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Mind On Statistics 4th Edition David D Busch, Jessica M Utts, Robert F Heckard - Solutions

Refer to Exercise 5.12. Suppose that you randomly chose four of the CDs, and then randomly chose one song from each one. Would this be considered a simple random sample of the musician’s songs? Explain.
A friend has recommended the work of a musician who has recorded five CDs, each containing ten selections. You decide to visit a music store and listen to a simple random sample of four songs. Explain how you could select the four songs.
Briefly explain the difference between a sample survey and a census.
In a class of 20 students (John, Maria, Inez, Bill, etc.), a simple random sample of two people will be selected from the class. Use the definition of a simple random sample to compare the chance that John and Maria will be the group selected with the chance that Maria and Bill will be the group
Give an example of a situation in which a sample must be used because a census is not possible.
Briefly explain what it means to say that a survey method produces nonparticipation bias.
Briefly explain what it means to say that a survey method produces selection bias.
To estimate the percentage of households in the United States that use a DVD player, a researcher surveys a randomly selected sample of 500 households and asks about DVD player usage.a. What is the population of interest in this survey?b. What is the sample in this survey?
A political scientist surveys 400 voters randomly selected from the list of all registered voters in a community. The purpose is to estimate the proportion of registered voters who will vote in an upcoming election.a. What is the population of interest in this survey?b. What is the sample in this
The median income for a random sample of households in a school district was found to be $56,300. From this information, the school board decided that the median income for all households in the district was probably between about$52,000 and $60,000. Describe the difference between descriptive
In each case, briefly discuss whether you think the available sample data can be used to make an inference about the larger population.
For each of the following examples from the text, explain whether there would be more interest in descriptive statistics (for the acquired dataset only) or in inferential statistics(extending results to a larger population).a. Ages at death of first ladies.b. The relationship between nicotine patch
According to the Fundamental Rule for Using Data for Inference, when can available data be used to make inferences about a much larger group?
For this exercise use the Student2010 dataset on the companion website. The variable UseCell gives student responses to a question that asked students how they mainly used a cell phone (to talk, to text).a. Create a two-way table that summarizes the relationship between Sex and UseCell.
For this exercise, use the Student0405 dataset on the companion website. The variable Seat gives student responses to where they prefer to sit in a classroom (Front, Middle,Back) and the variable ReligImp indicates how important students feel religion is in their lives (Very, Fairly, Somewhat).a.
For this exercise, use the GSS-08 dataset on the companion website. Write a paragraph that describes the relationship between race (respondent’s race) and cappun (opinion about capital punishment). Include a two-way table of counts and a relevant set of conditional percentages.
For this exercise, use the GSS-08 dataset on the companion website. The variable gunlaw has responses to a question about whether or not the respondent would favor a law requiring a police permit to be obtained before the purchase of any gun. The variable owngun indicates whether or not there are
For this exercise, use the UCDavis2 dataset on the companion website. The variable Cheat contains answers to a question about whether or not the respondent would tell the instructor if he or she saw another student cheating on an examination.a. Create a two-way table for the relationship between
For this exercise, use the UCDavis2 dataset on the companion website. The variable WtFeel contains UC Davis student responses to the question “Do you think you are:Underweight? About right? Overweight?”a. Create a contingency table for the relationship between Sex (female or male) and
According to a study on partner abuse reported by the Sacramento Bee (July 14, 2000, p. A6, Associated Press), 25% of women with male partners had been assaulted by their current or a former partner, whereas 11% of women with female partners had been assaulted. What is the relative risk of assault
In Exercise 4.36, data were given for admissions to two graduate programs for men and women. The data are given again here for use in this exercise, with the combined data presented as well
“Saliva test predicts labor onset” was the headline of a Reuters Health story that appeared May 23, 2000, at the Yahoo! Health News website. The story described a medical test called SalEst. A positive SalEst test indicates an elevated estrogen level, and this knowledge may help to predict how
Refer to Exercises 4.69 and 4.70. Find the odds ratio for remaining free of heart disease for men with no anger compared with men with the most anger. Give the result in a sentence that someone with no training in statistics would understand.
Refer to the data in Exercise 4.69, showing the frequency of coronary heart disease for men with no anger and men with the most anger. Show how the numbers in the following statement were calculated: The odds of remaining free of heart disease versus getting heart disease are about 24 to 1 for men
Exercise 4.10 concerned the relationship between anger and the risk of coronary heart disease. Some computer output for a chi-square test is shown below. What do the results indicate about the relationship? Explain.
Example 4.15 (p. 130), was about the relationship between hormone therapy and invasive breast cancer. One of the results reported in the paper was, “Absolute excess risks per 10,000 person-years attributable to estrogen plus progestin were . . . 8 more invasive breast cancers” (Writing Group
In Example 4.15 (p. 130) a statistically significant relationship was found between hormone therapy and invasive breast cancer. There were 166 cases of invasive breast cancer out of 8506 women taking hormones and 124 cases of invasive breast cancer out of 8102 women taking placebo.a. What is the
Pagano and Gauvreau (1993, p. 133) reported data for women participating in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Carter et al., 1989). The explanatory variable was whether or not the woman gave birth to her first child at the age of 25 or older, and the outcome variable was
Compute the chi-square statistic, and assess the statistical significance for the relationship between smoking and time to pregnancy in Exercise 4.62. State a conclusion about the relationship.
Compute the chi-square statistic, and assess the statistical significance for the relationship between bird ownership and lung cancer, based on the data in Exercise 4.63. State a conclusion about the relationship.
In a study in Berlin, reported by Kohlmeier et al. (1992) and by Hand et al. (1994), researchers asked 239 lung-cancer patients and 429 controls (matched to the lung-cancer cases by age and sex) whether or not they had kept a pet bird during adulthood. Of the 239 lung-cancer cases, 98 said yes.Of
Researchers asked women who were pregnant with planned pregnancies how long it took them to get pregnant(Baird and Wilcox, 1985; see also Weiden and Gladen, 1986). Length of time to pregnancy was measured according to the number of cycles between stopping birth control and getting pregnant. Women
The following table contains data on ear piercings and tattoos for a sample of 1375 college women. The earpierce response is the total number of ear piercings for a woman, and this has been categorized in the rows of the table.a. For each ear-piercing category, determine the percentage with a
Wechsler and Kuo (2000) used data from the 1999 College Alcohol Study to examine the relationship between student alcohol use and student definitions of binge drinking.In the study, approximately 14,000 college students from 119 schools answered questions about drinking habits.Using the definition
◆ The following 2 3 2 contingency table shows data for sex and opinion about the legalization of marijuana for respondents in the 2008 General Social Survey in which a random sample of U.S. adults was surveyed. (Raw data are in the GSS-08 dataset on the companion website.)
In Example 4.15 (p. 130), a statistically significant relationship was found between hormone therapy and invasive breast cancer. In the same study, the following observed counts were found for death from coronary heart disease(CHD). Carry out the five steps leading to a conclusion about whether
Considering the effect of sample size on the chi-square test, explain why a finding that a relationship is “not statistically significant” should not be interpreted as absolute proof that there is no relationship in the population.
Refer to Exercise 4.55.a. Suppose that 500 men and 500 women had been surveyed, rather than 50 of each sex as in Exercise 4.55.Further suppose that the proportions in favor of capital punishment remained the same, at 380/500 or 76% of the men and 320/500 or 64% of the women. Calculate the
Imagine that 50 men and 50 women are asked, “Do you favor or oppose capital punishment for those convicted of murder?” In the observed data, 38/50 5 .76, or 76% of the men favor capital punishment compared to 32/50 5 .64, or 64% of the women.a. Write null and alternative hypotheses about the
Refer to the Minitab output for Exercise 4.52.a. Demonstrate how the expected count was computed for the “age 18–29, yes” cell of the table.b. Verify that the expected count for the “301, yes” cell can be determined by subtracting the answer for part (a)from the total count for the
Refer to the Minitab output for Exercise 4.52. Show how the first term of the chi-square statistic, 7.857 (corresponding to the “18–29, Yes” cell), was computed.
The table for Exercise 4.27 gave data for the relationship between age group and whether or not a person reports ever having seen a ghost.a. Write null and alternative hypotheses about the possible relationship between the two variables.b. The Minitab output for a chi-square test of the
Explain whether each of the following is possible.a. A relationship exists in the observed sample but not in the population from which the sample was drawn.b. A relationship does not exist in the observed sample but does exist in the population from which the sample was drawn.c. A relationship does
If a relationship has practical significance, does it guarantee that statistical significance will be achieved in every study that examines it? Explain.
If a relationship is statistically significant, does that guarantee that it also has practical significance? Explain.
A sample of 90 men and 110 women is asked about their handedness. A two-way table of observed counts follows:
For each of the following results, explain what conclusion can be made about the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between two variables that form a 2 3 2 contingency table.a. p-value 5 .049.b. p-value 5 .755.c. p-value 5 .027d. Chi-square statistic 5 2.98.
For each of the following results, explain what conclusion can be made about the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between two variables that form a 2 3 2 contingency table.a. p-value 5 .001.b. p-value 5 .101.c. p-value 5 .900.d. Chi-square statistic 5 4.01.
In a national survey, n 5 1500 randomly selected adults are asked if they favor or oppose a ban on texting while driving and if they have personally texted while driving during the previous month. Write null and alternative hypotheses about the relationship between the two variables in this
Refer to Exercise 4.43.a. Calculate a table of expected counts for the data in Exercise 4.43.b. Show calculations verifying that the value of the chisquare statistic is 17.78.
◆ The 2 3 2 contingency table that follows shows data for sex and opinion on the death penalty for respondents in the 2008 General Social Survey in which a random sample of adults in the United States was surveyed. (Raw data are in the GSS-08 dataset on the companion website.)Opinion on Death
In a national survey, n 1000 randomly selected adults are asked how important religion is in their own lives (very, fairly, or not very) and whether they approve or disapprove of same-sex marriage. Write null and alternative hypotheses about the relationship between the two variables in this
Refer to Exercise 4.40.a. Write a two-way table of observed counts for sex and whether a participant in soccer had a lower-extremity injury or not.b. Determine a two-way table of expected counts for these data.c. Show calculations verifying that the value of the chisquare statistic is 2.51.
Researchers studied a random sample of North Carolina high school students who participated in interscholastic athletics to learn about the risk of lower-extremity injuries(anywhere between hip and toe) for interscholastic athletes(Yang et al., 2005). Of 999 participants in girls’ soccer, 74
The success rates of two treatments (A and B) for clinical depression are being compared. The research team included five doctors, and the participants were 200 patients with depression. The doctors were supposed to randomly assign treatments to patients, but two doctors didn’t do this.Instead,
A researcher observes that, compared to students who do not procrastinate, students who admit to frequent procrastination are more likely to miss class due to illness. Does this mean that procrastinating increases illness? What is another explanation?
A well-known example of Simpson’s paradox, published by Bickel, Hammel, and O’Connell (1975), examined admission rates for men and women who had applied to graduate programs at the University of California at Berkeley. The actual data for specific programs is confidential, so we are using
Suppose two hospitals are willing to participate in an experiment to test a new treatment, and both hospitals agree to include 1100 patients in the study. Because the researchers who are conducting the experiment are on the staff of hospital A, they decide to perform the majority of cases with the
In a 1997 Marist College Institute for Public Opinion survey of 995 randomly selected Americans, 31% of the men and 12% of the women surveyed said they have dozed off while driving (Source: www.mipo.marist.edu). Think of a third variable that might at least partially explain the observed
This exercise presents a real example of Simpson’s paradox(Wagner, 1982). The total income and total taxes paid in each of five income categories are given for 2 years, 1974 and 1978, in the following table:a. The “tax rate” for any income category is calculated as tax divided by income.
Refer to Exercise 4.32, in which one or more third variables are at least partially likely to account for the observed relationship between religious activities and reduced incidence of high blood pressure. Is this an example of Simpson’s paradox? Explain.
Case Study 1.5 (p. 5) was called “Does Prayer Lower Blood Pressure?” One of the results quoted in that study was,“People who attended a religious service once a week and prayed or studied the Bible once a day were 40% less likely to have high blood pressure than those who don’t go to church
The teacher of a class you’re taking tells the class that he thinks students who often skip classes have twice the risk of failing the class compared to students who regularly attend class. To better understand his claim, what question(s)would be reasonable to ask the professor?
Discuss how you might estimate your risk of being injured falling down stairs in the next year.
Suppose that you read in your hometown newspaper that there were 80 home burglaries in your town in the past year compared to only 65 in 1990. Explain why this might not mean that your home is more at risk for a burglary now than it was in 1990.
Suppose a newspaper article states that drinking three or more cups of coffee per day doubles the risk of gall bladder cancer. Before giving up coffee, what questions should be asked by a person who drinks this much coffee?
The Roper Organization (1992) conducted a study as part of a larger survey to ascertain the number of U.S. adults who had experienced phenomena such as seeing a ghost, “feeling as if you left your body,” and seeing a UFO. A representative sample of adults (18 and over) in the continental United
Exercise 4.11 gave data on height and whether or not a student had ever been bullied for 209 secondary school students in England. Among 92 short students, 42 had been bullied. Among 117 students who were not short, 30 had been bullied.a. For each height category, calculate the risk of having been
Exercise 4.10 described a study in which men were classified according to how many anger symptoms they exhibit and whether they have coronary heart disease or not. Among 559 men with the most anger symptoms, 59 had coronary heart disease. Among 199 men with no anger symptoms, 8 had coronary heart
Using the terminology of this chapter, what name applies to each of the boldface numbers in the following quotes (e.g., odds, risk, relative risk)?a. “Fontham found increased risks of lung cancer with increasing exposure to secondhand smoke, whether it took place at home, at work, or in a social
The relative risk of contracting a certain coronary disease is 2.0 for male smokers compared to male nonsmokers and 3.0 for female smokers compared to female nonsmokers. Is this enough information to determine whether male smokers or female smokers are more likely to contract the disease? If so,
Science News (February 25, 1995, p. 124) reported a study of 232 people aged 55 or over who had had heart surgery. The patients were asked whether or not their religious beliefs give them feelings of strength and comfort and whether or not they regularly participate in social activities. Of those
a. For a relative risk of 1.53, what is the percent increase in risk?b. For a percent increase in risk of 140%, what is the relative risk?
a. For a relative risk of 2.1, what is the percent increase in risk?b. For a percent increase in risk of 40%, what is the relative risk?
If the baseline risk of a certain disease for nonsmokers is 1% and the relative risk of the disease is 5 for smokers compared to nonsmokers, what is the risk of the disease for smokers?
For nausea, compute each of the following.a. The risk of experiencing nausea for each drug(separately).b. The relative risk of nausea for Drug 1 compared to Drug 2.c. The percent increase in the risk of nausea for Drug 1 compared to Drug 2.d. The odds ratio for comparing the odds of nausea for Drug
For the headache side effect, compute each of the following.a. The risk of experiencing a headache for each drug(separately).b. The relative risk of a headache for Drug 1 compared to Drug 2.c. The percent increase in the risk of a headache for Drug 1 compared to Drug 2.d. The odds ratio for
This is a modification of Exercise 1.4. The risk of getting lung cancer at some point in one’s life for men who have never smoked is about 13 in 1000. The risk for men who smoke is just over 13 times the risk for nonsmokers (Source:Villeneeve and Lau, 1994).a. Expressed as a percentage, what is
For each of the following measures, give the value that implies no difference between the two groups being compared.a. Relative risk.b. Odds ratio.c. Percent increase in risk.
Anton and Edward often play a game together, so they decide to see whether or not who goes first affects who wins.They keep track of 50 games, with each going first 25 times.Of the 25 times Anton went first, he won 15 times. Of the 25 times Edward went first, he won 12 times. In constructing a
In a 1997 poll conducted by the Los Angeles Times, 1218 southern California residents were surveyed about their health and fitness habits. One of the questions was, “What is the most important reason why you try to take care of your body: Is it mostly because you want to be attractive to others,
In a class survey, statistics students at a university were asked, “Regarding your weight, do you think you are: About right? Overweight? Underweight?” The following table displays the results by sex:a. Write a sentence that explains what would be measured by the row percentages for this table.
In a study done in England, Voss and Mulligan (2000) collected data on height (short or not) and whether or not the student had ever been bullied in school for 209 secondary school students.A student was categorized as short if he or she was below the third percentile for height on school entry,
Do grumpy old men have a greater risk of having coronary heart disease than men who aren’t so grumpy? Harvard Medical School researchers examined this question in a prospective observational study reported in the November 1994 issue of Circulation (Kawachi et al., 1994). For 7 years, the
Students in a class were asked whether they preferred an in-class or a take-home final exam and were then categorized as to whether or not they had received an A on the inclass midterm. Of the 25 A students, 10 preferred a takehome exam, while of the 50 non-A students, 30 preferred a take-home
In the 2008 General Social Survey, religious preference and opinion about when premarital sex might be wrong were among the measured variables. The contingency table of counts for these variables is as follows:
Suppose a study on the relationship between gender and political party included 200 men and 200 women and found 180 Democrats and 220 Republicans. Is that information sufficient for you to construct a contingency table for the study? If so, construct the table. If not, explain why not.
For each pair of variables, indicate whether or not a two-way table would be appropriate for summarizing the relationship. In each case, briefly explain why or why not.a. Age group (under 20, 21–29, etc.) and rating of a song on 1 to 5 scale (1 5 hate it, 5 5 love it).b. Gender and opinion about
For each pair of variables, indicate whether or not a two-way table would be appropriate for summarizing the relationship. In each case, briefly explain why or why not.a. Political party (Republican, Democrat, etc.) and opinion about a new gun control law.b. Weight (pounds) and height (inches).
The following two-way table of counts summarizes data for age group and frequency of reading newspapers for respondents in the 2008 General Social Surveya. Determine a table of row percentages for these data.b. Briefly explain whether the percentages found in part (a)indicate that age and frequency
Each fall, auditions for the band and orchestra are held at a large university. Last fall, the numbers of males and females in each class who auditioned follow:a. Calculate the row percentage for freshman females and explain what it means.b. Calculate the column percentage for freshman females and
The following two-way table of counts summarizes whether respondents smoked or not and whether they had ever divorced or not for persons in the 1991–1993 General Social Surveys who had ever been married.a. Among those who smoked, what percentage has ever been divorced? Is this value a row
◆ The following table shows data for grades usually achieved in school and how often the respondent puts on sunscreen when going out in the sun for more than 1 hour. Respondents are 12th-grade participants in the 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System survey. The survey, sponsored by the
Use the dataset temperature on the companion website. A portion of this dataset was presented in Exercise 3.9, in which the relationship between mean August temperature and geographic latitude was analyzed. For predicting mean April temperature (AprTemp), which of these two variables in the dataset
Use the dataset UCDwomht on the companion website. For a sample of college women, the variable height is student’s height (in inches), and the variable midparent is the average height of the student’s parents (in inches) as reported by the student.a. Compute the regression equation for
In 1993, Forbes Magazine identified what it considered to be America’s 60 best small companies, and published the ages and salaries of their CEOs. The data are in the dataset ceodata on the companion website. The annual salaries (in thousands of dollars) for 59 of these CEOs are in the dataset
Use the dataset idealwtmen on the companion website. It contains data for the men used for Case Study 3.1. The variable diff is the difference between actual and ideal weights and was computed as diff 5 actual 2 ideal.a. Plot diff (y) versus actual (x, actual weight). Does the relationship appear
The dataset bodytemp on the companion website includes sex, age, and body temperature for 100 blood donors who ranged in age from 17 to 84.a. Create a scatter plot of body temperature (y) and age (x)using different symbols for men and women. Is there an obvious difference in the relationship
Use the sats98 dataset on the companion website.a. Plot the relationship between average verbal (Verbal)and average math (Math) SAT scores in the 50 states.Describe the characteristics of the relationship.b. What states are outliers? In what specific way are they outliers?
Use the dataset sats98 on the companion website for this exercise. The variable Verbal contains the average scores on the verbal SAT in 1998 for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. PctTook is the percent of high school graduates, in each state, who took the SAT that year.a. Make a

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