Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 10th Edition Wayne W. Daniel, Chad L. Cross - Solutions

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For the data in Exercise 4.19, add the value 931 and recalculate all the sample values above.
The following cholesterol levels of 10 people were measured in mg/dl: {260, 150, 165, 201, 212, 243, 219, 227, 210, 240}. For this sample:a. Calculate the mean and median.b. Calculate the variance and standard deviation.c. Calculate the coefficient of variation and the coefficient of dispersion.
Did any of the results in Exercise 4.17 come close to 1.0? If one of the players did have a coefficient of dispersion close to 1, what would that suggest about the distribution of his home run counts over the interval of a baseball season?
For each baseball player in Exercise 4.14, calculate their sample coefficient of dispersion.
For each baseball player in Exercise 4.14, calculate their sample coefficient of variation.
Again using the data for the four home run sluggers in Exercise 4.14, calculate the following measures of dispersion:a. Each player’s sample rangeb. Each player’s sample standard deviationc. Each player’s mean absolute deviation
Here again are the seasonal home run totals for the four baseball home run sluggers we compared in Chapter 3:McGwire 49, 32, 33, 39, 22, 42, 9, 9, 39, 52, 58, 70, 65, 32 Sosa 4, 15, 10, 8, 33, 25, 36, 40, 36, 66, 63, 50 Bonds 16, 25, 24, 19, 33, 25, 34, 46, 37, 33, 42, 40, 37, 34, 49 Griffey 16,
Assume you have the following datasets for a sample: {3, 3, 3, 3, 3}; {5, 7, 9, 11}; {4, 7, 8}; {33, 49}a. Compute S and S2.b. Describe the results you obtained.
Using the data from the previous exercise, repeat the calculations by applying the deviation score method; however, assume that the data are for a finite population.
A sample of data was selected from a population: {195, 179, 205, 213, 179, 216, 185, 211}.a. Use the deviation score method and the calculation formula to calculate variance and standard deviations.b. How do the results for the two methods compare with one another? How would you account for
Here is a dataset for mortality due to work-related injuries among African American women in the United States during 1997: {15–24 years (9); 25–34 years (12); 35–44 years (15); 45–54 years (7); 55–64 years (5)}.a. Identify the modal class.b. Calculate the estimated median.c. Assume that
Find the medians of the following data sets: {8, 7, 3, 5, 3}; {7, 8, 3, 6, 10, 10}.
The table below frequency table showing heights in inches of a sample of female clinic patients. Complete the empty cells in the table and calculate the sample variance by using the formula for grouped data.
Define the following terms and indicate their applications:a. Coefficient of variationb. Coefficient of dispersion
Distinguish among the following formulas for variance:a. Finite population varianceb. Sample variance (deviation score method)c. Sample variance (deviation score method for grouped data)d. Sample variance (calculation formula)
Giving appropriate examples, explain what is meant by the following statement:“S2m is a biased or unbiased estimator of the parameter 2.”
How are the mean and variance of a distribution affected when:a. A constant is added to every value of a variable?b. Every value of a variable is multiplied by a constant?
Why do statisticians need measures of variability? State in your own words the definitions of the following measures of variability:a. Rangeb. Mean absolute deviationc. Standard deviation
How are the mean, median, and mode interrelated? What considerations lead to the choice of one of these measures of location over another?
What is meant by a measure of location? State in your own words the definitions of the following measures of location:a. Arithmetic meanb. Medianc. Moded. Uni-, bi-, and multimodal distributionse. Skewed distributions—positively and negativelyf. Geometric mean g. Harmonic mean
In 2001, due to injury, McGwire hit only 29 home runs; Sosa hit 64 home runs; Bonds hit 73 home runs for a new major league record; and Griffey hit 22. Their current career home runs are as follows:McGwire 49, 32, 33, 39, 22, 42, 9, 9, 39, 52, 58, 70, 65, 32, 29 Sosa 4, 15, 10, 8, 33, 25, 36, 40,
In 1998, Mark McGwire broke Roger Maris’ home run record of 61 by hitting 70 home runs. Incredibly, in the same year Sammy Sosa also broke the record, hitting 66. Again, in 1999 both players broke Maris’ mark but did not top their 1998 results: McGwire hit 65 and Sosa 63. In 2001, another
In 1961, Roger Maris broke Babe Ruth’s home run record by hitting 61 home runs. Ruth’s record was 60. The following set of numbers is the consecutive list of home run totals that Ruth collected over a span of 15 seasons as a Yan- kee: 54, 59, 35, 41, 46, 25, 47, 60, 54, 46, 49, 46, 41, 34, 22.
The FBI gathers data on violent crimes. For 20,000 murders committed over the past few years, the following fictitious data set represents the classification of the weapon used to commit the crime.12,500 committed with guns 2,000 with a knife 5000 with hands 500 with explosives Construct a pie
The following questions (a-d) refer to the data presented in Table 3.9.a. Construct a frequency table with the class intervals 0–1, 2–3, 4–5, 6–7, 8–9, 10–11, and 12–13.b. Construct a frequency histogram of the weight losses.c. Construct a frequency polygon and describe the shape of
Classify the following data as either (1) nominal, (2) ordinal, (3) interval, or(4) ratio.a. The names of the patients in a clinical trialb. A person’s weightc. A person’s age in yearsd. A person’s blood typee. Your top ten list of professional basketball players ranked in ascending order of
Construct a stem-and-leaf plot with the data from Exercise 3.11.
Construct a frequency histogram and a cumulative frequency histogram with the data from Exercise 3.11 using the following class intervals: 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, 90–99, 100–109.
Using the data presented in Table 3.8, calculate the mean, median, and quartiles, and construct a box-and-whisker plot.
Consider the following data set: {3, 4, 8, 5, 7, 2, 5, 6, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6, 4, 5}. Determine the median and quartiles, and the minimum and maximum values.
Take the data from Exercise 3.7 and construct a stem-and-leaf plot using the integer part of the number for the stem and the digit to the right of the decimal point for the leaf.
Take the data set from Exercise 3.7 and order the observations from smallest to largest. Determine the lower and the upper quartiles and generate a boxand-whiskers plot for the data using the smallest and largest observations for the whiskers.
Using the data in Table 3.7, construct a frequency table with nine intervals and then calculate the mean and median blood levels.
Refer to the following dataset that shows the class interval (and frequency in parentheses):{0.0–0.4 (20); 0.5–0.9 (30); 1.0–1.4 (50); 1.5–1.9 (40); 2.0–2.4 (10);2.5–2.9 (20); 3.0–3.4 (20); 3.5–3.9 (10)}Construct a relative frequency histogram, a cumulative frequency histogram, a
How may the box-and-whisker plot be used to describe data? How are the following terms used in a box-and-whisker plot?a. Medianb. Alpha percentilec. Interquartile range
How does one construct a stem-and-leaf diagram? What are the advantages of this type of diagram?
Define the following graphical methods and describe how they are used.a. Histogramb. Relative frequency histogramc. Frequency polygond. Cumulative frequency polygon (ogive)
The following terms relate to frequency tables. Define each term.a. Class intervalb. Class frequencyc. Relative frequency percentaged. Cumulative frequencye. Cumulative relative frequencyf. Cumulative percentage
Define the term “variable” and describe the following types of variables:a. Qualitative(1) Nominal(2) Ordinalb. Quantitative(1) Interval(2) Ratioc. Discrete versus continuous
Suppose you selected a sample from Table 2.2 by starting with the number in row 1, column 2. You then proceed across the row, skipping the next five numbers and take the sixth number. You continue in this way, skipping five numbers and taking the sixth, going to the leftmost element in the next row
Describe the population and the sample for:a. Exercise 2.9b. The bootstrap sampling plan in Exercise 2.11
Repeat the procedure of Exercise 2.11 five times. List all five samples. How do they differ from the original sample?
From the 400 height measurements in Table 2.2, we will take a sample of ten distinct values by taking the first six values in row 1 and the two values in the last two columns in row 2 and the last two columns in row 3. Let these ten values comprise the sample. Draw a sample of size 10 by sampling
Again use Table 2.2 to select a sample, but this time select only one random number from Table 2.1. Start in the row determined by the index for that random number. Choose the first value from the first column in that row; then skip the next seven columns and select the second value from column 8.
By using the random number table (Table 2.1), draw a sample of 10 height measurements from Table 2.2. This sample is said to have size 10, or n = 10.The rows and columns in Table 2.2 have numbers, which in combination are the “addresses” of specific height measurements. For example, the number
What role does sample size play in the accuracy of statistical inference? Why is the method of selecting the sample even more important than the size of the sample?
Why would a convenience sample of college students on vacation in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, not be representative of the students at a particular college or university?
Under what circumstances is it appropriate to use rejection sampling methods?
How is sampling with replacement different from sampling without replacement?
How can bias affect a sample design? Explain by using the terms selection bias, response bias, and periodic effects.
Explain what is meant by the term parameter estimation.
Describe the following types of sample designs, noting their similarities and differences. State also when it is appropriate to use each type of sample design.a. Random sampleb. Simple random samplesc. Convenience/grab bag samplesd. Systematic samplese. Stratifiedf. Cluster g. Bootstrap
Why does the field of inferential statistics need to be concerned about samples?Give in your own words the definitions of the following terms that pertain to sample selection:a. Sampleb. Censusc. Parameterd. Statistice. Representativenessf. Sampling frame g. Periodic effect
Public interest groups and funding organizations are demanding that clinical trials include diverse study populations—from the standpoint of age, gender, and ethnicity. What do you think is the reasoning behind this demand? Based on what you have read in this chapter as well as your own
Search the Web for a media account that involves statistical information. For example, you may be able to locate a report on a disease, a clinical trial, or a new medical device. Alternatively, if you do not have access to the Web, newspaper articles may cover similar topics. Sometimes
A pharmaceutical company wishes to develop and market a new medication to control blood sugar in diabetic patients. Suggest a clinical trial for evaluating the efficacy of this new medication.a. Describe the criteria you would use to select cases or patients.b. Is there a treatment to compare with
Suppose a health research institute is conducting an experiment to determine whether a computerized, self-instructional module can aid in smoking cessation.a. Propose a research question that would be relevant to this experiment.b. Is there an independent variable (exposure factor) in the
Epidemiology, a fundamental discipline in public health, has many applications in the health sciences.a. Name three types of epidemiologic study designs.b. What types of problems can we address with them?
Clinical trials play a vital role in testing and development of new drugs and medical devices.a. What are clinical trials?b. Explain the difference between controlled and uncontrolled trials.c. Why are controls important?d. What are single and double blinding? How is blinding used in a clinical
Why are quality control methods important to manufacturers? List at least three quality control methods discussed in the chapter.
What are cross-sectional studies? What types of questions can they address?
What is the difference between observational and experimental studies? Why do we conduct experimental studies? What is the purpose of observational studies?
Explain the major difference between prospective and retrospective studies.Does one have advantages over the other?
Compare and contrast descriptive and inferential statistics. How are they related?
What are some job roles for statisticians in the health field?
What is your current job or future career objective? How can an understanding of statistics be helpful in your career?
Refer to Exercise 2.3.12.Construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the population mean height.Should you use t or z as the reliability coefficient? Why? Describe the population about which inferences based on this study may be made.
Refer to Exercise 2.3.11.Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean S/R ratio. Should you use t or z as the reliability coefficient? Why? Describe the population about which inferences based on this study may be made.
In a pilot study conducted by Ayouba et al. (A-38), researchers studied 123 children born of HIV-1-infected mothers in Yaounde, Cameroon. Counseled and consenting pregnant women were given a single dose of nevirapine at the onset of labor. Babies were given a syrup containing nevirapine within the
Assessing driving self-restriction in relation to vision performance was the objective of a study by West et al. (A-37). The researchers studied 629 current drivers ages 55 and older for 2 years. The variables of interest were driving behavior, health, physical function, and vision function. The
Does delirium increase hospital stay? That was the research question investigated by McCusker et al.(A-36). The researchers sampled 204 patients with prevalent delirium and 118 without delirium. The conclusion of the study was that patients with prevalent delirium did not have a higher mean length
The subjects of a study by Borland et al. (A-35) were children in acute pain. Thirty-two children who presented at an emergency room were enrolled in the study. Each child used the visual analogue scale to rate pain on a scale from 0 to 100 mm. The mean pain score was 61.3 mm with a 95 percent
In general, a high level of confidence is preferred over a low level of confidence. For a given set of other conditions, suppose we set our level of confidence at 100 percent. What would be the effect of such a choice on the width of the interval?
In general, narrow confidence intervals are preferred over wide ones. We can make an interval narrow by using a small confidence coefficient. For a given set of other conditions, what happens to the level of confidence when we use a small confidence coefficient? What would happen to the interval
Culligan et al. (A-34) compared the long-term results of two treatments: (a) a modified Burch procedure, and (b) a sling procedure for stress incontinence with a low-pressure urethra. Thirty-six women took part in the study with 19 in the Burch treatment group and 17 in the sling procedure
The purpose of a study by Tahmassebi and Curzon (A-33) was to compare the mean salivary flow rate among subjects with cerebral palsy and among subjects in a control group. Each group had 10 subjects. The following table gives the mean flow rate in ml/minute as well as the standard error.Group
In a study of the role of dietary fats in the etiology of ischemic heart disease the subjects were 60 males between 40 and 60 years of age who had recently had a myocardial infarction and 50 apparently healthy males from the same age group and social class. One variable of interest in the study was
The purpose of a study by Elliott et al. (A-32) was to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women living in nursing homes. The sample consisted of 39 women in a 120-bed skilled nursing facility. Women older than 65 years of age who were long-term residents were invited to participate if
Scheid et al. (A-31) questioned 387 women receiving free bone mineral density screening. The questions focused on past smoking history. Subjects undergoing hormone replacement therapy(HRT), and subjects not undergoing HRT, were asked if they had ever been a regular smoker. In the HRT group, 29.3
Over a 2-year period, 34 European women with previous gestational diabetes were retrospectively recruited from West London antenatal databases for a study conducted by Kousta et al. (A-30). One of the measurements for these women was the fasting nonesterified fatty acids concentration
The objective of a study by Crane et al. (A-29) was to examine the efficacy, safety, and maternal satisfaction of (a) oral misoprostol and (b) intravenous oxytocin for labor induction in women with premature rupture of membranes at term. Researchers randomly assigned women to the two treatments.
Drug Awas prescribed for a random sample of 12 patients complaining of insomnia. An independent random sample of 16 patients with the same complaint received drug B. The number of hours of sleep experienced during the second night after treatment began were as follows:A: 3.5, 5.7, 3.4, 6.9, 17.8,
Determinations of saliva pH levels were made in two independent random samples of seventh-grade schoolchildren. Sample A children were caries-free while sample B children had a high incidence of caries. The results were as follows:A: 7.14, 7.11, 7.61, 7.98, 7.21, 7.16, 7.89 7.24, 7.86, 7.47, 7.82,
What is the average serum bilirubin level of patients admitted to a hospital for treatment of hepatitis?A sample of 10 patients yielded the following results:20:5; 14:8; 21:3; 12:7; 15:2; 26:6; 23:4; 22:9; 15:7; 19:2 Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean.
Seventy patients with stasis ulcers of the leg were randomly divided into two equal groups. Each group received a different treatment for edema. At the end of the experiment, treatment effectiveness was measured in terms of reduction in leg volume as determined by water displacement. The means and
A certain drug was found to be effective in the treatment of pulmonary disease in 180 of 200 cases treated. Construct the 90 percent confidence interval for the population proportion.
A breast cancer research team collected the following data on tumor size:Type of Tumor n x s A 21 3.85 cm 1.95 cm B 16 2.80 cm 1.70 cm Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the difference between population means.
In a dental survey conducted by a county dental health team, 500 adults were asked to give the reason for their last visit to a dentist. Of the 220 who had less than a high-school education, 44 said they went for preventative reasons. Of the remaining 280, who had a high-school education or better,
Refer to the previous problem. How large a sample would be required to estimate the population proportion to within .05 with 95 percent confidence (.30 is the best available estimate of p):(a) If the finite population correction can be ignored?(b) If the finite population correction is not ignored
An industrial hygiene survey was conducted in a large metropolitan area. Of 70 manufacturing plants of a certain type visited, 21 received a “poor” rating with respect to absence of safety hazards.Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population proportion deserving a “poor”
What proportion of asthma patients are allergic to house dust? In a sample of 140, 35 percent had positive skin reactions. Construct the 95 percent confidence interval for the population proportion.
Arterial blood gas analyses performed on a sample of 15 physically active adult males yielded the following resting PaO2 values:75; 80; 80; 74; 84; 78; 89; 72; 83; 76; 75; 87; 78; 79; 88 Compute the 95 percent confidence interval for the mean of the population.
What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating the difference between two population means?
What is the finite population correction? When can it be ignored?
What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating a single population mean?
Describe the t distribution.
Of what use is the central limit theorem in estimation?
State the probabilistic and practical interpretations of a confidence interval.
Give the general formula for a confidence interval.
Define the following:(a) Reliability coefficient (b) Confidence coefficient (c) Precision(d) Standard error (e) Estimator (f) Margin of error

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Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 10th Edition Wayne W. Daniel, Chad L. Cross - Solutions

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