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Mind On Statistics 4th Edition David D Busch, Jessica M Utts, Robert F Heckard - Solutions

Find an example of a poll conducted by a reputable scientific polling organization. Write a few paragraphs describing how the poll was conducted, what was asked, and the results. Explain whether or not any of the problems discussed in Sections 5.5 and 5.6 were likely to have biased the results of
Suppose an (unscrupulous!) organization wanted to conduct a survey in which the results supported its position that drinking coffee in public should be illegal except in designated coffee bars. Explain how the organization could use each of the following sources of bias to help produce the results
An ABCNews.com poll conducted by TNS Intersearch June 13–17, 2001, posed the following question to a random sample of n 5 1024 adult Americans: “Scientists can change the genes in some food crops and farm animals to make them grow faster or bigger and be more resistant to bugs, weeds and
Refer to the survey described in Example 5.9, “Which Scientists Trashed the Public?” Explain which type of bias(selection bias, nonparticipation bias, or biased response)was the most problematic in that survey.
◆ For this exercise, use the data in Case Study 1.1 (p. 2) or in the file pennstate1 on the companion website.a. Select a random sample of ten males and a random sample of ten females, and write down their answers to the question “What’s the fastest you’ve ever driven a car?”b. Compare
Refer to Exercises 5.104 and 5.105. Suppose that a local newspaper conducted a survey during the next week, based on random-digit dialing of 1400 residents of the area, and found that 20% of them reported having seen a UFO on the evening in question.a. What is the margin of error for the survey?b.
Refer to the Literary Digest poll in Case Study 5.1. Discuss the extent to which each of the following types of bias played a role in producing the disastrous results, if at all.a. Selection bias.b. Nonparticipation bias.c. Response bias.
Refer to Exercise 5.104. Acknowledging that some bias is inevitable when information is required on such short notice, which of the four methods would you recommend that the television station use to get the information it desires?Explain.
One evening around 6 P.M., authorities in a major metropolitan area received hundreds of phone calls from people reporting that they had just seen an unidentified flying object (UFO). A local television station would like to report the story on their 10 P.M. news and wants to include an estimate of
An article in the Sacramento Bee was headlined, “Drop found in risky behavior among teens over last decade”(June 7, 2000, p. A6; reprinted from the Los Angeles Times).The article reported that “the findings show that for the general population [not a specific ethnic group], the share of teens
A large medical professional organization with membership consisting of doctors, nurses, and other medical employees wanted to know how its members felt about HMOs (health maintenance organizations). Name the type of sampling plan they used in each of the following scenarios:a. They randomly
Refer to Exercise 5.100.a. What is the population of interest to the faculty senate?b. What is the sampling frame?c. What is the sample?d. Is the sample representative of the population of interest? Explain.
The faculty senate at a large university wanted to know what proportion of the students thought that a foreign language should be required for everyone. The statistics department offered to cooperate in conducting a survey, and a simple random sample of 500 students was selected from all students
Suppose that a survey reported that 55% of respondents favored gun control, with a margin of error of 6 3 percentage points.a. What was the approximate size of the sample?b. What is an approximate 95% confidence interval for the percentage of the corresponding population who favor gun control?c.
Refer to Exercise 5.97, in which a survey question was, “Do you favor or oppose scientific experimentation on the cloning of human beings?” Suppose an agency that advocated cloning of human beings wanted to conduct a survey that would show support for their cause. Explain how it might use each
A Pew Research Center for the People & the Press and Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates between February 25 and March 10, 2002, asked a random sample of n 5 2002 adult Americans, “Do you favor or oppose scientific experimentation on the
Suppose you wanted to estimate the proportion of adults who write with their left hands and decide to watch a sample of n people signing credit card receipts at a mall.a. Do you think this sample would be representative for the question of interest? Explain.b. Assuming that the sample was
Refer to Example 5.17, “Politics Is All in the Wording.”Explain which one of the “Difficulties and Disasters” listed in Section 5.5 is illustrated by this example.
Refer to Example 5.17, “Politics Is All in the Wording.”Explain which one of the seven “Possible Sources of Response Bias in Surveys” is illustrated by this example.
Suppose a community group wants to convince city officials to put more trash containers on the city streets. They decide to conduct a survey, but rather than a scientifically valid result, they want their results to show that as many citizens as possible want additional trash containers. Give an
This is also Exercise 1.36. The CNN website sometimes has a small box called “Quick vote” that contains a question about an interesting topic in the news that day. For example, one question in February 2010 asked, “Should the U.S. military let gays and lesbians serve openly?” Visitors to
This is also Exercise 1.7. A CBS News poll taken in December 2009 asked a random sample of 1048 adults in the United States, “In general, do you think the education most children are getting today in public schools is better, is about the same, or is worse than the education you received?”
The Sampling applet described in Section 5.7 drew a simple random sample of 10 individuals from a population of 45 men and 55 women and measured their heights. The average height for the sample could be used as an estimate of the average height in the population. Another possibility for estimating
Generate one random sample, and print the display showing the applet and your result. Show what stream of numbers from a table of random digits would have produced your sample, numbering the stick figures from 00 to 99, starting at the top and going across rows.
Refer to Exercise 5.87 and write down a stream of random digits that would have led to the selection of the sample shown in Figure 5.8.
Refer to Figure 5.7, showing the results of taking a simple random sample of ten stick figures from Figure 5.6. Label the stick figures in Figure 5.6 from 00 to 99, going across rows.Suppose a table of random digits had been used to select the sample in Figure 5.7. Write down a stream of random
Repeat the sampling process 20 times without pressing the Start Over button. Use Show Resultsto display the results of the 20 samples. Write down the results, or cut and paste the results into a computer program. Find the mean of the 20 sample means. This value represents the mean of all 200 sample
Repeat the sampling process 20 times without pressing the Start Over button. Use Show Resultsto display the results of the 20 samples. Write down the results, or cut and paste them into a computer program.a. What is the median of the 20 sample means?b. What is the range of the 20 sample means?c.
Repeat the sampling process 50 times without pressing the Start Over button. Use Show Results to display the results of the 50 samples. Cut and paste the results into a computer program capable of creating a histogram, or write them down.a. Display a histogram of the 50 means of the chosen
Choose one stick figure to represent yourself, and identify which one it was in your answers to this exercise by giving the row number (1 to 10) and column number (1 to 10)where you reside.a. Suppose you are in a class of 100 individuals represented by these stick figures. Your teacher randomly
were asked would influence the results to either question? Explain.
Refer to Exercise 5.81. Another question that was asked in the poll was “Do you consider yourself a fan of Elvis Presley, or not?” The responses were almost equally split, with 49% saying “yes” and 51% saying “no” (http://www.pollingreport.com/music.htm, September 29, 2002). Do you
Rock singer Elvis Presley died on August 16, 1977, and his life received substantial publicity as the 25th anniversary of his death approached on August 16, 2002. On August 7–11, 2002, an ABC News poll asked a random sample of n 5 1023 adult Americans, “Who do you think is the greatest rock
An advertiser of a certain brand of aspirin (let’s call it Brand B) claims that it is the preferred painkiller for headaches, on the basis of the results of a survey of headache sufferers. But further investigation reveals that the choices given to respondents were Tylenol, Extra-Strength
An NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll conducted at the end of the 20th century (September 9–12, 1999) asked a random sample of n 5 1010 adult Americans, “Which one of the following do you consider to be the best American movie of the 20th century?” The choices given and the percentages who
Explain which of three methods—a door-to-door interview, a telephone interview, or a mail survey—would be least likely to suffer from each of the following problems:a. Bias due to desire to please the interviewer.b. Volunteer response.c. Bias due to perceived lack of confidentiality.
Explain which of three methods—a door-to-door interview, a telephone interview, or a mail survey—would be most likely to suffer from each of the following problems:a. Bias due to desire to please the interviewer.b. Volunteer response.c. Bias due to perceived lack of confidentiality.
A Gallup poll that was released on July 9, 1999, included a series of questions about possible religious activities in public schools. The poll was based on telephone interviews with a randomly selected sample of 1016 U.S. adults conducted June 25–27, 1999.The questions, asked in random order,
Give an example of two survey questions for which you think the results would be substantially different depending on which order they were asked.
An Internet poll sponsored by a site called About.com asked Internet users to pick one of two choices in response to the question, “Should jurors opposed to gun control laws refuse to convict defendants even if they have clearly broken gun laws?” The two choices and the number and percentage
Refer to Example 5.16, “When Will Adolescent Males Report Risky Behavior?” Explain which two of the seven “Possible Sources of Response Bias in Surveys” are illustrated by this example.
In presidential election years in the United States, a Gallup poll is conducted in which the first survey question asks which presidential candidate the voter prefers. Subsequent questions concern other political, social, and election issues. Explain why this question order might be the best order
Medical tests, such as those for detecting HIV, sometimes concern such sensitive information that people do not want to give their names when they take the test. In some instances, a person taking such a medical test is given a number or code that he or she can use later to learn the test result by
In a planned survey about movie-going, two questions that will be asked follow:• How many times per month do you go to the movies?• Do you consider yourself to be well-informed about recent movies or not?The questions could be asked in either order. Briefly explain how you think the question
An example of an unnecessarily complex survey question is“Shouldn’t former drug dealers not be allowed to work in hospitals after they are released from prison?” Restate this question so that it is clearer.
A survey question will be asked to determine whether people think smoking should be banned at all airports.a. Write a version of the question that is as neutral and unbiased as possible.b. Write a version of the question that is likely to get people to respond that smoking should be forbidden at
This is a modification of Exercise 1.35. Suppose listeners to a late-night radio talk show were asked to call and report whether or not they had ever seen a ghost.a. What is this type of sample called?b. Do you think the proportion reporting that they had seen a ghost for the radio poll would be
This is also Exercise 1.12. A proposed study design is to leave 100 questionnaires by the checkout line in a student cafeteria. The questionnaire can be picked up by any student and returned to the cashier. Explain why this volunteer sample is a poor study design.
This is also Exercise 1.11. A popular Sunday newspaper magazine often includes a yes-or-no survey question such as “Do you think there is too much violence on television?”or “Do you think parents should use physical discipline?”Readers are asked to phone their answers to the magazine, and
Find an example of a poll based on a self-selected sample.Report the wording of the questions and the number who chose each response. Comment on whether or not you think the results can be extended to any population.
Gastwirth (1988, p. 507) describes a court case in which Bristol Myers was ordered by the Federal Trade Commission to stop advertising that “twice as many dentists use Ipana as any other dentifrice” and that more dentists recommended it than any other dentifrice. Bristol Myers had based its
Explain why the main problem with the Literary Digest poll is described as “volunteer response” and not “volunteer sample.”
Despite his success in 1936, George Gallup failed miserably in trying to predict the winner of the 1948 U.S. presidential election. His organization, as well as two others, predicted that Thomas Dewey would beat incumbent Harry Truman.All three used what is called quota sampling. The interviewers
In each part, indicate whether the sample should be called a self-selected sample or a convenience sample.a. A political scientist surveys the 80 people in a class he teaches to evaluate student political views.b. A soft drink company wants to know which of two of their drinks consumers prefer.
In each part, indicate whether the sample should be called a self-selected sample or a convenience sample.a. To assess passenger satisfaction, an airline distributed questionnaires to 100 passengers in the airline’s frequent flyer lounge. All 100 individuals responded, and 95 respondents said
A group of biologists wants to estimate the abundance of barrel cactus in a desert. They divide the desert into a grid of 100 rectangular areas but exclude 10 of those areas because they are difficult to access. The biologists then measure the density of cactus in a randomly selected sample of 40
A local government wants to determine whether taxpayers support increasing local taxes to provide more public funding to schools. They randomly select 500 schoolchildren from a list of all children enrolled in local schools and then survey the parents of these children about possible tax
Find an example of a survey routinely conducted by the U.S. government. (The Internet is a good source; for instance, try http://www.fedstats.gov.) Explain how the survey is conducted, and identify the type(s) of sampling used.
Is a sample that is found by using random-digit dialing more like a stratified sample or a cluster sample? Explain.
Refer to Exercise 5.53. Give one advantage of each sampling method in the context of the problem.
Suppose a state has 10 universities, 25 four-year colleges, and 50 community colleges, each of which offer multiple sections of an introductory statistics class each year.Researchers want to conduct a survey of students taking introductory statistics in the state. Explain a method for collecting
In each part, identify whether the sample is a stratified random sample or a cluster sample.a. A class of 200 students is seated in 10 rows of 20 students per row. Three students are randomly selected from every row.b. An airline company randomly chooses one flight from a list of all international
A class of 200 students is numbered from 1 to 200, and a table of random digits is used to choose 60 students from the class. Is the group of students selected a simple random sample, a stratified random sample, a cluster sample, or a systematic sample?
In a factory producing television sets, every 100th set produced is inspected. Is the collection of sets inspected a simple random sample, a stratified random sample, a cluster sample, or a systematic sample?
Refer to Exercise 5.48, which lists the right handspan measurements for 103 female college students.a. Draw three simple random samples of ten measurements each from this dataset (an individual can be in more than one of your samples). Explain how you chose the samples and list the ten handspan
◆ The right handspan measurements (in cm) for 103 female college students in Table 2.4 in Chapter 2 are given again here and in the pennstate1F dataset on the companion website.Females (103 Students): 20, 19, 20.5, 20.5, 20.25, 20, 18, 20.5, 22, 20, 21.5, 17, 16, 22, 22, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21.7, 22,
A lottery game is played by choosing six whole numbers between 1 and 49. The grand prize is won if all six numbers chosen match the winning numbers drawn. We can think of choosing the winning numbers as the same thing as choosing a simple random sample of size 6.a. What is the list of units from
There are 8000 items in a population, and these items are labeled by using four-digit numbers ranging from 0000 to 7999. Use the following stream of random digits to select four items from the population. Explain how you determined your answer.76429 69730 23395 12694 43387
A radio station has a contest each day for a week in which the DJ randomly selects one birthday (month and day, not year) and announces it on the air. The first person with that birthday who calls the station wins a prize. A new birthday is selected for each of the 7 days, and the station doesn’t
In Example 2.3 of Chapter 2 we learned that when students are asked to “randomly pick a number between 1 and 10”they are much more likely to choose 7 than any other number, and much less likely to choose 1 than any other number.Explain how you could actually “randomly pick a number
Define each of the following terms:a. Probability sampling plan.b. Simple random sample.
Samples can be chosen using a probability sampling plan and they can be chosen by selecting a simple random sample. One of these methods is a special case of the other.Explain which one is a special case of the other.
A college dean plans a student survey to estimate the percentage of currently enrolled students who plan to take classes during the next summer session. The desired margin of error for a 95% confidence interval is to be at most 5%.What is the necessary sample size
An epidemiologist plans a survey to estimate the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the population of adults aged 65 years or older. The desired margin of error for a 95% confidence interval is to be no more than 3%. What sample size is needed?
In which of the following three samples will the margin of error be the smallest? Explain. Assume that each sample is a random sample.Sample A: sample of n 5 1000 from a population of 10 million.Sample B: sample of n 5 2500 from a population of 200 million.Sample C: sample of n 5 400 from a
Explain whether the width of a confidence interval would increase, decrease, or remain the same as a result of each of the following changes:a. Increase the sample size from 1000 to 2000.b. Decrease the sample size from 1000 to 500.c. Increase the population size from 10 million to 20 million.
Suppose that a researcher is designing a survey to estimate the proportion of adults in your state who oppose a proposed law that requires all automobile passengers to wear a seat belt.a. What would be the approximate margin of error if the researcher randomly sampled 400 adults?b. What sample size
A soft drink company has a new recipe for one of its products, and it would like to know if a majority of consumers of its drinks prefer the new recipe over the old recipe. The company plans to ask a representative sample of the population to taste both drinks. The company will then measure the
Refer to Exercise 5.33. One of the questions asked was, “Do you think there will or will not come a time when Israel and the Arab nations will be able to settle their differences and live in peace?” The choices and percentage choosing them were “Yes, will be a time” (49%), “No, will
The question about the importance of religion in Example 5.3. was asked in a survey of elementary statistics students at Penn State University from 2007 to 2010. The results were as follows:Very important: 730 5 21.4%Fairly important: 1512 5 44.3%Not very important: 1171 5 34.3%Total: 3417 5
An Internet report on a 1999 Gallup poll(http://www.gallup.com/poll/index.asp, August 2, 1999) included the following statement: “The results below are based on telephone interviews with a randomly selected national sample of 1021 adults, 18 years and older, con-ducted July 22–25, 1999. For
Suppose a national polling agency conducted 100 polls in a year, using proper random sampling, and reported a 95% confidence interval for each poll. About how many of those confidence intervals would we expect not to cover the true population value?
In the year leading up to a big election, there are many polls conducted to estimate what percent of the population is likely to vote for each candidate. The true percent can change during the year, so the polls are not necessarily estimating the same thing every time. Suppose 100 such polls are
A CBS News poll conducted between December 17 and 22, 2009, asked a random sample of n 5 563 married adult Americans, “Would you say that your marriage with your spouse is better, worse or about the same as your parents’ marriage?” (http://www.pollingreport.com/life.htm, March 9, 2010). The
In an ABC News poll conducted between January 21 and 26, 2000, a random sample of n 5 1006 adult Americans was asked, “Compared to buying things by mail order or in a store, do you think that buying things over the Internet poses more of a threat to your personal privacy, less of a threat, or
This is also Exercises 1.9 and 1.10. What sample size produces each of the following as the approximate margin of error?a. Margin of error 5 .05 or 5%.b. Margin of error 5 .30 or 30%.
This is also Exercise 1.8c. For a survey based on 2000 adults, what is the approximate margin of error?
In a CNN/Time poll conducted December 17–18, 1998, a sample of n 5 1031 adults in the United States was asked, “Do you think the police should or should not be allowed to collect DNA information from suspected criminals, similar to how they take fingerprints?” Of those sampled, 66%
In a random sample of 90 students at a university, 72 students (80% or .80 of the sample) say that they use a laptop computer.a. Calculate the conservative margin of error for the survey.b. Compute an approximate 95% confidence interval for the population proportion that uses a laptop computer.
A survey is planned to estimate the proportion of voters in a community who plan to vote for Candidate Y. Calculate the conservative margin of error, as a proportion and as a percentage, for each of the following possible sample sizes:a. n 5 100.b. n 5 400.c. n 5 900.
A television rating agency produces the ratings of television shows by asking a random sample of about 5000 households with TV sets what shows they watch. The rating for a show is the proportion (or percentage) of all televisions in the sample that were tuned in to the show. Calculate a
Give an example of a survey situation that is likely to produce each of the following types of bias:a. Response bias.b. Selection bias.
Give an example of a survey situation that is likely to produce nonparticipation bias.
The U.S. government gathers numerous statistics based on random samples, but every 10 years, it conducts a census of the U.S. population. What can it learn from a census that cannot be learned from a sample?
For each of the following situations, explain whether or not the Fundamental Rule for Using Data for Inference holds.a. Available Data: Salaries for a random sample of male and female professional basketball players.Research Question: Are women paid less than men who are in equivalent jobs?b.
For each of the following situations, explain whether or not the Fundamental Rule for Using Data for Inference holds.a. Available Data: Opinions on whether or not the legal drinking age should be lowered to 19 years old, collected from a random sample of 1000 adults in the state.Research Question:
Refer to the three types of bias given in Section 5.1. Which type of bias do you think would be introduced in each of the following situations? Explain.a. A list of registered automobile owners is used to select a random sample for a survey about whether people think homeowners should pay a surtax
Refer to the three types of bias given in Section 5.1. Which type of bias do you think would be introduced in each of the following situations? Explain.a. In a college town, college students are hired to conduct door-to-door interviews to determine whether city residents think there should be a law
For each definition, identify the correct term for the type of bias being defined. Possible answers are selection bias, nonparticipation bias, and response bias.a. Participants respond differently from how they truly feel.b. The method for selecting the participants produces a sample that does not
In each of the following situations, indicate whether the potential bias is a selection bias, a nonparticipation bias, or a response bias.a. A survey question asked of unmarried men was, “What is the most important feature you consider when deciding whether to date somebody?” The results were

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