Conceptual Physics 11th edition Paul G. Hewitt - Solutions

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An organ pipe that is closed at one end is filled with helium. The pipe has a fundamental frequency of 660 Hz in air at 20oC. What is the pipe’s fundamental frequency with the helium in it?
An open organ pipe, in its fundamental mode, has a length of 50.0 cm. A second pipe, closed at one end, is also in its fundamental mode. A beat frequency of 2.00 Hz is heard. Determine the possible lengths of the closed pipe. Assume normal room temperature.
Bats typically give off an ultrahigh-frequency sound at about 50 000 Hz. If a bat is approaching a stationary object at 18.0 m/s, what will be the reflected frequency it detects? Assume the air in the cave is at 5oC.
At a rock concert there are two main speakers, each putting out 500 W of sound power. You are 5.00 m from one and 10.0 m from the other. (a) What are the sound intensities at your location due to each speaker and what is the total sound intensity? (b) What are the sound intensity levels at your
You hear sound from two organ pipes that are equidistant from you. Pipe A is open at one end and closed at the other, while pipe B is open at both ends. When both are oscillating in their first-overtone mode, you hear a beat frequency of 5.0 Hz. Assume normal room temperature. (a) If the length of
An open organ pipe with a length of 50.0 cm is oscillating in its second-overtone or third-harmonic mode. Assume the air to be at room temperature and the pipe to be at rest in still air. A person moves toward this pipe at and, at the same time, away from a highly reflective wall. (a) Will the
A whale is swimming at a steady speed either directly at or directly away from an underwater cliff (you don’t know which). When the whale is 300 m from the cliff, it emits a sound and it hears the echo 0.399 s later. (a) Which way is the whale traveling: (i) toward the cliff or (ii) away from
A pair of speakers are separated by 4.00 m. Speaker A puts out a constant volume of sound at a total power of 36.0 W. Speaker B operates at 100 W. You are located at 3.00 m directly in front of speaker A with the line connecting you to A being perpendicular to the line joining the speakers.
Particles approximately 3.0 x 10-2cm in diameter are to be scrubbed loose from machine parts in an aqueous ultrasonic cleaning bath. Above what frequency should the bath be operated to produce wavelengths of this size and smaller?
An unstretchable steel string is used to replace a broken violin string. A length of 5.00 m of this string has a mass of 25.0 g. When in place, the new string will be 30.0 cm long and oscillate at 256 Hz in its fundamental mode. (a) After it is in place, what tension must the new string be placed
Medical ultrasound uses a frequency of around 20 MHz to diagnose human conditions and ailments. (a) If the speed of sound in tissue is 1500 m/s, what is the smallest detectable object? (b) If the penetration depth is about 200 wavelengths, how deep can this instrument penetrate?
All the waves shown have the same speed in the same medium. Use a ruler and rank these waves from most to least fora. Amplitude. b. Wavelength. c. Frequency. d. Period.
Shown above right are four different pairs of transverse wave pulses that move toward each other. At some point in time, the pulses meet and interact (interfere) with each other. Rank the four cases, from most to least, on the basis of the height of the peak that results when the centers of the
The shock waves A, B, C are produced by supersonic aircraft. Rank their speeds from greatest to least.
You use a vice to firmly clamp one end of a hacksaw blade. You twang the free end and it vibrates. If you do the same, but first place a wad of clay on the free end, how, if at all, will the frequency of vibration differ? Would it make a difference if the wad of clay were stuck to the middle?
The needle of a sewing machine moves up and down in simple harmonic motion. Its driving force comes from a rotating wheel that is powered by an electric motor. How do you suppose the period of the up-and-down needle compares with the period of the rotating wheel?
If you shake the end of a spring to produce a wave, how does the frequency of the wave compare with the frequency of your shaking hand? Does your answer depend on whether you're producing a transverse wave or a longitudinal wave? Defend your answer.
What kind of motion should you impart to a stretched coiled spring (or Slinky) to provide a transverse wave? To provide a longitudinal wave?
If a gas tap is turned on for a few seconds, someone a couple of meters away will hear the gas escaping long before she smells it. What does this indicate about the speed of sound and the speed at which molecules diffuse through the sound-carrying medium?
What is the frequency of the second hand of a clock? The minute hand? The hour hand?
If you dip your finger repeatedly into a puddle of water, it creates waves. What happens to the wavelength if you dip your finger more frequently?
In terms of wavelength, show how far a wave travels in one period.
A rock is dropped in water, and waves spread over the flat surface of the water. What becomes of the energy in these waves when they die out?
The wave patterns seen in Figures 19.4 and 19.5 are composed of circles. What does this tell you about the speed of waves moving in different directions?
A railroad locomotive is at rest with its whistle shrieking, then starts moving toward you. (a) Docs the frequency of sound that you hear increase, decrease, or stay the same? (b) How about the wavelength reaching your ear? (c) How about the speed of sound in the air between you and the locomotive?
Why is there a Doppler effect when the source of sound is stationary and the listener is in motion? In which direction should the listener move to hear a higher frequency? A lower frequency?
Is there an appreciable Doppler effect when the motion of the source is at right angles to a listener? Explain.
A grandfather pendulum clock keeps perfect time. Then it is relocated to a summer home high in the mountains. Does it run faster, slower, or the same? Explain.
How does the phenomenon of interference play a role in the production of bow waves or shock waves?
Does the conical angle of a shock wave open wider, narrow down, or remain constant as a supersonic aircraft increases its speed?
If the sound of an airplane does not come from the part of the sky where the plane is seen, does this imply that the airplane is traveling faster than the speed of sound? Explain.
Does a sonic boom occur at the moment when an aircraft exceeds the speed of sound? Explain.
Why is it that a subsonic aircraft, no matter how loud it may be, cannot produce a sonic boom?
You pick up an empty briefcase and let it swing to and fro at its natural frequency. If the case were filled with books, would the natural frequency be lower, greater, or the same as before?
Is the time required to swing to and fro (the period) on a playground swing longer or shorter when you stand rather than sit? Explain.
Does it make sense that the mass of a bob in a simple pendulum doesn't affect the frequency of the pendulum? Defend your answer.
What is the frequency, in hertz, that corresponds to each of the following periods? (a) 0.10 s (b) 5 s (c) 1/60 s
What is the period, in seconds, that corresponds to each of the following frequencies? (a) 10 Hz (b) 0.2 Hz (c) 60 Hz
A skipper on a boat notices wave crests passing his anchor chain every 5 s. He estimates the distance between wave crests to be 15 m. He also correctly estimates the speed of the waves. Show that this speed is 3 m/s.
A weight suspended from a spring is seen to bob up and down over a distance of 20 cm twice each second. What is its frequency? Its period? Its amplitude?
A mosquito flaps its wings 600 vibrations per second, which produces the annoying 600-Hz buzz. Given that the speed of sound is 340 m/s, how far does the sound travel between wing beats? In other words, find the wavelength of the mosquito's sound.
On a keyboard, you strike middle C, whose frequency is 256 Hz. (a) What is the period of one vibration of this tone? (b) As the sound leaves the instrument at a speed of 340 m/s, what is its wavelength in air?
As shown in the drawing, the half-angle of the shock wave cone generated by a supersonic airplane is 45°. What is the speed of the plane relative to the speed of sound?
An astronaut on the Moon attaches a small brass ball to a 1.00-m length of string and makes a simple pendulum. She times 15 complete swings in a time of 75 seconds. From this measurement she calculates the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon. What is her result?
When a sound wave moves past a point in air, are there changes in the density of air at this point? Explain.
At the instant that a high-pressure region is created just outside the prongs of a vibrating tuning fork, what is being created inside between the prongs?
If a bell is ringing inside a bell jar, we can no longer hear it when the air is evacuated, but we can still see it. What differences in the properties of sound and light does this indicate?
As you pour water into a glass, you repeatedly tap the glass with a spoon. As the tapped glass is being filled, does the pitch of the sound increase or decrease? (What should you do to answer this question?)
If the speed of sound were dependent on its frequency, would you enjoy a concert sitting in the second balcony? Explain.
If the frequency of sound is doubled, what change will occur in its speed? In its wavelength?
Why does sound travel slower in cold air?
Why does sound travel faster in moist air?
Would the refraction of sound be possible if the speed of sound were unaffected by wind, temperature, and other conditions? Defend your answer.
What kinds of wind conditions would make sound more easily heard at long distances? Less easily heard at long distances?
Ultrasonic waves have many applications in technology and medicine. One advantage is that large intensities can be used without danger to the ear. Cite another advantage of their short wavelength.
Why is an echo weaker than the original sound?
A rule of thumb for estimating the distance in kilometers between an observer and a lightning stroke is to divide the number of seconds in the interval between the flash and the sound by 3. Is this rule correct? Defend your answer.
If a single disturbance at an unknown distance emits both transverse and longitudinal waves that travel with distinctly different speeds in the medium, such as in the ground during an earthquake, how can the distance to the disturbance be determined?
Why will marchers at the end of a long parade following a band be out of step with marchers near the front?
Apartment dwellers will testify that bass notes are more distinctly heard from music played in nearby apartments. Why do you suppose lower-frequency sounds travel through walls, floors, and ceilings more easily?
A pair of loudspeakers on two sides of a stage are emitting identical pure tones (tones of a fixed frequency and fixed wavelength in air). When you stand in the center aisle, equally distant from the two speakers, you hear the sound loud and clear. Why does the intensity of the sound diminish
A special device can transmit out-of-phase sound from a noisy jackhammer to its operator using earphones. Over the noise of the jackhammer, the operator can easily hear your voice while you are unable to hear his. Explain.
When two out-of-phase speakers are brought together as shown in Figure 20.19, which waves are most canceled, long waves or short waves? Why?
An object resonates when the frequency of a vibrating force either matches its natural frequency or is a sub multiple of its natural frequency. Why will it not resonate to multiples of its natural frequency?
Two sound waves of the same frequency can interfere, but, in order to produce beats, the two sound waves must be of different frequencies. Why?
Walking beside you, your friend takes 50 strides per minute while you take 48 strides per minute. If you start in step, you'll soon be out of step. When will you be in step again?
Suppose a piano tuner hears 3 beats per second when listening to the combined sound from a tuning fork and the piano wire being tuned. After slightly tightening the string, 5 beats per second are heard. Should the string be loosened or tightened?
Suppose a sound wave and an electromagnetic wave have the same frequency. Which has the longer wavelength?
What is the wavelength of a 340-Hz tone in air? What is the wavelength of a 34,000-Hz ultrasonic wave in air?
An oceanic depth-sounding vessel surveys the ocean bottom with ultrasonic waves that travel 1530 m/s in sea-water. The time delay of the echo to the ocean floor and back is 6 s. Show that the depth of the water directly below the vessel is 4590 m.
A bat flying in a cave emits a sound and receives its echo 0.1 s later. Show that its distance from the cave wall is 19 m.
You watch distant Sally Homemaker driving nails into a front porch at a regular rate of 1 stroke per second. You hear the sound of the blows exactly synchronized with the blows you see. And then you hear one more blow after you see the hammering stop. Explain how you calculate that Sally is 340 m
Imagine a Rip van Winkle type who lives in the mountains. Just before going to sleep, he yells, "WAKE UP," and the sound echoes off the nearest mountain and returns 8 hours later. Show that the distance between Rip and the imaginary mountain is nearly 5000 km (about the distance from New York to
What beat frequencies are possible with tuning forks of frequencies 256, 259, and 261 Hz?
A grunting porpoise emits sound at 57 Hz. What is the wavelength of this sound in water, where the speed of sound is 1500 m/s?
Consider three notes: A, 220 Hz; B, 440 Hz; and C, 660 Hz. Rank them from highest to lowest for a. Pitch. b. Frequency. c. Wavelength.
Would a plucked guitar string vibrate for a longer time or a shorter time if the instrument had no sounding board? Why?
If you very lightly touch a guitar string at its midpoint, you can hear a tone that is one octave above the fundamental for that string. (An octave is a factor of 2 in frequency.) Explain.
If a guitar string vibrates in two segments, where can a tiny piece of folded paper be supported without flying off? How many pieces of folded paper could similarly be supported if the waveform were of three segments?
Which is a more objective measurement-sound intensity or loudness? Defend your answer.
How many octaves does normal human hearing span? How many octaves are on a common piano keyboard? (If you're not sure, look and see.)
If the fundamental frequency of a violin string is 440 Hz, what is the frequency of the second harmonic? Of the third harmonic?
How can you tune the note A3 on a piano to its proper frequency of 220 Hz with the aid of a tuning fork whose frequency is 440 Hz?
At an outdoor concert, the pitch of musical tones is not affected on a windy day. Explain.
A trumpet has keys and valves that permit the trumpeter to change the length of the vibrating air column and the position of the nodes. A bugle has no such keys and valves, yet it can sound various notes. How do you think the bugler achieves different notes?
The human ear is sometimes called a Fourier analyzer. What does this mean, and why is it an appropriate description?
Do all the people in a group hear the same music when they listen attentively as in Figure 21.11? Do all see the same sight when viewing a painting? Do all taste the same flavor when sipping the same wine? Do all perceive the same aroma when smelling the same perfume? Do all feel the same texture
Explain how you can lower the pitch of a note on a guitar by altering the string's (a) Length, (b) Tension, or (c) Thickness or mass.
The highest frequency humans can hear is about 20,000 Hz. What is the wavelength of sound in air at this frequency? What is the wavelength of the lowest sounds we can hear, about 20 Hz?
How much more intense than the threshold of hearing is a sound of 10 dB? 30 dB? 60 dB?
A certain note has a frequency of 1000 Hz. What is the frequency of a note one octave above it? Two octaves above it? One octave below it? Two octaves below it?
Starting with a fundamental tone, how many harmonics are between the first and second octaves? Between the second and third octaves?

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Conceptual Physics 11th edition Paul G. Hewitt - Solutions

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