si ratio when 30 wt% Y2O3 is added to SiO2. Will this material provide good glass-forming tendencies?
A silicate glass has 10 mol% Na2O and 5 mol% CaO. Calculate the O:Si ratio and the composition in wt% for this glass.
A borosilicate glass (82% SiO2, 2% Al2O3, 4% Na2O, 12% B2O3) has a density of 2.23 g/cm3, while a fused silica glass (assume 100% SiO2) has a density of g/cm3. Explain why the density of the borosilicate glass is different from the weighted average of the densities of its components. The densities
Rank the following glasses by softening temperature (highest to lowest): (a) Pyrex™ (81% SiO2, 2% Al2O3, 4% Na2O, 12% B2O3); (b) Lime glass (72% SiO2, 1% Al2O3, 10% CaO, 14% Na2O); and (c) Vycor™ (96% SiO2, 4% B2O3).
Yttria (Y2O3) particles 750 Å in diameter are introduced into tungsten by internal oxidation. Measurements using an electron microscope show that there are 5 × 1014 oxide particles per cm3. Calculate the wt% Y originally in the alloy. The density of Y2O3 is 5.01 g/cm3.
With no special treatment, aluminum is typically found to have an Al2O3 layer that is 3 nm thick. If spherical aluminum powder prepared with a total diameter of 0.01 mm is used to produce SAP dispersion-strengthened aluminum, calculate the volume percent Al2O3 in the material and the number of
With no special treatment, aluminum is typically found to have an Al2O3 layer that is 3 nm thick. If spherical aluminum powder prepared with a total diameter of 0.01 mm is used to produce SAP dispersion-strengthened aluminum, calculate the volume percent Al2O3 in the material and the number of
Calculate the density of a cemented carbide, or cermet, based on a titanium matrix if the composite contains 50 wt% WC, 22 wt% TaC, and 14 wt% TiC.
Spherical silica particles (100 nm in diameter) are added to vulcanized rubber in tires to improve stiffness. If the density of the vulcanized rubber matrix is 1.1 g/cm3, the density of silica is 2.5 g/cm3, and the tire has a porosity of 4.5%, calculate the number of silica particles lost when a
A typical grinding wheel is 9 in. in diameter, 1 in. thick, and weighs 6 lb. The wheel contains SiC (density of 3.2 g/cm3) bonded by a silica glass (density of 2.5 g/cm3); 5 vol% of the wheel is porous. The SiC is in the form of 0.04 cm cubes.Calculate(a) The volume fraction of SiC particles in the
An electrical contact material is produced by infiltrating copper into a porous tungsten carbide (WC) compact. The density of the final composite is 12.3 g/cm3.Assuming that all of the pores are filled with copper, calculate(a) The volume fraction of copper in the composite,(b) The volume fraction
An electrical contact material is produced by first making a porous tungsten compact that weighs 125 g. Liquid silver is introduced into the compact; careful measurement indicates that 105 g of silver is infiltrated. The final density of the composite is 13.8 g/cm3. Calculate the volume fraction of
How much clay must be added to 10 kg of polyethylene to produce a low-cost composite having a modulus of elasticity greater than 120,000 psi and a tensile strength greater than 2000 psi? The density of the clay is 2.4 g/cm3 and that of polyethylene is 0.92 g/cm3.
We would like to produce a lightweight epoxy part to provide thermal insulation. We have available hollow glass beads for which the outside diameter is 1/16 in. and the wall thickness is 0.001 in. Determine the weight and number of beads that must be added to the epoxy to produce a one-pound
Five kg of continuous boron fibers are introduced in a unidirectional orientation into 8 kg of an aluminum matrix. Calculate(a) The density of the composite;(b) The modulus of elasticity parallel to the fibers; and(c) The modulus of elasticity perpendicular to the fibers.
We want to produce 10 lbs of a continuous unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite of HS carbon in a polyimide matrix that has a modulus of elasticity of at least 25 × 106 psi parallel to the fibers. How many pounds of fibers are required?
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with low weight (density = 1.3 g/cm3), high tensile strength (50 GPa), and modulus of elasticity (1 TPa) in the axial direction have been touted as the strongest material yet discovered. Calculate the specific strength for CNTs. How does this value compare to that of
An epoxy matrix is reinforced with 40 vol% E-glass fibers to produce a 2-cm- diameter composite that is to withstand a load of 25,000 N. Calculate the stress acting on each fiber. The elastic modulus of the epoxy is 0.4 × 106 psi.
A titanium alloy with a modulus of elasticity of 16 × 106 psi is used to make a 1000-lb part for a manned space vehicle. Determine the weight of a part having the same modulus of elasticity parallel to the fibers, if the part is made from (a) Aluminum reinforced with boron fibers and (b) Polyester
Short, but aligned, Al2O3 fibers with a diameter of 20 µm are introduced into a 6, 6-nylon matrix. The strength of the bond between the fibers and the matrix is estimated to be 1000 psi. Calculate the critical fiber length and compare with the case when 1 µm alumina whiskers are used instead of
We prepare several epoxy-matrix composites using different lengths of 3-μm- diameter ZrO2 fibers and find that the strength of the composite increases with increasing fiber length up to 5 mm. For longer fibers, the strength is virtually unchanged. Estimate the strength of the bond between the
Glass fibers with a diameter 50 μm are introduced into a 6,6 nylon matrix. Determine the critical fiber length at which the fibers behave as if they are continuous. The strength of the bond between the fibers and matrix is 10 MPa. The relevant materials properties are as follows: Eglass = 72 GPa,
A copper-silver bimetallic wire, 1 cm in diameter, is prepared by co-extrusion with copper as the core and silver as the outer layer. The desired properties along the axis parallel to the length of the bimetallic wire are as follows:(a) Thermal conductivity > 410 W/(m ˆ™ K);(b) Electrical
In one polymer-matrix composite, as produced, discontinuous glass fibers are introduced directly into the matrix; in a second case, the fibers are first "sized." Discuss the effect this difference might have on the critical fiber length and the strength of the composite.
Explain why bonding between carbon fibers and an epoxy matrix should be excellent, whereas bonding between silicon nitride fibers and a silicon carbide matrix should be poor.
A polyimide matrix with an elastic modulus of 0.3 × 106 psi is to be reinforced with 70 vol% carbon fibers to give a minimum modulus of elasticity of 40 × 106 psi. Recommend a process for producing the carbon fibers required. Estimate the tensile strength of the fibers that are produced.
A micro laminate, Arall, is produced using five sheets of 0.4-mm-thick aluminum and four sheets of 0.2-mm-thick epoxy reinforced with unidirectionally aligned Kevlar™ fibers. The volume fraction of Kevlar™ fibers in these intermediate sheets is 55%. The elastic modulus of the epoxy is 0.5 ×
A laminate composed of 0.1-mm-thick aluminum sandwiched around a 2-cm-thick layer of polystyrene foam is produced as an insulation material. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the laminate parallel and perpendicular to the layers. The thermal conductivity of aluminum is 0.57 cal / (cm ∙ s ∙
A 0.01-cm-thick sheet of a polymer with a modulus of elasticity of 0.7 × 106 psi is sandwiched between two 4-mm-thick sheets of glass with a modulus of elasticity of 12 × 106 psi. Calculate the modulus of elasticity of the composite parallel and perpendicular to the sheets.
A U.S. quarter is 15/16 in. in diameter and is about 1/16 in. thick. Assuming copper costs about $1.10 per pound and nickel costs about $4.10 per pound, compare the material cost in a composite quarter versus a quarter made entirely from nickel.
Calculate the density of a honeycomb structure composed of the following elements: The two 2-mm-thick cover sheets are produced using an epoxy matrix prepreg containing 55 vol% E-glass fibers. The aluminum honeycomb is 2 cm thick; the cells are in the shape of 0.5 cm squares and the walls of the
A tungsten matrix with 20% porosity is infiltrated with silver. Assuming that the pores are interconnected, what is the density of the composite before and after infiltration with silver? The density of pure tungsten is 19.25 g/cm3 and that of pure silver is 10.49 g/cm3.
Nickel containing 2 wt% thorium is produced in powder form, consolidated into a part, and sintered in the presence of oxygen, causing all of the thorium to produce ThO2 spheres 80 nm in diameter. Calculate the number of spheres per cm3. The density of ThO2 is 9.69 g/cm3.
Spherical aluminum powder (SAP) 0.002 mm in diameter is treated to create a thin oxide layer and is then used to produce a SAP dispersion-strengthened material containing 10 vol% Al2O3. Calculate the average thickness of the oxide film prior to compaction and sintering of the powders into the part.
Explain how it is possible to form a simple electrochemical cell using a lemon, a penny, and a galvanized steel nail.
A 2-in.-inside-diameter, 12-ft-long copper distribution pipe in a plumbing system is accidentally connected to the power system of a manufacturing plant, causing a current of 0.05 A to flow through the pipe. If the wall thickness of the pipe is 0.125 in., estimate the time required before the pipe
A steel surface 10 cm × 100 cm is coated with a 0.002-cm-thick layer of chromium. After one year of exposure to an electrolytic cell, the chromium layer is completely removed. Calculate the current density required to accomplish this removal.
A corrosion cell is composed of a 300 cm2 copper sheet and a 20 cm2 iron sheet, with a current density of 0.6 A/cm2 applied to the copper. Which material is the anode? What is the rate of loss of metal from the anode per hour?
A corrosion cell is composed of a 20 cm2 copper sheet and a 400 cm2 iron sheet, with a current density of 0.7 A/cm2 applied to the copper. Which material is the anode? What is the rate of loss of metal from the anode per hour?
Provide at least two reasons as to why steel alone in water with no other metal present will corrode.
Explain why titanium is a material that is often used in biomedical implants even though it is one of the most anodic materials listed in Table 18-1.
Alclad is a laminar composite composed of two sheets of commercially pure aluminum (alloy 1100) sandwiched around a core of 2024 aluminum alloy. Discuss the corrosion resistance of the composite. Suppose that a portion of one of the 1100 layers was machined off, exposing a small patch of the 2024
The leaf springs for an automobile are formed from high-carbon steel. For best corrosion resistance, should the springs be formed by hot working or cold working? Explain. Would corrosion still occur even if you use the most desirable forming process? Explain.
Several types of metallic coatings are used to protect steel, including zinc, lead, tin, aluminum, and nickel. In which of these cases will the coating provide protection even when the coating is locally disrupted? Explain.
An austenitic stainless steel corrodes in the entire heat-affected zone (HAZ) surrounding the fusion zone of a weld. Explain why corrosion occurs and discuss the type of welding process or procedure that might have been used. What might you do to prevent corrosion in this region?
A steel nut is securely tightened onto a bolt in an industrial environment. After several months, the nut is found to contain numerous cracks. Explain why cracking might have occurred.
The shaft for a propeller on a ship is carefully designed so that the applied stresses are well below the endurance limit for the material. Yet after several months, the shaft cracks and fails offer an explanation for the failure might have occurred under these conditions.
An aircraft wing composed of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy is connected to titanium forging on the fuselage. Will the anode for a corrosion cell be the carbon fiber, the titanium, or the epoxy? Which will most likely be the cathode? Explain.
The inside surface of a cast iron pipe is covered with tar, which provides a protective coating. Acetone in a chemical laboratory is drained through the pipe on a regular basis. Explain why, after several weeks, the pipe begins to corrode.
A cold-worked copper tube is soldered, using a lead-tin alloy, into a steel connector. What types of electrochemical cells might develop due to this connection? Which of the materials would you expect to serve as the anode and suffer the most extensive damage due to corrosion? Explain.
Sheets of annealed nickel, cold-worked nickel, and re crystallized nickel are placed into an electrolyte. Which is the most likely to corrode? Which is the least likely to corrode? Explain.
A pipeline carrying liquid fertilizer crosses a small creek. A large tree washes down the creek and is wedged against the steel pipe. After some time, a hole is produced in the pipe at the point where the tree touches the pipe, with the diameter of the hole larger on the outside of the pipe than on
Two sheets of a 1040 steel are joined together with an aluminum rivet (Figure 18-14). Discuss the possible corrosion cells that might be created as a result of this joining process. Recommend a joining process that might minimize corrosion for these cells.
Figure 18-15 shows a cross-section through an epoxy-encapsulated integrated circuit, including a micro gap between the copper lead frame and the epoxy polymer. Suppose chloride ions from the manufacturing process penetrate the package. What types of corrosion cells might develop? What portions of
Plot the electro negativity of the elements listed in Table 18-1 as a function of electrode potential. What is the trend that you observe in this data? Using an example, explain how the electronic tendency.
A current density of 0.1 A/cm2 is applied to the iron in an iron-zinc corrosion cell. Calculate the weight loss of zinc per hour (a) If the zinc has a surface area of 10 cm2 and the iron has a surface area of 100 cm2 and (b) If the zinc has a surface area of 100 cm2 and the iron has a surface area
Suppose 10 g of Sn2+ are dissolved in 1000 mL of water to produce an electrolyte. Calculate the electrode potential of the tin half-cell.
A half-cell produced by dissolving copper in water produces an electrode potential of +0.32 V. Calculate the amount of copper that must have been added to 1000 mL of water to produce this potential.
An electrode potential in a platinum half-cell is 1.10 V. Determine the concentration of Pt4+ ions in the electrolyte.
A current density of 0.05 A/cm2 is applied to a 150 cm2 cathode. What period of time is required to plate out a 1-mm-thick coating of silver onto the cathode?
We wish to produce 100 g of platinum per hour on a 1000 cm2 cathode by electroplating. What plating current density is required? Determine the current required.
A 1-m-square steel plate is coated on both sides with a 0.005-cm-thick layer of zinc. A current density of 0.02 A/cm2 is applied to the plate in an aqueous solution. Assuming that the zinc corrodes uniformly, determine the length of time required before the steel is exposed.
How much energy must be added to ice at - 20°C to produce 250 liters of water at + 20°C?
Compute the heat energy (in calories) required to evaporate 1,200 g of water at 45°C under an ambient pressure of 0.9 bars.
At 0°C and at an absolute pressure of 9 l 1 N/m2, 100 g of water, 100 g of vapor, and 100 g of ice are in equilibrium in a sealed thermal container. Determine how much energy should be removed to freeze all the water and vapor.
What pressure must be maintained in a closed vessel to turn 100 liters of water at 10°C entirely into water vapor by using only 6.8 × 107 calories of energy?
A large kitchen pot initially contains 5 kg of water at 25°C. A burner is turned on and heat is added to the water at a rate of 500 cal/ sec. Determine how many minutes it will take for one-half of the mass to evaporate at standard atmospheric pressure.
Determine the final temperature of a water- ice bath that is allowed to establish equilibrium in a thermal container. The water- ice bath is produced when 5 slugs of ice (specific heat = 0.46 BTU/lbm ∙ °F) at 20°F is mixed with 10 slugs of water (specific heat = 1.0 BTU/lbm ∙ °F) at 120°F.
A container weighs 863 N when filled with water and 49 N when empty. How much water (at 20°C) does the container hold in cubic meters?
Derive the relationship between specific weight and density starting with Newton's second law (F = ma).
Mercury has a density of 13,600 kg/1113. What are its specific weight and specific gravity?
A cylindrical water tank (Figure P1.3.4) is suspended vertically by its sides. The tank has a 10-ft diameter and is filled with 20°C water to a 3-ft depth. Determine the force exerted on the tank bottom.
A rocket carrying a tank of water weighing 7.85 kN on Earth lands on the moon where the gravitational acceleration is one-sixth that of Earth's. Find the mass and the moon weight of the water.
Determine the weight and specific gravity of a gallon of liquid if it has a mass of 0.258 slugs.
Determine how much 100 m3 of water changes in volume when it is heated from 4°C (when water is the most dense) to 100°C (when it is the least dense).
The unit of energy in the SI system is a Newton-meter (or joule). Convert one unit of energy in this system to the BG system (foot-pound).
Compare the ratios of the absolute and kinematic viscosities of air and water at (a) 20°C and (b) 80°C. Discuss the differences.
A flat circular disk of radius 1. 0 mis rotated at an angular velocity of 0. 65 rad/sec over a fixed flat surface . An oil film separates the disk and the surface. If the viscosity of the oil is 16 times that of water (20°C) and the space between the disk and the fixed surface is 0.5 mm, what is
Convert the absolute and kinematic viscosity of water (Table 1.3) at 68°F (20°C) to the British system equivalent. (Check your result by looking in the front jacket of the book.)
Establish the equivalence between (a) Absolute viscosity units of poise and lb ∙ sec/ft2 (b) Kinematic viscosity units of stoke and the British system unit.
Determine the force required to drag a small barge (10 ft by 30 ft) in a shallow canal (3 inches deep) in order to maintain a velocity of 5 ft/sec. Assume that the fluid is behaving in a Newtonian fashion and the water temperature is 68°F.
A liquid flows with velocity distribution v = y2 - 2y, where v is given in ft/sec and y in inches. Calculate the shear stresses at y = 0, l, 2, 3, 4 if the viscosity is 375 centipoise (cP).
A flat plate weighing 220 N slides down a 15° incline with a velocity of 2.5 cm/ sec. A thin film of oil with a viscosity of 1.29 N · sec/m2 separates the plate from the ramp. If the plate is 50 cm by 75 cm, calculate the film thickness in cm.
A piston slides downward with a constant velocity through a vertical pipe. The piston is 5.48 inches in diameter and 9.50 inches in length. An oil film between the piston and pipe wall resists the downward motion. If the film thickness is 0.002 in and the cylinder weighs 0.5 pounds, estimate the
SAE lubricating oil (μ = 0.0065 lb-sec/ft2) is used to fill a 1-in. space between two large stationary plates. How much force is required to pull a very thin plate (with a surface area of 2.00 ft2) between the stationary plates at a speed of 1 ft/sec?
Fluid viscosity can be measured by a rotating-cylinder viscometer, which consists of two concentric cylinders with a uniform gap between them. The liquid to be measured is poured into the gap between the two cylinders. For a particular liquid, the inner cylinder rotates at 2,000 rpm, and the outer
A capillary rise experiment is proposed for a high school physics class. The students are told that for water in clean glass tubes, the contact angle between liquid and glass (0) is 90°. The students are asked to measure capillary rise in a series of tube diameters (D = 0.05 cm, 0.10 cm, 0.15 cm,
Surface tension is usually referred to as a line force (i.e., units of force per unit length) rather than a surface force (like pressure with units of force per unit area) or a body force (like specific weight with units of force per unit volume). Examine the development of Equation 1.3 and explain

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Fundamentals Of Hydraulic Engineering Systems 4th Edition Robert J. Houghtalen, A. Osman H. Akan, Ned H. C. Hwang - Solutions

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