New Semester
Started
Get
50% OFF
Study Help!
--h --m --s
Claim Now
Question Answers
Textbooks
Find textbooks, questions and answers
Oops, something went wrong!
Change your search query and then try again
S
Books
FREE
Study Help
Expert Questions
Accounting
General Management
Mathematics
Finance
Organizational Behaviour
Law
Physics
Operating System
Management Leadership
Sociology
Programming
Marketing
Database
Computer Network
Economics
Textbooks Solutions
Accounting
Managerial Accounting
Management Leadership
Cost Accounting
Statistics
Business Law
Corporate Finance
Finance
Economics
Auditing
Tutors
Online Tutors
Find a Tutor
Hire a Tutor
Become a Tutor
AI Tutor
AI Study Planner
NEW
Sell Books
Search
Search
Sign In
Register
study help
business
essential statistics
Understanding Statistics In The Behavioral Sciences 10th Edition Robert R Pagano - Solutions
11. A sample set of 30 scores has a mean equal to 82 and a standard deviation of 12. Can we reject the hypothesis that this sample is a random sample from a normal population with 85? Use 0.012 tail in making your decision. other
10. For the same set of sample scores, is the 99% confi dence interval for the population mean greater or smaller than the 95% confi dence interval? Does this make sense? Explain.
9. If the sample correlation coeffi cient has a value different from zero (e.g., r 0.45), this automatically means that the correlation in the population is also different from zero. Is this statement correct?Explain.
8. Explain why df N – 1 when the t test is used with single samples.
7. Which of the following two statements is technically more correct? (1) We are 95% confi dent that the population mean lies in the interval 80–90, or (2) We are 95% confi dent that the interval 80–90 contains the population mean. Explain.
6. Explain in a short paragraph why the z test is more powerful than the t test.
5. Discuss the similarities and differences between the z and t tests.
4. What are the assumptions underlying the proper use of the t test?
3. Elaborate on what is meant by degrees of freedom.Use an example.
2. Assuming the assumptions underlying the t test are met, what are the characteristics of the sampling distribution of t?
1. Defi ne each of the terms in the Important New Terms section.
25. A physical education professor believes that exercise can slow the aging process. For the past 10 years, he has been conducting an exercise class for 14 individuals who are currently 50 years old.Normally, as one ages, maximum oxygen consumption decreases. The national norm for maximum oxygen
24. In Practice Problem 12.2 (p. 316), we presented data testing a new gasoline additive. A large number of mileage measurements on the gasoline without the additive showed a mean of 24.7 miles per gallon and a standard deviation of 4.8. An experiment was performed in which 75 cars were tested
23. An automotive engineer believes that her newly designed engine will be a great gas saver. A large number of tests on engines of the old design yielded a mean gasoline consumption of 27.5 miles per gallon, with a standard deviation of 5.2. Fifteen new engines are tested. The mean gasoline
22. A professor has been teaching statistics for many years. His records show that the overall mean for fi nal exam scores is 82, with a standard deviation of 10. The professor believes that this year’s class is superior to his previous ones. The mean for fi nal exam scores for this year’s
21. On the basis of her newly developed technique, a student believes she can reduce the amount of time schizophrenics spend in an institution. As director of training at a nearby institution, you agree to let her try her method on 20 schizophrenics, randomly sampled from your institution. The mean
20. A set of sample scores from an experiment has an N 30 and an Xobt 19.a. Can we reject the null hypothesis that the sample is a random sample from a normal population with 22 and 8? Use 0.011 tail. Assume the sample mean is in the correct direction.b. What is the power of the
19. Is it reasonable to consider a sample of 40 scores with Xobt 65 to be a random sample from a population of scores that is normally distributed, with 60 and 10? Use 0.052 tail in making your decision.other
18. If a population of raw scores is normally distributed and has a mean 80 and a standard deviation 8, determine the parameters (X and X) of the sampling distribution of the mean for the following sample sizes.a. N 16b. N 35c. N 50d. Explain what happens as N gets larger. other
17. Given the population set of scores 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,a. Determine the sampling distribution of the mean for sample sizes of 2. Assume sampling is one at a time, with replacement.b. Demonstratet hat X .c. Demonstrate t hat X s1N.
16. How does increasing the N of an experiment affect the following?a. Powerb. Betac. Alphad. Size of real effect
15. Explain what happens to the power of the z test when each of the following variables increases.a. Nb. Alphal evelc. Size of real effect of the independent variabled.
14. Defi ne power, both conceptually and mathematically.
13. If the assumptions underlying the z test are met, what are the characteristics of the sampling distribution of z?
12. When using the z test, why is it important that the sampling distribution of the mean be normally distributed?
11. Is the shape of the sampling distribution of the mean always the same as the shape of the null-hypothesis population? Explain.
10. Why should X ?
9. Explain why X should vary directly with and inversely with N.
8. How do each of the following differ?a. s and sXb. s2 and 2c. and Xd. and X
7. Explain why the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is sometimes referred to as the “standard error of the mean.”
6. What are the characteristics of the sampling distribution of the mean?
5. What are the assumptions underlying the use of the z test?
4. What are the two basic steps used when analyzing data?
3. How are sampling distributions generated using the empirical sampling approach?
2. Why is the sampling distribution of a statistic important to be able to use the statistic in hypothesis testing?Explain in a short paragraph.
1. Defi ne each of the terms in the Important New Terms section.
1. Astrology and Sciencea. If you were a physician, would you continue to prescribe nitrates to heart attack patients? Why or why not?b. Is it really true that the early clinical trials are an example of Type I error, as suggested by Dr. Peto?Discuss.c. Will larger and larger clinical trials
12. In Chapter 10, Practice Problem 10.2 (p. 262), an experiment was conducted to determine whether watching a particular TV program resulted in increased violence in teenagers. In that experiment, 15 subjects were run with each subject serving in an experimental and control condition. The sign
11. A psychiatrist is planning an experiment to determine whether stimulus isolation affects depression.Eighteen subjects will be run in a repeated measures design. The data will be analyzed with the sign test, using 0.052 tail. Each subject will receive two conditions: condition 1, one week of
10. In Chapter 10, Problem 12 (p. 274), what is the power of the experiment to detect a medium effect such that Preal 0.70? I/O
9. A researcher is going to conduct an experiment to determine whether one night’s sleep loss affects performance. Assume the requirements are met for a directional alternative hypothesis. Fourteen subjects will be run in a repeated measures design.The data will be analyzed with the sign test,
8. In Chapter 10, Problem 10 (p. 273), a new teaching method was evaluated. Twenty pairs of subjects were run in a repeated measures design. The results were in favor of the new method but did not reach signifi cance (H0 was not rejected) using the sign test with 0.051 tail. In trying to
7. You are considering testing a new drug that is supposed to facilitate learning in mentally retarded children.Because there is relatively little known about the drug, you plan to use a nondirectional alternative hypothesis. Your resources are limited, so you can test only 15 subjects. The
6. Using and , explain how we can maximize the probability of correctly concluding from an experiment, regardless of whether H0 is true or false. As part of your explanation, choose values for and and determine the probability of correctly concluding when H0 is true and when H0 is false.
5. In computing power, why do we always compute the sample outcomes that will allow rejection of H0?
4. In hypothesis-testing experiments, is it ever correct to conclude that the independent variable has had no effect? Explain.
3. In hypothesis testing experiments, why is the conclusion“We retain H0” preferable to “We accept H0 as true”?
2. In what two situations is a power analysis especially useful? Explain.
1. What is power? How is it defi ned?
4. Anecdotal Reports Versus Systematic Research After reading this What is the Truth? section, if you were asked if secretin has a benefi cial effect on autism, how would you answer? Would you be satisfi ed with anecdotal reports? Would negative results from systematic research satisfy you? How can
3. “No Product Is Better Than Our Product”If you read an advertisement that states, “No other competitor’s product is superior to ours” and the advertisement does not show comparative data, what is most likely the true state of affairs regarding the competitor’s and the advertiser’s
2. Chance or Real Effect? 2 When we reject the null hypothesis, it is possible we made a Type I error. How can we reduce the probability of making a Type I error by manipulating the alpha level? Explain.
1. Chance or Real Effect?The main question to be answered is, “In the population, is there a preference for Coke or for Pepsi?”As a budding statistician, design an experiment that will answer this question and at the same time eliminate glass-preference as a possible explanation.Use the
13. A researcher is interested in determining whether acupuncture affects pain tolerance. An experiment is performed in which 15 students are randomly chosen from a large pool of university undergraduate volunteers.Each subject serves in two conditions. In both conditions, each subject receives a
12. A leading toothpaste manufacturer advertises that, in a recent medical study, 70% of the people tested had brighter teeth after using its toothpaste (called Very Bright) as compared to using the leading competitor’s brand (called Brand X). The advertisement continues,“Therefore, use Very
11. A physiologist believes that the hormone angiotensin II is important in regulating thirst. To investigate this belief, she randomly samples 16 rats from the vivarium of the drug company where she works and places them in individual cages with free access to food and water. After they have grown
10. A school principal is interested in a new method for teaching eighth-grade social studies, which he believes will increase the amount of material learned. To test this method, the principal conducts the following experiment. The eighth-grade students in the school district are grouped into
9. A primatologist believes that rhesus monkeys possess curiosity. She reasons that, if this is true, then they should prefer novel stimulation to repetitive stimulation.An experiment is conducted in which 12 rhesus monkeys are randomly selected from the university colony and taught to press two
8. What considerations go into determining the best alpha level to use? Discuss.
7. Discuss the difference between “signifi cant” and“important.” Include “effect size” in your discussion.
6. If the obtained probability in an experiment equals 0.0200, does this mean that the probability that H0 is true equals 0.0200? Explain.
5. Under what conditions is it legitimate to use a directional H1? Why is it not legitimate to use a directional H1 just because the experimenter has a “hunch” about the direction?
4. Does the null hypothesis for a nondirectional H1 differ from the null hypothesis for a directional H1?Explain.
3. Explain in your own words why it is important to know the possible errors we might make when rejecting or failing to reject the null hypothesis.
2. Briefl y describe the process involved in hypothesis testing. Be sure to include the alternative hypothesis, the null hypothesis, the decision rule, the possible type of error, and the population to which the results can be generalized.
1. Briefl y defi ne or explain each of the terms in the Important New Terms section.
22. A large bowl contains 1 million marbles. Half of the marbles have a plus () painted on them and the other half have a minus (–).a. If you randomly sample 10 marbles, one at a time with replacement from the bowl, what is the probability you will select 9 marbles with pluses and 1 with a
21. In your town, the number of individuals voting in the next election is 800. Of those voting, 600 are Republicans. If you randomly sample 60 individuals, one at a time, from the voting population, what is the probability there will be 42 or more Republicans in the sample? Assume the probability
20. Twenty students living in a college dormitory participated in a taste contest between the two leading colas.a. If there really is no preference, what is the probability that all 20 would prefer Brand X to Brand Y?b. If there really is no preference, what is the probability that at least 17
19. At your university, 30% of the undergraduates are from out of state. If you randomly select eight of the undergraduates, what is the probability thata. All are from within the state?b. All are from out of state?c. Exactly two are from within the state?d. At least fi ve are from within the
18. In your voting district, 25% of the voters are against a particular bill and the rest favor it. If you randomly poll four voters from your district, what is the probability thata. None will favor the bill?b. All will favor the bill?c. At least one will be against the bill? I/O
17. Assume that 15% of the population is left-handed and the remainder is right-handed (there are no ambidextrous individuals). If you stop the next fi ve people you meet, what is the probability thata. All will be left-handed?b. All will be right-handed?c. Exactly two will be left-handed?d. At
16. A manufacturer of valves admits that its quality control has gone radically “downhill” such that currently the probability of producing a defective valve is 0.50.If it manufactures 1 million valves in a month and you randomly sample from these valves 10,000 samples, each composed of 15
15. Let’s assume you are an avid horse racing fan. You are at the track and there are eight races. On this day, the horses and their riders are so evenly matched that chance alone determines the fi nishing order for each race. There are 10 horses in every race. If, on each race, you bet on one
14. You are interested in determining whether a particular child can discriminate the color green from blue. Therefore, you show the child fi ve wooden blocks. The blocks are identical except that two are green and three are blue. You randomly arrange the blocks in a row and ask him to pick out a
13. A student is taking a multiple-choice exam with 16 questions. Each question has fi ve alternatives. If the student guesses on 12 of the questions, what is the probability she will guess at least 8 correct? Assume all of the alternatives are equally likely for each question on which the student
12. A student is taking a true/false exam with 15 questions.If he guesses on each question, what is the probability he will get at least 13 questions correct?education
11. A key shop advertises that the keys made there have a P 0.90 of working effectively. If you bought 10 keys from the shop, what is the probability that all of the keys would work effectively?
10. Thirty biased coins are fl ipped once. The coins are weighted so that the probability of a head with any coin is 0.40. What is the probability of getting at least 16 heads?
9. Someone fl ips 15 biased coins once. The coins are weighted such that the probability of a head with any coin is 0.85.a. What is the probability of getting exactly 14 heads?b. What is the probability of getting at least 14 heads?c. What is the probability of getting exactly 3 tails?
8. An individual fl ips nine fair coins. If she allows only a head or a tail with each coin,a. What is the probability they all will fall heads?b. What is the probability there will be seven or more heads?c. What is the probability there will be a result as extreme as or more extreme than seven
7. Using Table B, if N 20 and P 0.20,a. What is the probability of getting exactly two P events?b. What is the probability of getting two or fewer P events?c. What is the probability of getting a result as extreme as or more extreme than two P events?
6. Using Table B, if N 14 and P 0.70,a. What is the probability of getting exactly 13 P events?b. What is the probability of getting at least 13 P events?c. What is the probability of getting a result as extreme as or more extreme than 13 P events?
5. Using Table B, if N 12 and P 0.50,a. What is the probability of getting exactly 10 P events?b. What is the probability of getting 11 or 12 P events?c. What is the probability of getting at least 10 P events?d. What is the probability of getting a result as extreme as or more extreme than 10
4. Using Table B, if N 6 and P 0.40,a. The probability of getting exactly fi ve events .b. This probability comes from evaluating which of the terms in the following equation?P6 6P5Q 15P 4Q2 20P3Q3 15P2Q4 6PQ5 Q6c. Evaluate the term(s) of your answer in part b using P 0.40 and
3. In a binomial situation, if P 0.10, Q .
2. What are the fi ve conditions necessary for the binomial distribution to be appropriate?
1. Briefl y defi ne or explain each of the terms in the Important New Terms section.
3. A Sample of a Samplea. Given that many of the polls taken on TV or Facebook or the Internet are admittedly not scientifi c, do they have any value? What are the limitations of such polls?b. Give an example of an unscientifi c poll that you believe was valuable. Discuss.c. In exit polls taken in
2. Sperm Count Decline: Male or Sampling Inadequacy?a. Why might it be important to use samples from randomly selected men rather than from men who deposit their sperm at a sperm bank?b. Why might large week-to-week variability in sperm counts and sperm quality complicate interpretation of the data?
1. ‘Not Guilty, I’m a Victim of Coincidence’: Gutsy Plea or Truth?a. What do you think of using statistics to mete out justice? Is it appropriate? Discuss.b. Assuming the actual probability was in fact 0.0069, do you think the judge was right in acquitting the defendant? Discuss.c. Give one
30. If you are randomly sampling two scores one at a time with replacement from a population comprising the scores 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, what is the probability thata. The mean of the sample (X–) will equal 6.0?
29. An instructor at the U.S. Navy’s underwater demolition school believes he has developed a new technique for staying under water longer. The school commandant gives him permission to try his technique with a student who has been randomly selected from the current class. As part of their
28. An ethologist is interested in how long it takes a certain species of water shrew to catch its prey. On 20 occasions each day, he lets a dragonfl y loose inside the cage of a shrew and times how long it takes until the shrew catches the dragonfl y. After months of research, the ethologist
27. Assume we are still dealing with the population of Problem 24. If, instead of randomly sampling from the population, the single score was sampled, using a nonrandom process, would that affect any of the answers to Problem 24 parta, b, or c? Explain.other
26. A standardized test measuring mathematics profi -ciency in sixth graders is administered nationally.The results show a normal distribution of scores, with 50 and 5.8. If one score is randomly sampled from this population, what is the probability it will bea. Higher than 62?b. Between 40
25. Assume the IQ scores of the students at your university are normally distributed, with 115 and 8.If you randomly sample one score from this distribution, what is the probability it will bea. Higher than 130?b. Between 110 and 125?c. Lower than 100? cognitive
24. A distribution of scores is normally distributed with a mean 85 and a standard deviation 4.6. If one score is randomly sampled from the distribution, what is the probability that it will bea. Greater than 96?b. Between 90 and 97?c. Less than 88? other
23. Given a population comprising 30 bats, 15 gloves, and 60 balls, if sampling is random and one at a time without replacement,a. What is the probability of obtaining a glove if one object is sampled from the population?b. What is the probability of obtaining a bat and a ball in that order if two
22. A state lottery is paying $1 million to the holder of the ticket with the correct eight-digit number. Tickets cost $1 apiece. If you buy one ticket, what is the probability you will win? Assume there is only one ticket for each possible eight-digit number and the winning number is chosen by a
Showing 1700 - 1800
of 2398
First
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Step by Step Answers
Get 50% OFF
Claim Now
