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biostatistics
Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 9th Edition Wayne W. Daniel - Solutions
Refer to the creatine phosphokinase data on 1005 subjects (PCKDATA). Researchers would like to know if psychologically stressful situations cause an increase in serum creatine phosphokinase(CPK) levels among apparently healthy individuals. To help the researchers reach a decision, select a simple
Reichman et al. (A-60) conducted a study with the purpose of demonstrating that negative symptoms are prominent in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and are distinct from depression. The following are scores made on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease by
The objective of a study by Reinecke et al. (A-59) was to investigate the functional activity and expression of the sarcolemmal exchange in the failing human heart. The researchers obtained left ventricular samples from failing human hearts of 11 male patients (mean age 51 years) undergoing cardiac
The objective of a study by Baker et al. (A-57) was to determine whether medical deformation alters in vitro effects of plasma from patients with preeclampsia on endothelial cell function to produce a paradigm similar to the in vivo disease state. Subjects were 24 nulliparous pregnant women before
Benini et al. (A-56) conducted a study to evaluate the severity of esophageal acidification in achalasia following successful dilatation of the cardias and to determine which factors are associated with pathological esophageal acidification in such patients. Twenty-two subjects, of whom seven were
The motivation for a study by Gruber et al. (A-55) was a desire to find a potentially useful serum marker in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that reflects underlying pathogenic mechanisms. They measured, among other variables, the circulating levels of gelatinase B in the serum and synovial fluid(SF) of
In a study to explore the possibility of hormonal alteration in asthma, Weinstein et al. (A-54) collected data on 22 postmenopausal women with asthma and 22 age-matched, postmenopausal, women without asthma. The following are the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) values collected by the
Diamond et al. (A-53) wished to know if cognitive screening should be used to help select appropriate candidates for comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation. They studied a sample of geriatric rehabilitation patients using standardized measurement strategies. Among the data collected were the
The purpose of an investigation by Young et al. (A-52) was to examine the efficacy and safety of a particular suburethral sling. Subjects were women experiencing stress incontinence who also met other criteria. Among the data collected were the following pre- and postoperative cystometric capacity
Vitacca et al. (A-51) conducted a study to determine whether the supine position or sitting position worsens static, forced expiratory flows and measurements of lung mechanics. Subjects were aged persons living in a nursing home who were clinically stable and without clinical evidence of
Hartard et al. (A-50) conducted a study to determine whether a certain training regimen can counteract bone density loss in women with postmenopausal osteopenia. The following are strength measurements for five muscle groups taken on 15 subjects before (B) and after (A) 6 months of training: Leg
The purpose of a study by Goran et al. (A-49) was to examine the accuracy of some widely used body-composition techniques for children through the use of the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) technique. Subjects were children between the ages of 4 and 10 years. The following are fat mass
Noting the paucity of information on the effect of estrogen on platelet membrane fatty acid composition, Ranganath et al. (A-48) conducted a study to examine the possibility that changes may be present in postmenopausal women and that these may be reversible with estrogen treatment. The 31 women
D’Alessandro et al. (A-47) wished to know if preexisting airway hyperresponsiveness (HR) predisposes subjects to a more severe outcome following exposure to chlorine. Subjects were healthy volunteers between the ages of 18 and 50 years who were classified as with and without HR. The following are
Montner et al. (A-46) conducted studies to test the effects of glycerol-enhanced hyperhydration(GEH) on endurance in cycling performance. The 11 subjects, ages 22–40 years, regularly cycled at least 75 miles per week. The following are the pre-exercise urine output volumes (ml) following
A study by Bell (A-45) investigated the hypothesis that alteration of the vitamin D–endocrine system in blacks results from reduction in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and that the alteration is reversed by oral treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The eight subjects (three men and five women) were
For each of the following situations, identify the type I and type II errors and the correct actions.(a) A new treatment is not more effective than the traditional one.(1) Adopt the new treatment when the new one is more effective.(2) Continue with the traditional treatment when the new one is more
A study by Hosking et al. (A-44) was designed to compare the effects of alendronate and risedronate on bone mineral density (BMD). One of the outcome measures was the percent increase in BMD at 12 months. Alendronate produced a significantly higher percent change (4.8 percent)in BMD than
Mauksch et Al. (A-43) surveyed 500 consecutive patients (ages 18 to 64 years) in a primary care clinic serving only uninsured, low-income patients. They used self-report questions about why patients were coming to the clinic, and other tools to classify subjects as either having or not having major
Recall the study reported in Exercise 6.10.2 in which Horesh et al. (A-42) investigated suicidal behavior among adolescents. In addition to impulsivity, the researchers studied hopelessness among the 33 subjects in the suicidal group and the 32 subjects in the nonsuicidal group. The means for the
Dykstra et al. (A-41) studied 15 female patients with urinary frequency with or without incontinence.The women were treated with botulinum toxin type B (BTX-B). A t test of the pre / post-difference in frequency indicated that these 15 patients experienced an average of 5.27 fewer frequency
Recall the study reported in Exercise 7.8.2 in which Nagy et al. (A-32) studied 50 stable patients admitted for a gunshot wound that traversed the mediastinum. They found that eight of the subjects had a mediastinal injury, while 42 did not have such an injury. They performed a student’s t test
During a one-year period, Hong et al. (A-40) studied all patients who presented to the surgical service with possible appendicitis. One hundred eighty-two patients with possible appendicitis were randomized to either clinical assessment (CA) alone or clinical evaluation and abdominal/pelvic CT. A
The mean length at birth of 14 male infants was 53 cm with a standard deviation of 9 cm. Can one conclude on the basis of these data that the population mean is not 50 cm? Let the probability of committing a type I error be .10.For each of the studies described in Exercises 33 through 38, answer as
Systemic vascular resistance determinations were made on a sample of 16 patients with chronic, congestive heart failure while receiving a particular treatment. The sample mean and standard deviation were 1600 and 700, respectively. At the .05 level of significance do these data provide sufficient
Circulating levels of estrone were measured in a sample of 25 postmenopausal women following estrogen treatment. The sample mean and standard deviation were 73 and 16, respectively. At the.05 significance level can one conclude on the basis of these data that the population mean is higher than 70?
Some researchers have observed a greater airway resistance in smokers than in nonsmokers. Suppose a study, conducted to compare the percent of tracheobronchial retention of particles in smoking-discordant monozygotic twins, yielded the following results:Do these data support the hypothesis that
A sample of eight patients admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of biliary cirrhosis had a mean IgM level of 160.55 units per milliliter. The sample standard deviation was 50. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is greater than 150? Let Determine the p
A research team measured tidal volume in 15 experimental animals. The mean and standard deviation were 45 and 5 cc, respectively. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is greater than 40 cc? Let
In a sample of 150 hospital emergency admissions with a certain diagnosis, 128 listed vomiting as a presenting symptom. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate, at the .01 level of significance, that the population proportion is less than .92? Determine the p value.
A survey of 90 recently delivered women on the rolls of a county welfare department revealed that 27 had a history of intrapartum or postpartum infection. Test the null hypothesis that the population proportion with a history of intrapartum or postpartum infection is less than or equal to .25.Let
Kindergarten students were the participants in a study conducted by Susan Bazyk et al. (A-39).The researchers studied the fine motor skills of 37 children receiving occupational therapy. They used an index of fine motor skills that measured hand use, eye–hand coordination, and manual dexterity
Iannelo et al. (A-38) investigated differences between triglyceride levels in healthy obese (control)subjects and obese subjects with chronic active B or C hepatitis. Triglyceride levels of 208 obese controls had a mean value of 1.81 with a standard error of the mean of .07 mmol/L.The 19 obese
Recall the study, reported in Exercise 7.8.1, in which Dora et al. (A-37) investigated spinal canal dimensions in 30 subjects symptomatic with disc herniation selected for a discectomy and 45 asymptomatic individuals (control group). One of the areas of interest was determining if there is a
Miyazaki et al. (A-36) examined the recurrence-free rates of stripping with varicectomy and stripping with sclerotherapy for the treatment of primary varicose veins. The varicectomy group consisted of 122 limbs for which the procedure was done, and the sclerotherapy group consisted of 98 limbs for
The objective of a study by van Vollenhoven et al. (A-35) was to examine the effectiveness of Etanercept alone and Etanercept in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. They performed a retrospective study using data from the STURE database, which collects efficacy
William Tindall (A-34) performed a retrospective study of the records of patients receiving care for hypercholesterolemia. The following table gives measurements of total cholesterol for patients before and 6 weeks after taking a statin drug. Is there sufficient evidence at the level of
Ochsenkühn et al. (A-33) studied birth as a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and birth from spontaneous conception. In the sample, there were 163 singleton births resulting from IVF with a mean birth weight of 3071 g and sample standard deviation of 761 g. Among the 321 singleton births
Do Exercise 12 for the ratio of two population variances.
Do Exercise 12 for a population variance.
Do Exercise 12 for the difference between two population proportions.
Do Exercise 12 for a single population proportion.
Do Exercise 12 for a single population mean.
Give an example from your field of interest where it would be appropriate to test a hypothesis about the difference between two population means. Use real or realistic data and carry out the ten-step hypothesis testing procedure.
Give an example from your field of interest where a paired comparisons test would be appropriate.Use real or realistic data and perform an appropriate hypothesis test.
Explain the rationale behind the use of the paired comparisons test.
In testing a hypothesis about the difference between two population means, what is the rationale behind pooling the sample variances?
When may the z statistic be used in testing hypotheses about(a) a single population mean?(b) the difference between two population means?(c) a single population proportion?(d) the difference between two population proportions?
What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t statistic in testing hypotheses about a single mean? The difference between two means?
Explain how one decides what statement goes into the null hypothesis and what statement goes into the alternative hypothesis.
Explain the difference between the power curves for one-sided tests and two-sided tests.
Define:(a) Type I error (b) Type II error(c) The power of a test (d) Power function(e) Power curve (f) Operating characteristic curve
List and explain each step in the ten-step hypothesis testing procedure.
What is a hypothesis?
What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?
Refer to the heights of 1000 twelve-year-old boys (BOYHGTS). Select a simple random sample of size 35 from the population and construct a 99 percent confidence interval for the population mean. Compare this interval with the one constructed in Exercise 5.
Refer to the heights of 1000 twelve-year-old boys (BOYHGTS). Select a simple random sample of size 15 from this population and construct a 99 percent confidence interval for the population mean. What assumptions are necessary for this procedure to be valid?
Refer to the weights of 1200 babies born in a community hospital (BABY WGTS). Draw a simple random sample of size 35 from the population and construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean. Compare this interval with the one constructed in Exercise 4.
Refer to the weights of 1200 babies born in a community hospital (BABY WGTS). Draw a simple random sample of size 20 from this population and construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean. Compare your results with those of your classmates. What assumptions are necessary for
Refer to the serum cholesterol levels for 1000 subjects (CHOLEST). Select a simple random sample of size 50 from the population and construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the proportion of subjects in the population who have readings greater than 225. Compare your results with those of your
Refer to the serum cholesterol levels for 1000 subjects (CHOLEST). Select a simple random sample of size 15 from this population and construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean. Compare your results with those of your classmates. What assumptions are necessary for your
Refer to North Carolina Birth Registry Data NCBIRTH800 with 800 observations (see Large Data Exercise 1 in Chapter 2). Calculate 95 percent confidence intervals for the following:(a) the percentage of male children(b) the mean age of a mother giving birth(c) the mean weight gained during
Refer to Exercise 2.3.12. Construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the population mean height.Should you use t or z as the reliability coefficient? Why? Describe the population about which inferences based on this study may be made.
Refer to Exercise 2.3.11. Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean S/R ratio. Should you use t or z as the reliability coefficient? Why? Describe the population about which inferences based on this study may be made.
In a pilot study conducted by Ayouba et al. (A-38), researchers studied 123 children born of HIV-1-infected mothers in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Counseled and consenting pregnant women were given a single dose of nevirapine at the onset of labor. Babies were given a syrup containing nevirapine within the
Assessing driving self-restriction in relation to vision performance was the objective of a study by West et al. (A-37). The researchers studied 629 current drivers ages 55 and older for 2 years.The variables of interest were driving behavior, health, physical function, and vision function.The
Does delirium increase hospital stay? That was the research question investigated by McCusker et al. (A-36). The researchers sampled 204 patients with prevalent delirium and 118 without delirium.The conclusion of the study was that patients with prevalent delirium did not have a higher mean length
The subjects of a study by Borland et al. (A-35) were children in acute pain. Thirty-two children who presented at an emergency room were enrolled in the study. Each child used the visual analogue scale to rate pain on a scale from 0 to 100 mm. The mean pain score was 61.3 mm with a 95 percent
In general, a high level of confidence is preferred over a low level of confidence. For a given set of other conditions, suppose we set our level of confidence at 100 percent. What would be the effect of such a choice on the width of the interval?
In general, narrow confidence intervals are preferred over wide ones. We can make an interval narrow by using a small confidence coefficient. For a given set of other conditions, what happens to the level of confidence when we use a small confidence coefficient? What would happen to the interval
Culligan et al. (A-34) compared the long-term results of two treatments: (a) a modified Burch procedure, and (b) a sling procedure for stress incontinence with a low-pressure urethra. Thirty-six women took part in the study with 19 in the Burch treatment group and 17 in the sling procedure
The purpose of a study by Tahmassebi and Curzon (A-33) was to compare the mean salivary flow rate among subjects with cerebral palsy and among subjects in a control group. Each group had 10 subjects. The following table gives the mean flow rate in ml / minute as well as the standard error.Construct
In a study of the role of dietary fats in the etiology of ischemic heart disease the subjects were 60 males between 40 and 60 years of age who had recently had a myocardial infarction and 50 apparently healthy males from the same age group and social class. One variable of interest in the study was
The purpose of a study by Elliott et al. (A-32) was to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women living in nursing homes. The sample consisted of 39 women in a 120-bed skilled nursing facility. Women older than 65 years of age who were long-term residents were invited to participate if
Scheid et al. (A-31) questioned 387 women receiving free bone mineral density screening. The questions focused on past smoking history. Subjects undergoing hormone replacement therapy(HRT), and subjects not undergoing HRT, were asked if they had ever been a regular smoker. In the HRT group, 29.3
Over a 2-year period, 34 European women with previous gestational diabetes were retrospectively recruited from West London antenatal databases for a study conducted by Kousta et al.(A-30). One of the measurements for these women was the fasting nonesterified fatty acids concentration(NEFA) measured
The objective of a study by Crane et al. (A-29) was to examine the efficacy, safety, and maternal satisfaction of (a) oral misoprostol and (b) intravenous oxytocin for labor induction in women with premature rupture of membranes at term. Researchers randomly assigned women to the two treatments.For
Drug A was prescribed for a random sample of 12 patients complaining of insomnia. An independent random sample of 16 patients with the same complaint received drug B. The number of hours of sleep experienced during the second night after treatment began were as follows:A: 3.5, 5.7, 3.4, 6.9, 17.8,
Determinations of saliva pH levels were made in two independent random samples of seventhgrade schoolchildren. Sample A children were caries-free while sample B children had a high incidence of caries. The results were as follows:A: 7.14, 7.11, 7.61, 7.98, 7.21, 7.16, 7.89 B: 7.36, 7.04, 7.19,
What is the average serum bilirubin level of patients admitted to a hospital for treatment of hepatitis?A sample of 10 patients yielded the following results:20.5, 14.8, 21.3, 12.7, 15.2, 26.6, 23.4, 22.9, 15.7, 19.2 Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean.
Seventy patients with stasis ulcers of the leg were randomly divided into two equal groups. Each group received a different treatment for edema. At the end of the experiment, treatment effectiveness was measured in terms of reduction in leg volume as determined by water displacement. The means and
A certain drug was found to be effective in the treatment of pulmonary disease in 180 of 200 cases treated. Construct the 90 percent confidence interval for the population proportion.
A breast cancer research team collected the following data on tumor size:Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the difference between population means. Type of Tumor A AB n x S 21 3.85 cm 1.95 cm 16 2.80 cm 1.70 cm
In a dental survey conducted by a county dental health team, 500 adults were asked to give the reason for their last visit to a dentist. Of the 220 who had less than a high-school education, 44 said they went for preventative reasons. Of the remaining 280, who had a high-school education or better,
Refer to the previous problem. How large a sample would be required to estimate the population proportion to within .05 with 95 percent confidence (.30 is the best available estimate of p):(a) If the finite population correction can be ignored?(b) If the finite population correction is not ignored
An industrial hygiene survey was conducted in a large metropolitan area. Of 70 manufacturing plants of a certain type visited, 21 received a “poor” rating with respect to absence of safety hazards.Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population proportion deserving a
What proportion of asthma patients are allergic to house dust? In a sample of 140, 35 percent had positive skin reactions. Construct the 95 percent confidence interval for the population proportion.
Arterial blood gas analyses performed on a sample of 15 physically active adult males yielded the following resting values:75, 80, 80, 74, 84, 78, 89, 72, 83, 76, 75, 87, 78, 79, 88 Compute the 95 percent confidence interval for the mean of the population.
What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating the difference between two population means?
What is the finite population correction? When can it be ignored?
What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating a single population mean?
Describe the t distribution.
Of what use is the central limit theorem in estimation?
State the probabilistic and practical interpretations of a confidence interval.
Give the general formula for a confidence interval.
Define the following:(a) Reliability coefficient (c) Precision (e) Estimator(b) Confidence coefficient (d) Standard error (f) Margin of error
Explain the meaning of unbiasedness.
What is a point estimate?
Why is estimation an important type of inference?
What is statistical inference?
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