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biostatistics
Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 7th Edition Wayne W Daniel - Solutions
6. Explain the basic concept involved in stepwise regression.
5. What is stepwise regression?
4. Why is a knowledge of variable selection techniques important to the health sciences researcher?
3. Explain and illustrate the technique of dummy variable coding.
2. What is a dummy variable?
1. What is a qualitative variable?
5. Describe a situation in your particular area of interest where multiple correlation analysis would be useful. Use real or realistic data and do a complete correlation analysis.
4. Describe a situation in your particular area of interest where multiple regression analysis would be useful. Use real or realistic data and do a complete regression analysis.
3. Explain fully the following terms:a. Coefficient of multiple determinationb. Multiple correlation coefficientc. Simple correlation coefficientd. Partial correlation coefficient
2. What are the assumptions underlying the correlation model when inference is an objective?
1. What are the assumptions underlying multiple regression analysis when one wishes to infer about the population from which the sample data have been drawn?
15. Describe a situation in your particular area of interest where simple correlation analysis would be useful. Use real or realistic data and do a complete correlation analysis.
14. Describe a situation in your particular area of interest where simple regression analysis would be useful. Use real or realistic data and do a complete regression analysis.
13. Explain why it is risky to use a sample regression equation to predict or to estimate outside the range of values of the independent variable represented in the sample.
12. What are the possible explanations for a significant sample correlation coefficient?
11. What is meant by the unit of association in regression and correlation analysis?
10. What are the assumptions underlying simple correlation analysis when inference is an objective?
9. For what two purposes can a regression equation be used?
8. Describe three ways in which one may test the null hypothesis that 0 = 0.
7. What is the function of the analysis of variance in regression analysis?
6. Explain the meaning of and the method of computing the coefficient of determination.
5. Explain the following terms:a. Total sum of squaresb. Explained sum of squaresc. Unexplained sum of squares
4. Explain the meaning of b in the sample regression equation.
3. Explain the meaning of a in the sample regression equation.
2. Why is the regression equation called the least-squares equation?
1. What are the assumptions underlying simple linear regression analysis when one of the objectives it to make inferences about the population from which the sample data were drawn?
38. Paradis et al. (A-36) compared the pharmacokinetics and the serum bactericidal activities of five bactericidal agents. Fifteen healthy volunteers received each of the agents.
37. A study by Cimprich (A-35) tested the effects of an experimental intervention aimed at maintaining or restoring attentional capacity in 32 women during the three months after surgery for localized breast cancer. Attentional capacity was assessed using objective and subjective measures at four
36. The purpose of a study by Smith et al. (A-34) was to determine if static and ballistic stretching would induce significant amounts of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)and increases in creatine kinase (CK). Twenty males were randomly assigned to a static(STATIC) or ballistic (BALLISTIC)
35. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study involving 30 patients with acute ischemic stroke, Huber et al. (A-33) investigated the effect of the adenosine uptake blocker propentofylline on regional brain glucose metabolism.
34. In a study by Vasterling et al. (A-32) 60 cancer chemotherapy patients who were categorized as exhibiting either high or low anxiety were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: cognitive distraction, relaxation training, or no intervention. Patients were followed for five consecutive
33. The purpose of a study by Roodenburg et al. (A-31) was the classification and quantitative description of various fetal movement patterns during the second half of pregnancy.The following are the number of incidents of general fetal movements per hour experienced by nine pregnant women at
32. The purpose of a study by Nehlsen-Cannarella et al. (A-30) was to examine the relationship between moderate exercise training and changes in circulating numbers of immune system variables. Subjects were nonsmoking, premenopausal women who were divided into two groups (1 = exercise, 2 =
31. In a study of the relationship between smoking and serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) the following data (coded for ease of calculation)were collected from samples of adult males who were nonsmokers, light smokers, moderate smokers, and heavy smokers. We wish
30. Consider the following ANOVA table.Source SS d.f. MS VR Treatments 231.5054 2 115.7527 2.824 Blocks 98.5000 7 14.0714 Error 573.7500 14 40.9821a. What design was employed?b. How many treatments were compared?c. How many observations were analyzed?d. At the .05 level of significance, can one
29. Consider the following ANOVA table.Source SS d.f. MS VR Treatments 5.05835 2 2.52917 1.0438 Error 65.42090 27 2.4230a. What design was employed?b. How many treatments were compared?c. How many observations were analyzed?d. At the .05 level of significance, can one conclude that there is a
28. Consider the following ANOVA table.Source SS d.f. MS VR A 12.3152 2 6.15759 29.4021 < .005 B 19.7844 3 6.59481 31.4898 < .005 AB 8.94165 6 1.49027 7.11596 < .005 Treatments 41.0413 11 Error 10.0525 48 0.209427 Total 51.0938 59a. What sort of analysis was employed?b. What can one conclude from
27. Complete the following ANOVA table and state which design was used.Source SS d.f. MS VR p Treatments 3 Blocks 183.5 3 Error 26.0 Total 709.0 15
26. Complete the following ANOVA table and state which design was used.Source SS d.f. MS VR p Treatments 154.9199 4 Error Total 200.4773 39
25. The following table shows the vital capacity measurements of 60 adult males classified by occupation and age group.Age Group Occupation A 4.31 4.68 4.17 5.75 4.89 6.18 3.77 5.70 1 4.05 4.48 5.20 5.53 4.44 4.23 5.28 5.97 4.59 5.92 4.44 5.52 4.13 3.41 3.89 4.58 4.61 3.64 3.64 5.21 2 3.91 3.32
24. The following table shows the aggression scores of 30 laboratory animals reared under three different conditions. One animal from each of 10 litters was randomly assigned to each of the three rearing conditions.Litter Rearing Condition Extremely Crowded Moderately Crowded Not Crowded 1 30 20 10
23. A random sample of the records of single births was selected from each of four populations. The weights (grams) of the babies at birth were as follows:Sample A2946 3186 2300 2286 2913 2857 2903 2938 2280 3099 2572 2952 3685 2761 2584 2348 2310 3290 2675 2691 2582 2937 2571 2858 3002 3347 2414
22. The nutritive value of a certain edible fruit was measured in a total of 72 specimens representing 6 specimens of each of four varieties grown in each of the three geographic regions. The results were as follows.Variety Geographic Region 6.9 11.0 13.1 13.4 11.8 7.8 12.1 14.1 6.2 7.3 9.9 13.5 A
21. The following table shows the arterial plasma epinephrine concentrations (nanograms per milliliter) found in 10 laboratory animals during three types of anesthesia.Anes- Animal thesia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A .28 .50 .68 .27 .31 .99 .26 .35 .38 .34 B .20 .38 .50 .29 .38 .62 .42 .87 .37 .43 C 1.23
20. In a study of the Marfan syndrome, Pyeritz et al. (A-29) reported the following severity scores of patients with none, mild, and marked dural ectasia. May we conclude, on the basis of these data, that mean severity scores differ among the three populations represented in the study? Let a = .05
19. An expei7Iment was conducted to test the effect of four different drugs on blood coagulation time (in minutes). Specimens of blood drawn from 10 subjects were divided equally into four parts that were randomly assigned to one of the four drugs. The results were as follows:Subject Drug W X A 1.5
18. The effects of cigarette smoking on maternal airway function during pregnancy were investigated by Das et al. (A-28). The subjects were women in each of the three trimesters of pregnancy. Among the data collected were the following measurements on forced vital capacity (FVC), which are shown by
17. The following table shows the emotional maturity scores of 27 young adult males cross-classified by age and the extent to which they use marijuana.Age Marijuana Usage (Factor B)(Factor A) Never Occasionally Daily 25 18 17 15-19 28 23 24 22 19 19 28 16 18 20-24 32 24 22 30 20 20 25 14 10 25-29
16. An experiment was designed to study the effects of three different drugs and three types of stressful situation in producing anxiety in adolescent subjects. The table shows the difference between the pre- and posttreatment scores of 18 subjects who participated in the experiment.Stressful
15. Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) was measured in eight experimental animals under three levels of exposure to carbon monoxide. The results were as follows.Animal Exposure Level Low Moderate High 1 36 43 45 2 33 38 39 3 35 41 33 4 39 34 39 5 41 28 33 6 41 44 26 7 44 30 39 8 45 31 29 Can one
14. Graveley and Littlefield (A-27) conducted a study to determine the relationship between the cost and effectiveness of three prenatal clinic staffing models: physician based (1),mixed (M.D., R.N.) staffing (2), and clinical nurse specialist with physicians available for consultation (3).
13. Maes et al. (A-26) conducted a study to determine whether depression might be associated with serologic indices of autoimmune processes or active virus infections.Four categories of subjects participated in the study: Healthy controls (1), patients with minor depression (2), patients with major
12. For each of the following designs describe a situation in your particular field of interest where the design would be an appropriate experimental design. Use real or realistic data and do the appropriate analysis of variance for each one:a. Completely randomized design.b. Randomized complete
11. What is an ANOVA table?
10. What is a mean square?
9. What is interaction?
8. What is the objective of the randomized complete block design
7. What is an experimental unit?
6. What is the purpose of Tukey's HSD test?
5. Describe the factorial experiment as used in the completely randomized design.
4. Describe the repeated measures design.
3. Describe the randomized block design.
2. Describe the completely randomized design.
1. Define analysis of variance.
39. For each of the following situations, identify the type I and type II errors and the correct actions.(a) Ho: A new treatment is not more effective than the traditional one.(1) Adopt the new treatment when the new one is more effective.(2) Continue with the traditional treatment when the new one
38. Is the frequency of biotinidase deficiency greater in children with unexplained developmental delay or neurologic abnormalities than in the general population? This question was investigated by Sutherland et al. (A-40). They studied 274 children seen at a large outpatient clinic over a
37. Stockwell et al. (A-39) categorized 15 establishments licensed to sell alcohol in metropolitan Perth, Western Australia, as either high risk (seven establishments) or low risk (eight establishments) on the basis of incidence of customers involved in road traffic accidents and drunk-driving
36. Wu et al. (A-38) conducted a study to determine the effect of zidovudine on functional status and well-being in patients with early symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus(HIV). Thirty-four subjects were assigned at random to placebo and 36 subjects to zidovudine. The mean changes from
35. Sokas et al. (A-37) reported on a study in which second-year medical students participated in a training program that focused on the risks of bloodborne-disease exposure and the techniques of phlebotomy and intravenous insertion using universal precautions.The students answered pre- and
34. In a study by Hemming et al. (A-36), 50 consecutive patients undergoing segmental hepatic resection during a three-year time period were reviewed. Student's t tests were used to analyze the data. Among the findings was the fact that cirrhotic patients showed a significantly increased
33. Jara et al. (A-35) conducted a study in which they found that the potassium concentration in the saliva from Down's syndrome patients was significantly lower than that of control individuals.
32. The mean length at birth of 14 male infants was 53 cm with a standard deviation of 9 cm. Can one conclude on the basis of these data that the population mean is not 50 cm?Let the probability of committing a type I error be .10.
31. Systemic vascular resistance determinations were made on a sample of 16 patients with chronic, congestive heart failure while receiving a particular treatment. The sample mean and standard deviation were 1600 and 700, respectively. At the .05 level of significance do these data provide
30. Circulating levels of estrone were measured in a sample of 25 postmenopausal women following estrogen treatment. The sample mean and standard deviation were 73 and 16, respectively. At the .05 significance level can one conclude on the basis of these data that the population mean is higher than
29. Some researchers have observed a greater airway resistance in smokers than in nonsmokers.Suppose a study, conducted to compare the percent tracheobronchial retention of particles in smoking-discordant monozygotic twins, yielded the following results:Percent Retention Smoking Twin Nonsmoking
28. A sample of eight patients admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of biliary cirrhosis had a mean IgM level of 160.55 units per milliliter. The sample standard deviation was 50.Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is greater than 150? Let a = .05.
27. A research team measured tidal volume in 15 experimental animals. The mean and standard deviation were 45 and 5 cc, respectively. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is greater than 40 cc? Let a = .05.
26. In a sample of 150 hospital emergency admissions with a certain diagnosis, 128 listed vomiting as a presenting symptom. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate, at the .01 level of significance, that the population proportion is less than .92?Determine the p value.
25. A survey of 90 recently delivered women on the rolls of a county welfare department revealed that 27 had a history of intrapartum or postpartum infection. Test the null hypothesis that the population proportion with a history of intrapartum or postpartum infection is less than or equal to .25.
24. An allergy research team conducted a study in which two groups of subjects were used.As part of the research, blood eosinophil determinations were made on each subject with the following results:Eosinophil Value (no./ mm3)Sample A 14 584 225 B 16 695 185 Do these data provide sufficient
23. During an experiment using laboratory animals the following data on renal cortical blood flow during control conditions and during the administration of a certain anesthetic were recorded.Animal Number Renal Cortical Blood Flow(ml / g / min)Control During Administration of Anesthetic 1 2.35
22. Researchers wish to know if urban and rural adult residents of a developing country differ with respect to the prevalence of blindness. A survey revealed the following information:Group Number in Sample Number Blind Rural 300 24 Urban 500 15 Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate
21. Nace et al. (A-34) conducted a study to assess the complex relationship between substance abuse and personality disorders. The authors determined the prevalence of personality disorders in a group of middle-class substance abusers and compared the subjects who had personality disorders with
20. Darko et al. (A-33) evaluated the utility of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation assays in clinical research in psychoimmunology. Study respondents were patients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder who met other study criteria and medically and psychiatrically healthy comparison
19. Rodriguez-Roisin et al. (A-32) state that methacholine (MTH) inhalation challenge is by far one of the most widely used tools for the diagnosis of asthma. They investigated the pattern and time course of ventilation-profusion (VA/Q) inequality after challenge to better define the model of MTH
18. Dr. Yue Chen (A-31), in an article in the American Journal of Public Health, presents information on some factors associated with the infant-feeding practices of mothers in Shanghai. This investigator found that, among 1706 male infants, 35.9 percent were artificially fed. Among 1579 female
17. Do Exercise 12 for the ratio of two population variances.
16. Do Exercise 12 for a population variance.
15. Do Exercise 12 for the difference between two population proportions.
14. Do Exercise 12 for a single population proportion.
13. Do Exercise 12 for a single population mean.
12. Give an example from your field of interest where it would be appropriate to test a hypothesis about the difference between two population means. Use real or realistic data and carry out the nine-step hypothesis testing procedure.
11. Give an example from your field of interest where a paired comparisons test would be appropriate. Use real or realistic data and perform an appropriate hypothesis test.
10. Explain the rationale behind the use of the paired comparisons test.
9. In testing a hypothesis about the difference between two population means, what is the rationale behind pooling the sample variances?
8. When may the z statistic be used in testing hypotheses abouta. A single population mean?b. The difference between two population means?c. A single population proportion?d. The difference between two population proportions?
7. What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t statistic in testing hypotheses about a single mean? The difference between two means?
6. Explain how one decides what statement goes into the null hypothesis and what statement goes into the alternative hypothesis.
5. Explain the difference between the power curves for one-sided tests and two-sided tests.
4. Definea. Type I errorb. Type II errorc. The power of a testd. Power functione. Power curvef. Operating characteristic curve
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