Applied Biostatistics For The Health Sciences 2nd Edition Richard J. Rossi - Solutions

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Your statistics instructor tells you on the first day of class that there will be five tests during the term. From the scores on these tests for each student, the instructor will compute a measure of central tendency that will serve as the student’s final course grade. Before taking the first
Express in words the following properties of the sample mean: (a) (xx)= = a minimum (b) nx = x (c) (xx) = 0
Spivack (A-18) investigated the severity of disease associated with C. difficile in pediatric inpatients.One of the variables they examined was number of days patients experienced diarrhea. The data for the 22 subjects in the study appear below. Compute the mean, median, variance, and standard
The following table shows the age distribution of live births in Albany County, New York, for 2000.For these data construct a cumulative frequency distribution, a relative frequency distribution, and a cumulative relative frequency distribution. Mother's Age Number of Live Births 10-14 7 15-19 258
Give three synonyms for variation (variability).
The following are the cystatin C levels (mg/L) for the patients described in Exercise 15 (A-17).Cystatin C is a cationic basic protein that was investigated for its relationship to GFR levels. In addition, creatinine levels are also given. (Note: Some subjects were measured more than once.)(a) For
Krieser et al. (A-17) examined glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in pediatric renal transplant recipients.GFR is an important parameter of renal function assessed in renal transplant recipients. The following are measurements from 19 subjects of GFR measured with diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid.
The following table gives the age distribution for the number of deaths in New York State due to accidents for residents age 25 and older.For these data construct a cumulative frequency distribution, a relative frequency distribution, and a cumulative relative frequency distribution. Age (Years)
Johnson et al. (A-16) performed a retrospective review of 50 fetuses that underwent open fetal myelomeningocele closure. The data below show the gestational age in weeks of the 50 fetuses undergoing the procedure.(a) Construct a stem-and-leaf plot for these gestational ages.(b) Based on the
The purpose of a study by Tam et al. (A-15) was to investigate the wheelchair maneuvering in individuals with lower-level spinal cord injury (SCI) and healthy controls. Subjects used a modified wheelchair to incorporate a rigid seat surface to facilitate the specified experimental
Find an article in a journal from your field of study in which some measure of central tendency and dispersion have been computed.
Compute the mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation for the data in Exercise 9.
Collect a set of real, or realistic, data from your field of study and construct a frequency distribution, a relative frequency distribution, a histogram, and a frequency polygon.
Describe from your field of study a population of data where knowledge of the central tendency and dispersion would be useful. Obtain real or realistic synthetic values from this population and compute the mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation.
What is another name for the 50th percentile (second or middle quartile)?
What is the purpose of Sturges’s rule?
What is the purpose of the coefficient of variation?
Explain the rationale for using to compute the sample variance.
What are the advantages and limitations of the range as a measure of dispersion?
Define and compare the characteristics of the mean, the median, and the mode.
Define:(a) Stem-and-leaf display (b) Box-and-whisker plot(c) Percentile (d) Quartile(e) Location parameter (f) Exploratory data analysis(g) Ordered array (h) Frequency distribution(i) Relative frequency distribution ( j) Statistic(k) Parameter (l) Frequency polygon(m) True class limits (n) Histogram
Consider the two situations given in Exercise 7. For Situation A describe how you would use a stratified random sample to collect the data. For Situation B describe how you would use systematic sampling of patient records to collect the data.
For each of the following situations, answer questions a through e:(a) What is the sample in the study?(b) What is the population?(c) What is the variable of interest?(d) How many measurements were used in calculating the reported results?(e) What measurement scale was used?Situation A. A study of
For each of the following variables, indicate whether it is quantitative or qualitative and specify the measurement scale that is employed when taking measurements on each:(a) Class standing of the members of this class relative to each other(b) Admitting diagnosis of patients admitted to a mental
List, describe, and compare the four measurement scales.
Define the word measurement.
Define:(a) Statistics (b) Biostatistics(c) Variable (d) Quantitative variable(e) Qualitative variable (f) Random variable(g) Population (h) Finite population(i) Infinite population ( j) Sample(k) Discrete variable (l) Continuous variable(m) Simple random sample (n) Sampling with replacement(o)
Explain what is meant by inferential statistics.
Explain what is meant by descriptive statistics.
How can the normality assumption of a single-factor model be checked?
What is the normality assumption in a single-factor model?
In a single-factor analysis of variance, what is the(a) the estimator of the ????th treatment mean?(b) the residual associated the observation ?????????????(c) an estimator of ?????
What parameter does MSE estimate?
Describe what each of the sum of squares in Exercise 12.6 measures.
In a single-factor analysis of variance, what are the formulas for(a) SSTot.(b) SSTR.(c) SSE.
In terms of the parameters of a single-factor analysis of variance model, explain why the difference between two treatment means is equal to the difference of their treatment effects.
In terms of the parameters of a single-factor analysis of variance model, what is the(a) ????th treatment mean?(b) difference between the ????th and ????th treatment means?
In a single-factor analysis of variance what(a) is the model?(b) are the assumptions of the model?(c) does ???????????? represent?
What is a balanced design?
Why is an experiment preferred over an observational study?
If the response variable is a binary variable, determine the model for(a) a completely randomized design.(b) a randomized block design.(c) a completely randomized design in a two-factor factorial experiment.(d) a randomized block design in a two-factor factorial experiment.(e) a completely
If the response variable is a quantitative variable, determine the model for a fourfactor factorial experiment run as a(a) a completely randomized design.(b) a randomized block design.
When the response variable is a quantitative variable, what is the difference between two treatment means in a three-factor completely randomized experiment when(a) none of the factors interact?(b) all of the interactions are present?(c) only the two-way interactions are present?
When the response variable is a quantitative variable, what is the difference between????????th and ????????th treatment means in a two-factor completely randomized experiment when(a) the factors interact?(b) the factors do not interact?
If the response variable is a quantitative variable, determine the model for(a) a completely randomized design.(b) a randomized block design.(c) a completely randomized design in a two-factor factorial experiment.(d) a randomized block design in a two-factor factorial experiment.(e) a completely
What is an interaction effect?
What is a main effect?
A randomized block design is going to be used to study the treatments in a 25 factorial experiment. Determine(a) the number of experimental units in a block.(b) the number of blocks needed so that there will be at least 30 degrees associated with experimental error.
A randomized block design is going to be used to study the treatments in a 4×2×2 factorial experiment. Determine(a) the number of experimental units in a block.(b) the number of blocks needed so that there will be at least 30 degrees associated with experimental error.(c) the degrees of freedom
Determine the degrees of freedom table for a randomized block design experiment run as a(a) 2 × 3 × 3 factorial experiment with ???? = 5 blocks.(b) 5 × 4 × 2 factorial experiment with ???? = 6 blocks.(c) 2 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment with ???? = 10 blocks.
A completely randomized design is going to be used to study the treatments in a 23 factorial experiment. Determine(a) the number of replicates needed so that there will be at least 40 degrees associated with experimental error.(b) the degrees of freedom table for this experiment using the number of
A completely randomized design is going to be used to study the treatments in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial experiment. Determine(a) the number of replicates needed so that there will be at least 30 degrees associated with experimental error.(b) the degrees of freedom table for this experiment using the
Determine the degrees of freedom table for a completely randomized design experiment run as a(a) 4 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with ???? = 5 replicates of each treatment.(b) 3 × 3 × 4 factorial experiment with ???? = 5 replicates of each treatment.(c) 2 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment with ????
If the response variable is a quantitative variable, what are the assumptions made on the block term in the model for a randomized block design?
If the response variable is a quantitative variable, what are the assumptions made on the error term in the model for a(a) completely randomized design?(b) randomized block design?
A randomized block design is going to be used to study the treatments in a 4 × 2 factorial experiment. Determine(a) the number of experimental units in each block.(b) the number of blocks needed so that there will be at least 40 degrees associated with experimental error.(c) the degrees of freedom
A randomized block design is going to be used to study the treatments in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment. Determine(a) the number of experimental units in each block.(b) the number of blocks needed so that there will be at least 40 degrees associated with experimental error.(c) the degrees of freedom
Determine the degrees of freedom table for a randomized block design experiment run as a(a) 2 × 3 factorial experiment with ???? = 6 blocks.(b) 4 × 3 factorial experiment with ???? = 5 blocks.(c) 4 × 2 factorial experiment with ???? = 12 blocks.
A completely randomized design is going to be used to study the treatments in a 5 × 4 factorial experiment. Determine(a) the number of replicates needed so that there will be at least 40 degrees associated with experimental error.(b) the degrees of freedom table for this experiment using the
A completely randomized design is going to be used to study the treatments in a 4 × 3 factorial experiment. Determine(a) the number of replicates needed so that there will be at least 25 degrees associated with experimental error.(b) the degrees of freedom table for this experiment using the
Determine the degrees of freedom table for a completely randomized design experiment run as a(a) 4 × 3 factorial experiment with ???? = 10 replicates of each treatment.(b) 3 × 3 factorial experiment with ???? = 4 replicates of each treatment.(c) 2 × 4 factorial experiment with ???? = 8
In a 25 factorial experiment, how many(a) factors are being studied?(b) levels does each factor have?(c) treatments are being studied?
Determine the number of treatments in a(a) 4 × 3 factorial experiment.(b) 3 × 5 factorial experiment.(c) 4 × 2 × 3 factorial experiment.(d) 2 × 2 × 4 factorial experiment.(e) 25 factorial experiment.(f) 28 factorial experiment.
Determine the treatments in a three-factor experiment when(a) factor A has levels low and high, factor B has levels wet and dry, and factor C has levels 10% and 20%.(b) factor A has levels low, medium, and high, factor B has levels light and dark, and factor C has levels 10%, 15%, and 20%.(c)
Determine the treatments in a two-factor experiment when(a) factor A has levels low, medium, and high and factor B has levels low and high.(b) factor A has levels 10%, 15%, and 20% and factor B has levels water, alcohol, glycerine.(c) factor A has levels low and high and factor B has levels 250◦,
What is a(a) factorial experiment? (b) factorial treatment structure?(c) two-factor experiment? (d) two-factor treatment structure?
Suppose a researcher is going to study the effects of marijuana on motor function skills. Fifty subjects of different motor function skills are available for the study, and each subject will be tested before receiving a dose of marijuana and one hour after receiving the dose of marijuana.(a) Is
Determine the degrees of freedom table for a matched pairs experiment when there are(a) 20 pairs.(b) 38 pairs.(c) 65 pairs.
What is the experimental design that is used in a matched pairs study?
What is the disadvantage of using a randomized block design over a completely randomized design when the units do not align in blocks?
What is the advantage of using a randomized block design over a completely randomized design when the units align in blocks?
What are the advantages of a completely randomized design?
An experiment is going to be performed to compare six treatments, however, only eight experimental units may be studied at any one time. Determine(a) the number of blocks needed so that there will be at least 30 degrees associated with experimental error.(b) the degrees of freedom table for this
An experiment is going to be performed to compare four treatments, however, only four experimental units may be studied at any one time. Determine(a) the number of blocks needed so that there will be at least 30 degrees associated with experimental error.(b) the degrees of freedom table for this
Determine the degrees of freedom table for a randomized block design with(a) ???? = 4 treatments and ???? = 8 blocks.(b) ???? = 3 treatments and ???? = 10 blocks.(c) ???? = 8 treatments and ???? = 5 blocks.(d) ???? = 10 treatments and ???? = 6 blocks.
Determine the degrees of freedom table associated with each of the randomized block designs in Exercise 11.29.
Determine the randomization for a randomized block design with(a) ???? = 4 treatments and ???? = 5 blocks.(b) ???? = 3 treatments and ???? = 6 blocks.(c) ???? = 5 treatments and ???? = 3 blocks.(d) ???? = 5 treatments and ???? = 6 blocks.
For a randomized block design with five treatments and 10 blocks, determine(a) the number of experimental units needed to perform this experiment.(b) the number of experimental units in each block.(c) the number of replicates of each treatment.
For a randomized block design with five treatments and eight blocks, determine(a) the number of experimental units needed to perform this experiment.(b) the number of experimental units in each block.(c) the degrees of freedom table for this experiment using the number of replicates determined in
A balanced completely randomized design is going to be used to study eight treatments. Determine(a) the number of replicates needed so that there will be at least 30 degrees associated with experimental error.(b) the degrees of freedom table for this experiment using the number of replicates
A balanced completely randomized design is going to be used to study five treatments. Determine(a) the number of replicates needed so that there will be at least 30 degrees associated with experimental error.(b) the degrees of freedom table for this experiment using the number of replicates
Determine the degrees of freedom table for a completely randomized design with(a) ???? = 3 treatments and ???? = 36 experimental units.(b) ???? = 5 treatments and ???? = 50 experimental units.(c) ???? = 4 treatments and ???? = 32 experimental units.(d) ???? = 3 treatments and ???? = 46 experimental
Determine the degrees of freedom table associated with each of the completely randomized designs in Exercise 11.22.
Determine the random allocation of experimental units to the treatments in a completely randomized design with(a) ???? = 3 treatments, ???? = 20 experimental units, and treatment replications ????1 =7, ????2 = 7, and ????3 = 6.(b) ???? = 4 treatments, ???? = 30 experimental units, and treatment
Under what conditions is it appropriate to consider using a(a) completely randomized design? (b) randomized block design?
What is the purpose of sorting the experimental units into blocks of units that are alike?
What is a blocking factor?
What are the two sources of experimental error?
What is the purpose of randomly assigning the experimental units to the treatment groups?
What are the factors that limit the number of experimental units and replicates of each treatment that can be used in an experiment?
What is the purpose of replicating the treatments in an experiment?
What is(a) an experimental unit? (b) a treatment?(c) a block? (d) a blinded experiment?(e) a placebo? (f) a replicate?(g) a balanced experiment? (h) an experimental error?(i) a randomized controlled experiment?(j) an experimental design?
A physical therapist is interested in comparing four different physical therapy regimens for patients recovering from knee replacement surgery. The four treatment regimens to be studied are weight training, aquatic exercise, riding a bike, and walking.Each treatment group will consist of 20
A medical researcher wants to investigate the relationship between the duration of the common cold and the use of echinacea, vitamin C, or a combination of echinacea and vitamin C. The four treatments being studied are echinacea, 1000 mg of vitamin C, ehcinacea and 500mg vitamin C, and a control
A medical researcher wants to investigate the relationship between increased dietary intake of fiber and cholesterol level. The four treatments being studied are a control treatment where a subject maintains their current diet and three increased fiber treatments where a subject increases their
A medical researcher wants to study the long-term effects of the regular smoking of marijuana. In a retrospective study a random sample of 200 adults is selected and surveyed on their use of marijuana and their health. Determine whether this study is an observational study or an experiment. If this
Can an experiment always be used in a prospective study? Explain.
Why is a retrospective study always an observational study?
Why is a well-designed experiment preferred over an observational study?
Determine whether each of the following studies is an experiment or an observational study.(a) A medical researcher is going to study the relationship between cell phone use and Alzheimer’s disease.(b) A medical researcher is going to study the relationship between recovery time after heart

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