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Essential Statistics Exploring The World Through Data 2nd Global Edition Robert Gould, Colleen N. Ryan, Rebecca Wong - Solutions
3.1╇ Eating╇ A dietician says, “Typically, boys eat more than girls eat daily.” What does this statement mean? (Pick the best choice.)a. The center of the distribution of diet for boys is greater than the center for girls.b. All boys eat more than all girls.c. All girls’ diets
2.72 ER Visits for Injuries The graph shows the rates of visits to the ER for injuries by gender and by age. Note that we are concerned with the rate per 100 people of that age and gender in the population. (Source: National Safety Council 2004)a. Why does the National Safety Council give us rates
2.71 Changing Multiple-Choice Answers When Told to Do So One of the authors wanted to determine the effect of changing answers on multiple-choice tests. She had advised her students that if they had changed their minds about a previous answer, they should replace their first choice with their new
2.70 Water A coach asks all of his trainees to report the approximate quantity of water they drink in a day. Predict the shape of the distribution of the quantity of water drunk per day.
2.69 Ages of Billionaires Predict the shape of the distribution of the ages of 20 billionaires. A typical value is about 54 years, but there is an outlier at about 32 years.
2.68 Heights The graphs show heights of men and women working in an office. Compare shapes, centers, and spreads, and indicate whether there are outliers. Frequency 40 35 Frequency 30 25 20- 15- 10 5- 0 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 Heights (in cm) of Men 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 140 145 150 155 160
2.67 MPH The graphs show the distribution of self-reported maximum speed ever driven by men and women college students who drive. Compare shapes, centers, and spreads, and mention any outliers. 10 8 Frequency 4 6 20 30 Frequency 20 20 10 10 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Maximum Speed of Men (mph) 0 80
2.66 Ideal Weight Thirty-nine students (26 women and 13 men)reported their ideal weight (in most cases, not their current weight).The tables show the data.Women 110 115 123 130 105 110 130 125 120 115 120 120 120 110 120 150 110 130 120 118 120 135 130 135 90 110 Men 160 130 220 175 190 190 135 170
2.65 Traffic Cameras College students Jeannette Mujica, Ricardo Ceja Zarate, and Jessica Cerda conducted a survey in Oxnard, California, of the number of cars going through a yellow light at intersections with and without traffic cameras that are used to automatically fine drivers who run red
2.64 Create a dotplot that has at least 10 observations and does not have skew.
2.63 Create a dotplot that has at least 10 observations and is rightskewed.
2.62 Opinions on Co-education People were asked whether they thought co-education is good or not. The graph shows results of two surveys, one done in 2012 and the other done in 2015. Yes means they believe co-education is good and No means they do not believe that. What does the graph tell us about
2.61 Position for Breathing The graph shows the results of a study done by Guerin et al. (2013) and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. Patients arriving at emergency rooms who were having trouble breathing were randomly assigned to lie on their backs (supine) or on their stomachs
2.60 Employment after Law School Accredited law schools were ranked from 1 for the best (Harvard) down to number 181 by the Internet Legal Research Group (ILRG). When you decide on a law school to attend, one of the things you might be interested in is whether, after graduation, you will be able to
2.59 Global Temperatures The histograms show the average global temperature per year for two 26-year ranges in degrees Fahrenheit. The range for 1880 to 1905 is on the top, and the range for 1980 to 2005 is on the bottom. Compare the two histograms for the two time periods, and explain what they
2.58 Running Speed A student was practicing for a track event and recorded the time taken (to complete running) in seconds. The times went from the best of 20 seconds to the worst of 75 seconds, as you can see in the stemplot. Suggest improvements to the histogram below generated by Excel, assuming
2.57 Hormone Replacement Therapy Again The bar chart shows a comparison of breast cancer rates for those who took HRT and those who took a placebo. Explain why the graph is deceptive, and indicate what could be done to make it less so. Number of Cases per 10,000 Women per Year 39 37 35 33 31 29 Bar
2.56 E-Commerce The bar graph shows information reported in tfour.me. For countries in the Middle East, the percentage of online purchase of goods and services and the percentage of people with access to the Internet are displayed.a. Which two countries in the Middle East have the largest
2.55 Hormone Replacement Therapy The use of the drug Prempro, a combination of two female hormones that many women take after menopause, is called hormone replacement therapy(HRT). In July 2002, a medical article reported the results of a study that was done to determine the effects of Prempro on
2.54 Skills A factory has vacancies for various posts. What type(s) of graph(s) would be appropriate to compare the distribution of jobs for skilled and unskilled if you had all of the data? Explain.Skilled Posts 0 Assistant 1 Welder 0 Storekeeper 1 Mechanic 1 Storekeeper
2.53 PlayStations The table shows the first few entries for the number of hours spent per week playing games on PlayStations by some eighth-grade students, stacked and coded, where 1 represents a boy and 0 represents a girl.What would be the appropriate graphs to compare the distributions of hours
2.52 Cell Phone Use Refer to the accompanying bar chart, which shows the time spent on a typical day talking on the cell phone for some men and women. Each person was asked to choose the one of four intervals that best fitted the amount of time they spent on the phone (for example, “0 to 4
2.51 Musicians Survey: StatCrunch Graph The accompanying graph is a special histogram with additional information; it was made using StatCrunch. People who studied music as children were asked how many hours a day they practiced when they were teenagers, and also whether they still play now that
2.50 Literacy and Age The graph shows the ages of literates(labeled 1) and illiterates (labeled 0) who are living in a particular village.a. Is this a histogram or a bar graph? How do you know?b. What type(s) of graph(s) would be more appropriate? 50 45 40 0 1 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 21 22 23 24 25
2.49 Pie Chart of Sleep Hours The pie chart reports the number of hours of sleep “last night” for 118 college students. What would be a better type of graph for displaying these data? Explain why this pie chart is hard to interpret. Number of Hours of Sleep Category 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
2.48 Complexion A girl has gathered data on self-perceived complexion types, where 1 represents dark, 2 represents medium, and 3 represents light. A graph of these data is shown. What type of graph would be a better choice to display these data, and why? 30 22 25 20 15 10 5 Frequency 0 1 2 3
2.47 Pantry The accompanying graph shows the distribution of data on whether offices in a district have pantries. (A 1 indicates the office has a pantry and 0 indicates it does not have a pantry). Is this a bar graph or a histogram? How could the graph be improved? Frequency 30 20 10 0 100 90 80 70
2.46 Adoptions The table gives information on the top five countries from which U.S. residents adopted children in 2007. Sketch an appropriate graph of the distribution, and comment on its important features. (Source: 2009 World Almanac and Book of Facts)Country Number China 5453 Guatemala 4728
2.45 Nobel Laureates The table gives information on Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Sketch an appropriate graph of the distribution, and comment on its important features.Category Percentage Literature 3%Science 84%Economics 11%Peace 2%
2.44 Retail Car Sales With gas prices rising, as they did between 1985 and 2007, you might expect people to move toward buying smaller cars. Compare the types of cars sold in 1985, 2000, and 2007 as shown in the figure. (Source: 2009 World Almanac and Book of Facts)a. Which type of car sold the
2.43 Age by Year (Example 9) The bar chart shows the projected percentage of U.S. residents in different age categories by year, according to the 2009 World Almanac and Book of Facts.a. Comment on the predicted changes from 2010 through to 2030. Which age groups are predicted to become larger,
2.42╇ Political Party Affiliation: Women╇ The 2012 General Social Survey (GSS) asked its respondents to report their political party affiliation. The graphs show the results for 1081 women.a. Which political affiliation has the most women?b. What political affiliation has the second
2.41╇ Political Party Affiliation: Men╇ The 2012 General Social Survey (GSS) asked its respondents to report their political party affiliation. The graphs show the results for 879 men.a. Which political affiliation has the most men?b. What political affiliation has the second highest
2.40╇ Marital Status╇ The graph shows the marital status of men and women in India according to Tables C2 and C14 of Census of India 2001.a. Which gender tends to have more widowed members? Explain.b. Which gender tends to have a low percentage of married people? Numbers 350000 300000
2.39╇ U.S. Distribution of Wealth (Example 8)╇ Michael Norton (of Harvard) and Dan Ariely (of Duke) did a survey reported in Harvard Magazine (Nov–Dec 2011). They asked respondents to estimate how much of the wealth is held by each quintile (fifth) of the people in the United
2.38╇ Change in Prices╇ According to worldbank.org, there were 12 countries that recorded the largest price change in wheat from June to December 2010. These are shown in the graph.a. Estimate how much price change happened in Bangladesh.b. Estimate how much price change happened in
2.37╇ Changing Multiple-Choice Answers When Told Not to Do So (Example 7)╇ One of the authors wanted to determine the effect of changing answers on multiple-choice tests. She studied the tests given by another professor, who had told his students before their exams that if they had
2.36╇ Fruits, Glucose╇ Data are available at a website on the weight of glucose in 84 different fruits. Make a histogram of the data, and describe that distribution. (Source: thepaleodiet.com)
2.35╇ Fruits, Sugar Data are available at a website on the weight of total sugar (in grams) per 100 grams of fruit for 84 different fruits. Make a histogram to show the distribution of the quantity of total sugar, and describe the distribution. The first few entries are shown in the
2.34╇ Text Messages╇ Recently, 115 users of StatCrunch were asked how many text messages they sent in one day. Make a histogram to display the distribution of the numbers of text �messages sent, and describe the distribution. Some sample data are shown. The full data set is at
2.33╇ Law School Tuition╇ Data are shown for the cost of one year of law school at 30 of the top law schools in the United States, in 2013. The numbers are in thousands of dollars. Make a histogram of the costs, and describe the distribution. If there are any outliers, identify the
2.30╇ Animal Gestation Periods╇ The accompanying table also shows the gestation period (in days) for some animals. The gestation period is the length of pregnancy. Graph the gestation period and describe the distribution. If there are any outliers, identify the animal(s) and give
2.29╇ Animal Longevity╇ The table below Exercise 2.30 shows the average lifespan for some mammals in years, according to infoplease.com. Graph these average lifespans and describe the distribution.What is a typical lifespan? Identify the three outliers and report their lifespans. If
2.28 SAT scores The table shows a random sample of 50 quantitative SAT scores of first-year students admitted at a university.Make an appropriate graph of the distribution of the data, and describe the distribution.649 557 734 653 652 538 674 705 729 737 672 583 729 677 618 662 692 692 672 624 669
2.27 Textbook Prices The table shows prices of 50 college textbooks in a community college bookstore, rounded to the nearest dollar. Make an appropriate graph of the distribution of the data, and describe the distribution.76 19 83 45 88 70 62 84 85 87 86 37 88 45 75 83 126 56 30 33 26 88 30 30 25
2.26 Comparing Weights of Baseball and Soccer Players College students Edward Lara and Anthony Dugas recorded the self-reported weights (in pounds) of some community college male baseball players and male soccer players. Write a brief comparison of the distributions of weights for the two
2.25 Eating Out and Jobs College student Jacqueline Loya asked students who had full-time jobs and students who had parttime jobs how many times they went out to eat in the last month.Briefly compare the distributions of the responses in the two groups. Include appropriate graphics. See page 100
2.24 Matching Match each description with the correct histogram(A through C).1. Running speed of 100 athletes who are participating in Olympics.2. Hemoglobin count of around 1000 students, about half of whom are boys and half of whom are girls.3. Ages of all 50 students in a college class that is
2.23╇ Matching╇ Match each description with the correct histogram(A through C).1. Shoe size of employees in an office that contains about equal numbers of men and women.2. Number of working hours the previous week in the same office.3. Time taken to reach office by a car. Frequency
2.22╇ Matching Histograms╇ Match each of the following histograms to the current situation.1. An easy question attempted first by students in an exam.2. The number of hours of practice by players of a national team.3. The age of a large, typical group of tenth-grade students.
2.21╇ Matching Histograms╇ Match each of the following histograms to the correct situation.1. Ages of graduates pursuing higher education in business management.2. Semester (1 = First Semester, 2 = Second Semester, 3 = Third Semester, and 4 = Fourth Semester) of graduates studying
2.20╇ Hours Worked╇ In the 2012 General Social Survey, 636 male paid employees and 537 female paid employees were asked how many hours they worked in the last week. (Those who said, “I don’t know” or “I don’t work” were not included in the data set.)Compare the
2.19 Years of Education The GSS asked people how many years of education they had and how many years their mothers had.If people who responded to the survey (respondents) completed high school but had no further education, they reported 12 years of education. If they stopped after a bachelor’s
2.18 Siblings The histogram shows the distribution of the numbers of siblings (brothers and sisters) for 2000 adults surveyed in the 2012 General Social Survey.a. Describe the shape of the distribution.b. What is the typical number of siblings, approximately?c. About how many people in this survey
2.17 Education (Example 6) In 2012, the General Social Survey (GSS), a national survey conducted nearly every year, reported the number of years of formal education for 2018 people.The histogram shows the distribution of data.a. Describe and interpret the distribution of years of formal
2.15╇ Printing Times (Example 5)╇ Use the histograms to compare the time spent in getting a final copy of a letter typed on a typewriter with the time spent on getting a copy of the same letter typed on a computer and then printed. Which method typically takes longer? Which group has
2.14╇ Exercise Minutes╇ From the histogram shown in Exercise 2.4, what is the typical number of exercise minutes for these women?
2.13╇ When Billionaires Made Their First Million (Example 4)From the histogram in Exercise 2.3, approximately what is a typical age of a billionaire in this sample?
2.12╇ Tuition╇ The distribution of in-state annual tuition for all colleges and universities in the United States is bimodal. What is one possible reason for this bimodality?
2.11╇ Armspans (Example 3)╇ According to the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, a person’s armspan (the distance from fingertip to fingertip with the arms stretched wide) is approximately equal to his or her height. For example, people 5 feet tall tend to have an armspan of 5 feet.
2.10╇ Penalty Predict the shape of the distribution of the number of times a group of 300 employees has been fined for coming in late over one week.
2.9╇ Practice Hours (Example 2)╇ A coach asks 50 football players how many hours they practiced a day before the match.Predict the shape of the distribution and explain.
2.8╇ Condo Rental╇ The dotplot shows rental prices per month for condos listed in three cities. The prices were obtained from Zillow.com.a. Center: Which city typically has the lowest rents?b. Spread: Which city has the greatest spread?c. Shape: What is the direction of skew for the
2.7╇ Shoes╇ The graph is a dotplot of the number of pairs of shoes owned by men and women who took a survey on StatCrunch.(Source: StatCrunch Responses to Shoe Survey. Owner: scsurvey)a. Shape: What is the shape of each dotplot?b. Center: Is it the males or the females who typically
2.6╇ TV Time╇ The histogram shows the distribution of selfreported numbers of hours of watching TV per weekend for 60 eighth-grade students. This graph uses a right-hand rule: Someone who watched TV for exactly 4 hours would be in the second bin, the bin to the right of 4.a. According
2.5╇ Paper Shredders (Example 1)╇ The histogram shows the distribution of the number of paper shredders in the offices of 120 lawyers.a. According to the histogram, about how many offices do not have a paper shredder?b. How many paper shredders are in the offices that have the most
2.4╇ Exercise Minutes╇ The relative frequency histogram shows the average number of minutes spent on exercising (Exercise Minutes)per day reported as experienced “last month” for 50 working women.*a. About how many women had 30 or fewer minutes of exercise per day?b. The graph is
2.3╇ When Billionaires Made Their First Million╇ The histogram shows frequencies for the ages of 17 billionaires when they made their first million listed at inc.com. Convert this histogram to one showing relative frequencies by relabeling the vertical axis, with the appropriate
2.2╇ Cholesterol Levels╇ The dotplot shows the cholesterol level of 93 adults from the 2010 NHANES data.a. A total cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) or more is considered unhealthy. Report the number of people in this group with unhealthy cholesterol levels.b.
2.1╇ Body Mass Index╇ The dotplot shows body mass index(BMI) for 134 people according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2010, as reported in USA Today.a. A BMI of more than 40 is considered morbidly obese. Report the number of morbidly obese shown in
1.62╇ Brief Exercise and Diabetes╇ As part of a study, sixteen young men performed high-intensity exercise that totaled only 15 minutes in a two-week period. At the end of two weeks, several(but not all) tests for diabetes, such as an insulin sensitivity test, showed improvement. Do
1.61╇ Death Row and Head Trauma╇ A study conducted by Lewis et al. in 1986 looked at 14 juveniles awaiting execution. They found that 57% (8 of the 14) had had a serious brain injury. Can we conclude that head trauma causes bad behavior later in life?What primary factor is not present
1.60╇ HIV-1 and HIV-2╇ Does infection with HIV-2 slow the progression to AIDS for those with HIV-1? A blood test is used to determine whether a person is infected with HIV. If a person has AIDS, it means the person is experiencing symptoms that result from the HIV infection. (It is
1.59╇ Medicaid Expansion╇ Medicaid is a program administered by the states that provides medical help to low-income residents.Read the extract given, and then answer the questions that follow it.(Source: Sommers et al., Mortality and access to care among adults after state Medicaid
1.58╇Writing: Strokes╇ People who have had strokes are often put on “blood thinners” such as aspirin or Coumadin to help prevent a second stroke. Describe the design of a controlled experiment to determine whether aspirin or Coumadin works better in preventing second strokes.
1.57╇Writing: Vitamin D╇ Describe the design of a controlled experiment to determine whether the use of vitamin D supplements reduces the chance of broken bones in women with osteoporosis(weak bones). Assume you have 200 women with osteoporosis to work with. Your description should
1.56╇ Scorpion Antivenom╇ A study was done on children(6 months to 18 years of age) who had (nonlethal) scorpion stings.Each child was randomly assigned to receive an experimental anti-venom or a placebo. Good results were no symptoms after four hours. Make a summary of the data in
1.55╇ Probation╇ A statistics student conducted a study on young male and female criminals 15 years of age and under who were on probation. The purpose of the study was to see whether there was an association between type of crime and gender. The subjects of the study lived in Ventura
1.54╇ Coffee and Prostate Cancer╇ The September 2011 issue of the Berkeley Wellness Letter said that coffee reduces the chance of prostate cancer. A study of 48,000 male health care professionals showed that those consuming the most coffee (six or more cups per day) had a 60% reduced
1.53╇ Obesity and Marital Status╇ A 2009 study analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.Participants were studied into adulthood. Each study participant was categorized as to whether they were obese or not and whether they were dating, cohabiting, or
1.52╇ Scared Straight╇ The idea of sending delinquents to“Scared Straight” programs has appeared recently in several media programs (such as Dr. Phil) and on a program called Beyond Scared Straight. So it seems appropriate to look at a randomized experiment from the past. In 1983,
1.51╇ Effects of Light Exposure (Example 9)╇ A study carried out by Baturin and colleagues looked at the effects of light on female mice. Fifty mice were randomly assigned to a regimen of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark (LD), while another fifty mice were assigned to 24 hours
1.50╇ Does Sleep Deprivation Make You Fat?╇ The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (June 2011) suggested that reduction in sleep increases energy and fat intakes. Is this likely to be a conclusion from observational studies or randomized experiments? Can we conclude that sleeping
1.49╇ Vitamin C and Allergies (Example 8)╇ Posted at the Mayo Clinic’s website was information on the use of vitamin C for breast-feeding mothers. The children whose mothers had chosen to take high doses of vitamin C had a 30% lower risk of developing allergies. Can you conclude
1.48╇ Effect of Confederates on Compliance╇ A study was conducted to see whether participants would ignore a sign that said, “Elevator may stick between floors. Use the stairs.” The study was done at a university dorm on the ground floor of a three-level building. Those who used
1.47╇ Flu Vaccine╇ In the fall of 2004, there was a shortage in flu vaccine in the United States after it was discovered that vaccines from one of the manufacturers were contaminated. The New England Journal of Medicine reported on a study that was done to see whether a smaller dose
1.46╇ Breast Cancer╇ Two drugs were tested to see whether they helped women who had breast cancer without lymph node involvement. The drugs are called TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) and FAC (fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide).About half of the 1060
1.45╇ Do Pesticides Cause Parkinson’s Disease?╇ A study by Pezzoli and Cereda was reported in Neurology, May 28, 2013.The report said that the use of pesticides is associated with the development of Parkinson’s disease, which is a neurological disease that causes people to shake.
1.44╇ Stress Management Study╇ A group of working middleaged men are asked to participate in a stress management study.Participants are allowed to choose whether they want to try daily meditation or follow a daily exercise routine. Half of the people choose meditation, and the other
1.43╇ Copper Bracelets (Example 7)╇ Some people believe that wearing copper bracelets is a good treatment for arthritis of the hand. To test this belief, suppose you recruit 100 people and supply them all with copper bracelets. After the patients wear the bracelets for a month, you
1.42╇ Pneumonia Vaccine for Young Children╇ A study reported by Griffin et al. compared the rate of pneumonia in 1997–1999 before pneumonia vaccine (PCV7) was introduced and in 2007–2009 after pneumonia vaccine was introduced. Read the excerpts from the abstract, and answer the
1.41╇ Early Tonsillectomy for Children (Example 6)╇ Marcus reported on a study that treated children who had sleep apnea. Sleep apnea interferes with breathing while the child is asleep. Read the excerpts from the abstract, and answer the questions that follow it.(Adenotonsillectomy
1.40╇Weight Loss╇ A health instructor, who believes that weight training is better than cardio for weight loss, divides a bunch of obese people into two groups: one group is assigned to weight training while the other is assigned to cardio. After six months, the participants are
1.39╇ Effects of Audio-visual Education on Grades╇ A group of educators wants to determine the effectiveness of multimedia tools in raising students’ grades. So they gave the students an option to choose a class with audio-visual tools or one without any. Then they conducted a test
1.38╇ A researcher was interested in the effect of chamomile tea on sleep. He compared a group of middle-aged women who drink chamomile tea each night to those who do not. He observed their moods in the morning to determine whether or not chamomile tea was effective in improving the quality
1.37╇ A researcher was interested in the effect of physical education on the mental alertness in school children. She assigned students of one class to attend a physical education session in the morning while students in the other class attended a science class. The researcher then asked
1.36╇ A group of children is randomly divided into two groups. One group plays outdoor games in the evening for one hour, and the other group plays indoor games for one hour. After six months, the two groups are compared to see the effects of outdoor playing versus indoor playing on their
1.35╇ A large IT firm provides the option of flexible work hours to its employees. The head of each department compares the productivity of employees who start working in the morning to those who start working in the afternoon to determine whether those who come to work early are more
1.34╇ Medical records of patients who smoked are examined to see whether those who quit smoking show improvement in lung function test results in comparison to those who did not.
1.33╇ A dietician observed for a week whether employees in a random office added sugar or sugar substitute to their coffee.
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