Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 9th Edition Wayne W. Daniel - Solutions

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Oexle et al. (A-7) calculated the negative predictive value of a test for carriers of X-linked ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD—a disorder of the urea cycle). A test known as the “allopurinol test” is often used as a screening device of potential carriers whose relatives are OTCD
In an article entitled “Bucket-Handle Meniscal Tears of the Knee: Sensitivity and Specificity of MRI signs,” Dorsay and Helms (A-6) performed a retrospective study of 71 knees scanned by MRI. One of the indicators they examined was the absence of the “bow-tie sign” in the MRI as evidence of
A medical research team wishes to assess the usefulness of a certain symptom (call it S) in the diagnosis of a particular disease. In a random sample of 775 patients with the disease, 744 reported having the symptom. In an independent random sample of 1380 subjects without the disease, 21 reported
Given a negative screening test result (or the absence of a symptom), what is the probability that the subject does not have the disease?
Given a positive screening test (or the presence of a symptom), what is the probability that the subject has the disease?
Given that a subject does not have the disease, what is the probability of a negative test result (or the absence of a symptom)?
Given that a subject has the disease, what is the probability of a positive test result (or the presence of a symptom)?
In a certain population of hospital patients the probability is .35 that a randomly selected patient will have heart disease. The probability is .86 that a patient with heart disease is a smoker. What is the probability that a patient randomly selected from the population will be a smoker and have
The probability is .6 that a patient selected at random from the current residents of a certain hospital will be a male. The probability that the patient will be a male who is in for surgery is .2. A patient randomly selected from current residents is found to be a male; what is the probability
If the probability of left-handedness in a certain group of people is .05, what is the probability of right-handedness (assuming no ambidexterity)?
Laveist and Nuru-Jeter (A-4) conducted a study to determine if doctor–patient race concordance was associated with greater satisfaction with care. Toward that end, they collected a national sample of African-American, Caucasian, Hispanic, and Asian-American respondents. The following table
State the following probabilities in words and calculate:(a) Pð Þ Male \ Split Drugs(b) Pð Þ Male [ Split Drugs(c) Pð Þ Male j Split Drugs(d) P(Male)
Refer to the data in Exercise
Fernando et al. (A-3) studied drug-sharing among injection drug users in the South Bronx in New York City. Drug users in New York City use the term “split a bag” or “get down on a bag” to refer to the practice of dividing a bag of heroin or other injectable substances. A common practice
In a study of violent victimization of women and men, Porcerelli et al. (A-2) collected information from 679 women and 345 men aged 18 to 64 years at several family practice centers in the metropolitan Detroit area. Patients filled out a health history questionnaire that included a question about
be able to apply Bayes’ theorem when calculating screening test results.
be able to calculate the probability of an event.
understand the properties of probability and selected probability rules.
understand classical, relative frequency, and subjective probability.
Calculate the skewness and kurtosis of the data set. What do they indicate?
Construct side-by-side box-and-whisker plots for the variable of MAGE for women who are and are not married. Do you see a difference in ages in the two groups? Which group has more variability?Are the results surprising?
Construct side-by-side box-and-whisker plots for the variable of TOUNCES for women who admitted to smoking and women who did not admit to smoking. Do you see a difference in birth weight in the two groups? Which group has more variability?
Construct box-and-whisker plots for all four variables.
Do the histograms for TOUNCES and TGRAMS look strikingly similar? Why?
For each, construct a histogram and comment on the shape of the distribution.
Calculate the mean, median, standard deviation, IQR, and range.
Thilothammal et al. (A-19) designed a study to determine the efficacy of BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine in preventing tuberculous meningitis. Among the data collected on each subject was a measure of nutritional status (actual weight expressed as a percentage of expected weight for actual
Compute the mean, median, variance, standard deviation, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range. Construct a boxplot of the data. Are the mode, median, and mean equal? If not, explain why. Discuss the data in terms of variability. Compare the IQR with the range.What does the
Refer to Exercise
Compute the mean, median, variance, standard deviation, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range. Construct a boxplot of the data. Are the mode, median, and mean equal? If not, explain why. Discuss the data in terms of variability. Compare the IQR with the range.What does the
Refer to Exercise
Indicate for the following variables which you think would be a better measure of central tendency, the mean, the median, or mode, and justify your choice:(a) Annual incomes of licensed practical nurses in the Southeast.(b) Diagnoses of patients seen in the emergency department of a large city
Give a health sciences-related example of a population of measurements for which the median would be a better measure of central tendency than the mean.
Give a health sciences-related example of a population of measurements for which the mean would be a better measure of central tendency than the median.
On a statistics test students were asked to construct a frequency distribution of the blood creatine levels (units/liter) for a sample of 300 healthy subjects. The mean was 95, and the standard deviation was 40.The following class interval widths were used by the students:(a) 1 (d) 15(b) 5 (e)
Consider the following possible class intervals for use in constructing a frequency distribution of serum cholesterol levels of subjects who participated in a mass screening:(a) 50–74 (b) 50–74 (c) 50–75 75–99 75–99 75–100 100–149 100–124 100–125 150–174 125–149 125–150
Your statistics instructor tells you on the first day of class that there will be five tests during the term.From the scores on these tests for each student, the instructor will compute a measure of central tendency that will serve as the student’s final course grade. Before taking the first
Express in words the following properties of the sample mean:(a) Sð Þ x x 2 ¼ a minimum(b) nx ¼ Sx(c) Sð Þ¼ x x 0
Spivack (A-18) investigated the severity of disease associated with C. difficilie in pediatric inpatients.One of the variables they examined was number of days patients experienced diarrhea. The data for the 22 subjects in the study appear below. Compute the mean, median, variance, and standard
The following table shows the age distribution of live births in Albany County, New York, for 2000.Mother’s Age Number of Live Births 10–14 7 15–19 258 20–24 585 25–29 841 30–34 981 35–39 526 40–44 99 45–49 4 Source: New York State Department of Health, Annual Vital Statistics
Give three synonyms for variation (variability).
The following are the cystatin C levels (mg/L) for the patients described in Exercise 15 (A-17).Cystatin C is a cationic basic protein that was investigated for its relationship to GFR levels. In addition, creatinine levels are also given. (Note: Some subjects were measured more than once.)Cystatin
Krieser et al. (A-17) examined glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in pediatric renal transplant recipients. GFR is an important parameter of renal function assessed in renal transplant recipients.The following are measurements from 19 subjects of GFR measured with diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid.
The following table gives the age distribution for the number of deaths in New York State due to accidents for residents age 25 and older.Age (Years)Number of Deaths Due to Accidents 25–34 393 35–44 514 45–54 460 55–64 341 65–74 365 75–84 616 85–94 618 Source: New York State
Johnson et al. (A-16) performed a retrospective review of 50 fetuses that underwent open fetal myelomeningocele closure. The data below show the gestational age in weeks of the 50 fetuses undergoing the procedure.25 25 26 27 29 29 29 30 30 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
The purpose of a study by Tam et al. (A-15) was to investigate the wheelchair maneuvering in individuals with lower-level spinal cord injury (SCI) and healthy controls. Subjects used a modified wheelchair to incorporate a rigid seat surface to facilitate the specified experimental
Find an article in a journal from your field of study in which some measure of central tendency and dispersion have been computed.
Compute the mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation for the data in Exercise 9.
Collect a set of real, or realistic, data from your field of study and construct a frequency distribution, a relative frequency distribution, a histogram, and a frequency polygon.
Describe from your field of study a population of data where knowledge of the central tendency and dispersion would be useful. Obtain real or realistic synthetic values from this population and compute the mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation.
What is another name for the 50th percentile (second or middle quartile)?
What is the purpose of Sturges’s rule?
What is the purpose of the coefficient of variation?
Explain the rationale for using n 1 to compute the sample variance.
What are the advantages and limitations of the range as a measure of dispersion?
Define and compare the characteristics of the mean, the median, and the mode.
Define:(a) Stem-and-leaf display (b) Box-and-whisker plot(c) Percentile (d) Quartile(e) Location parameter (f) Exploratory data analysis(g) Ordered array (h) Frequency distribution(i) Relative frequency distribution (j) Statistic(k) Parameter (l) Frequency polygon(m) True class limits (n) Histogram
In a pilot study, Huizinga et al. (A-14) wanted to gain more insight into the psychosocial consequences for children of a parent with cancer. For the study, 14 families participated in semistructured interviews and completed standardized questionnaires. Below is the age of the sick parent with
The purpose of a study by Nozawa et al. (A-13) was to evaluate the outcome of surgical repair of pars interarticularis defect by segmental wire fixation in young adults with lumbar spondylolysis. The authors found that segmental wire fixation historically has been successful in the treatment of
Cardosi et al. (A-12) performed a 4-year retrospective review of 102 women undergoing radical hysterectomy for cervical or endometrial cancer. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection was observed in 12 of the subjects. Below are the numbers of postoperative days until diagnosis of the infection
According to Starch et al. (A-11), hamstring tendon grafts have been the “weak link” in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In a controlled laboratory study, they compared two techniques for reconstruction: either an interference screw or a central sleeve and screw on the tibial side.
Butz et al. (A-10) evaluated the duration of benefit derived from the use of noninvasive positivepressure ventilation by patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on symptoms, quality of life, and survival. One of the variables of interest is partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2).
Shair and Jasper (A-9) investigated whether decreasing the venous return in young rats would affect ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). Their research showed no significant change in the number of ultrasonic vocalizations when blood was removed from either the superior vena cava or the carotid artery.
Porcellini et al. (A-8) studied 13 HIV-positive patients who were treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for at least 6 months. The CD4 T cell counts 106=L at baseline for the 13 subjects are listed below.230 205 313 207 227 245 173 58 103 181 105 301 169 Source: Simona
Schmidt et al. (A-6) conducted a study to investigate whether autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood could reduce the number of patients needing homologous blood transfusion and reduce the amount of transfused homologous blood if fixed transfusion criteria were used. The following table shows
The objectives of a study by Skjelbo et al. (A-5) were to examine (a) the relationship between chloroguanide metabolism and efficacy in malaria prophylaxis and (b) the mephenytoin metabolism and its relationship to chloroguanide metabolism among Tanzanians. From information provided by urine
Refer to the ages of patients discussed in Example 1.4.1 and displayed in Table 1.4.1.(a) Use class interval widths of 5 and construct:A frequency distribution A relative frequency distribution A cumulative frequency distribution A cumulative relative frequency distribution A histogram A frequency
The following are the emergency room charges made to a sample of 25 patients at two city hospitals.Construct a stem-and-leaf display for each set of data. What does a comparison of the two displays suggest regarding the two hospitals? Describe the two sets of data with respect to symmetry and
The following are the ages of 30 patients seen in the emergency room of a hospital on a Friday night.Construct a stem-and-leaf display from these data. Describe these data relative to symmetry and skewness as discussed in Exercise 2.3.1, part h.35 32 21 43 39 60 36 12 54 45 37 53 45 23 64 10 34 22
In a study of physical endurance levels of male college freshman, the following composite endurance scores based on several exercise routines were collected.254 281 192 260 212 179 225 179 181 149 182 210 235 239 258 166 159 223 186 190 180 188 135 233 220 204 219 211 245 151 198 190 151 157 204
The following are the number of babies born during a year in 60 community hospitals.30 55 27 45 56 48 45 49 32 57 47 56 37 55 52 34 54 42 32 59 35 46 24 57 32 26 40 28 53 54 29 42 42 54 53 59 39 56 59 58 49 53 30 53 21 34 28 50 52 57 43 46 54 31 22 31 24 24 57 29(a) From these data construct:A
The following table shows the number of hours 45 hospital patients slept following the administration of a certain anesthetic.7 10 12 4 8 7 3 8 5 12 11 3 8 1 1 13 10 4 4 5 5 8 77 3 23 8 13 1 7 17 3 4 5 5 3 1 17 10 4 7 7 11 8(a) From these data construct:A frequency distribution A relative frequency
David Holben (A-4) studied selenium levels in beef raised in a low selenium region of the United States. The goal of the study was to compare selenium levels in the region-raised beef to selenium levels in cooked venison, squirrel, and beef from other regions of the United States. The data below
Hoekema et al. (A-3) studied the craniofacial morphology of patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in healthy male subjects. One of the demographic variables the researchers collected for all subjects was the Body Mass Index (calculated by dividing weight in kg by the
Janardhan et al. (A-2) conducted a study in which they measured incidental intracranial aneurysms(IIAs) in 125 patients. The researchers examined postprocedural complications and concluded that IIAs can be safely treated without causing mortality and with a lower complications rate than previously
In a study of the oral home care practice and reasons for seeking dental care among individuals on renal dialysis, Atassi (A-1) studied 90 subjects on renal dialysis. The oral hygiene status of all subjects was examined using a plaque index with a range of 0 to 3 (0 ¼ no soft plaque deposits, 3 ¼
The following data are for the state of Georgia for 1994:Use these data to compute the rates specified in Exercis 14.3.1. Compare the results with those obtained in Exercises 14.3.1 and 14.3.3 where appropriate and comment on the comparison. 13.There was a total of 110,984 live births in Georgia in
The following death data (number of deaths per category) are for the state of New York for 2000. Use these data to compute rates and/or ratios of interest. To the extent possible, compare your results with those of Exercises 14.2.4 and comment on the comparison. Total White Minority" Live births
The following data (numbers of specified events) are for a specific county in North Carolina for the year 2001. Use these data to compute as many of the rates and ratios mentioned in this chapter as possible. Number Total White Minority Estimated population as of July 1, 2001 301,098 176,961
The following table shows, by age group, deaths in North Carolina during 2001, the estimated population of North Carolina for 2001, and the population of the United States for 2000. Use these data to compute the 2001 age-adjusted death rate for North Carolina. Use the 2000 U.S. population as the
In a study of pulmonary effects on guinea pigs, Lacroix et al. (A - 28) exposed 18 ovalbuminsensitized guinea pigs and 18 nonsensitized guinea pigs to regular air, benzaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. At the end of exposure, the guinea pigs were anesthetized and allergic responses were assessed in
The goal of a study conducted by Meshack and Norman (A-27) was to evaluate the effects of weights on postural hand tremor related to self-feeding in subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Each of the 16 subjects had the tremor amplitude measured (in mm) under three conditions: holding a built-up
In Example 8.4.1, we examined data from a study by Licciardone et al. (A-15) on osteopathic manipulation as a treatment for chronic back pain. At the beginning of that study, there were actually 91 subjects randomly assigned to one of three treatments: osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), sham
Werther et al. (A -26) examined the -leucocyte count in 51 subjects with colorectal cancer and 19 healthy controls. The cancer patients were also classified into Dukes’s classification (A, B, C) for colorectal cancer that gives doctors a guide to the risk, following surgery, of the cancer coming
For each of the following designs describe a situation in your particular field of interest where the design would be an appropriate experimental design. Use real or realistic data and do the appropriate analysis of variance for each one:(a) Completely randomized design(b) Randomized complete block
What is an ANOVA table?
What is a mean square?
What is interaction?
What is the objective of the randomized complete block design?
What is an experimental unit?
What is the purpose of Tukey’s HSD test?
Describe the factorial experiment as used in the completely randomized design.
Describe the repeated measures design.
Describe the randomized block design.
Describe the completely randomized design.
Define analysis of variance.
Refer to the manual dexterity scores of 500 children with learning disabilities and 500 children with no known learning disabilities (MANDEXT). Select a simple random sample of size 10 from population A and an independent simple random sample of size 15 from population B. Do your samples provide
Refer to the hemoglobin data on 500 children with iron deficiency anemia and 500 apparently healthy children (HEMOGLOB). Select a simple random sample of size 16 from population A and an independent simple random sample of size 16 from population B. Does your sample data provide sufficient evidence
Refer to the head circumference data of 1000 matched subjects (HEADCIRC). Select a simple random sample of size 20 from the population and perform an appropriate hypothesis test to determine if one can conclude that subjects with the sex chromosome abnormality tend to have smaller heads than normal
Refer to the prothrombin time data on 1000 infants (PROTHROM). Select a simple random sample of size 16 from each of these populations and conduct an appropriate hypothesis test to determine whether one should conclude that the two populations differ with respect to mean prothrombin time.Let .

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Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 9th Edition Wayne W. Daniel - Solutions

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