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Financial Management For Decision Makers 9th Edition Peter Atrill - Solutions
S. Saluja (Property Developers) Ltd intends to bid at an auction, to be held today, for a large town house that has fallen into disrepair. The auctioneer believes that the house will be sold for about £450,000. The business wishes to renovate the property and divide it into studio apartments to be
Helena Chocolate Products Ltd is considering the introduction of a new chocolate bar into its range of chocolate products. The new chocolate bar will require the purchase of a new piece of equipment costing £30,000 which will have no other use and no residual value on completion of the project.
Explain why the standard deviation may be useful in measuring risk. Under what circumstances might the standard deviation fail to be a reliable measure of risk?
Patel Properties Ltd has the opportunity to acquire a lease on a block of apartments that has only two years remaining before it expires. The cost of the lease would be £1,000,000. The occupancy rate of the block of apartments is currently around 70 per cent and the apartments are let almost
What is the NPV for Machine B over the six-year period? Which machine is the better buy?
Devonia (Laboratories) Ltd has recently carried out successful clinical trials on a new type of skin cream, which has been developed to reduce the effects of ageing. Research and development costs incurred to date for the new product amount to £190,000. To gauge the market potential of the new
Use the table provided in Appendix B to calculate the equivalent annual annuity for each machine referred to in Example5.2. Which machine is the better buy?Data from Example5.2Khan Engineering Ltd has the opportunity to invest in two competing machines. Details of each machine are as
Zeta Computing Services Ltd has recently produced some software for a client organisation. The software has a life of two years and will then become obsolete. The cost of developing the software was £60,000. The client organisation has agreed to pay a licence fee of £80,000 a year for the
Frank N. Stein plc has the opportunity to invest in two investment projects in Transylvania. The possible outcomes from each project will depend on whether the ruling party of the country wins or loses the next election. (For the sake of simplicity, we shall assume the ruling party will either win
What are the possible benefits of delaying an investment decision?
Plato Pharmaceuticals Ltd has invested £500,000 to date in developing a new type of insect repellent. The repellent is now ready for production and sale, and the marketing director estimates that the product will sell 150,000 bottles a year over the next five years. The selling price of the insect
Why is inflation likely to have a differing effect on the various items making up the net cash flow of a business?
A business has the opportunity to invest £12 million immediately in new plant and equipment in order to produce a new product. The product will sell at £80 per unit and it is estimated that 200,000 units of the product can be sold in each of the next four years. Variable costs are £56 a unit and
Try to draw a graph that plots the utility of wealth against wealth for an individual who is indifferent to risk. Explain the shape of the graph line.
Kernow Ltd provides street-cleaning services for a small town. The work is currently labour intensive and few machines are employed. However, the business has recently been considering the purchase of a fleet of street-cleaning vehicles at a total cost of £540,000. The vehicles have a life of four
Ukon Ltd is considering two competing projects. Details of each project are as follows:Project A has a 0.8 probability of producing a negative NPV of £500,000, a 0.1 probability of producing a positive NPV of £1.0 million, and a 0.1 probability of producing a positive NPV of £5.5 million.Project
Draw a graph plotting the utility of wealth against wealth for an individual who is risk seeking, and explain the shape of the graph line.
Suppose the returns from Project Y had a perfect negative correlation with those of ProjectX. Draw a graph depicting the relationship between the two projects.
Should the managers of a business seek project diversification as their main objective?
Bellona Ltd is a small business that produces a single product – a thermostat that is used in a range of kitchen appliances. Information relating to the thermostat is as follows:All sales are made to kitchen goods manufacturers on credit. Bellona Ltd divides its customers into three separate
Why might a business decide to repay long-term loan capital earlier than the specified repayment date?
Balliol Ltd produces a tracking device that can be attached to bicycles. The device is designed to help locate the whereabouts of stolen bicycles and is sold to wholesalers and retailers throughout the UK. The following sales and cost data relating to the tracking device has been produced by the
Under what circumstances might a business wish to avoid paying a dividend?
‘Convertible loan notes are really a form of delayed equity.’ Do you agree? Discuss.
Abyss plc intends to make a 1 for 4 bonus issue of ordinary shares. What will be the effect of this issue on the business’s:(i) Financial gearing, (ii) Earnings per share, (iii) Liquidity, and finally on (iv) Shareholder wealth?
Would you expect the market price of ordinary shares, or of preference shares, to be the more volatile? Why?
Telford Engineers plc, a medium-sized manufacturer of automobile components, has decided to modernise its factory by introducing a number of robots. These will cost £20million and will reduce operating costs by £6 million a year for their estimated useful life of 10 years starting next year
Rashford plc intends to raise £45 million to launch an advertising campaign for a new product. To raise this amount, its senior management team has decided that a loan for a one-year period should be agreed. This loan will become part of an extensive debt portfolio held by the business. What
Can you think of a reason why a business may prefer a floating charge rather than a fixed charge on its assets?
Would you expect the returns from loans to be higher or lower than those from preference shares?
What factors might a business take into account when deciding between preference shares and loans as a means of raising new finance? Try to think of at least two.
Does it really matter if the loan notes of a business are downgraded to a lower category?
Why do you think the value of fixed-interest loan notes will rise and fall with rises and falls in interest rates?
Under what circumstances will the holders of share warrants exercise their option to buy?
What action might managers have to take in order to meet the borrowing commitments?
Can you think of circumstances where managers may welcome the opportunity to take on higher gearing?
Some high-street retailers may well regret sale-and-leaseback arrangements made in earlier years. Can you think why?
What advantages do you see, from both a buyer and supplier perspective, of drawing up a bill of exchange?
Why do you think the service charge for factoring is higher than for invoice discounting?
Rusli Ltd provides a car valet service for car-hire businesses when their cars are returned from hire. Details of the service costs are as follows:Sales revenue is £10 million a year and is all on credit. The average credit period taken by Rusli Ltd’s customers is 45 days, although the terms of
Why shouldn’t the managers simply release any inside information to the market to allow the share price to rise and so make it possible to issue shares at a fair price? Try to think of one reason.
Comment on each of the following statements.(a) A stock market that is efficient in the strong form is one in which investors cannot make any gains from their investment.(b) Private-equity firms are not interested in investing in business start-ups.(c) Short-term behaviour by investors is
Could listed businesses also benefit by the Stock Exchange making it easier for investors to sell their securities? If so, how?
UK private-equity firms have been criticised for the low level of funding invested in business start-ups by comparison with the levels invested by their US counterparts. Can you think of possible reasons why such a difference may exist?
Consider each of the following.1. An investor expects to make abnormal gains on her stock market investments by analysing published annual reports, relevant newspaper articles, industry reports and published share prices.2. Dorsal plc, a business listed on the London Stock Exchange, received a
How would you define the ‘true worth’ of a share?
Explain the role that investment analysts and investors play in creating an efficient stock market. Can you see a paradox in their behaviour?
Provide two reasons why:(a) Tax incentives may have only limited value in stimulating greater investment by business angels.(b) Business angels can be an attractive source of finance to entrepreneurs.(c) Business angels may find it difficult being part of an angel syndicate in order to finance a
Can you explain why the relationship between the various forms of market efficiency described above should be the case?
The board of directors of Beton Ltd are considering the use of private equity finance to help fund the next stage of development. What should the board take into consideration before going down this route?
Thermia Ltd is a family-owned business that produces packaged foods for supermarkets. The family has recently lost interest in the business and has indicated a willingness to sell. The senior managers of the business have decided to make an offer to the family to buy the business and have
Dornier plc is a large civil engineering business that is listed on the Stock Exchange. On 1 May it received a confidential letter stating that it had won a large building contract from an overseas government. The new contract is expected to increase the profits of the business by a substantial
If share prices follow a random pattern, does this not mean that the market is acting in an irrational (and inefficient) manner?
Why might managers who accept that the market is efficient, at least in the semi-strong form, be justified in delaying the issue of new shares until what they believe will be a more appropriate time?
Can you suggest why, in the UK, April may provide better returns than other months of the year?
What consequences may arise from investors displaying irrational behaviour when buying and selling shares?
Can you think of at least two advantages of syndication for a business angel?
What other motive may a business angel have for contributing to the business?
Riphean plc and Silurian plc are two businesses operating in different industries. They are both financed by a mixture of ordinary share and loan capital and both are seeking to derive the cost of capital for investment decision-making purposes. The following information is available concerning the
What adverse consequences might result from incorrectly calculating the cost of capital?
Hackney Wholesalers plc is about to embark on an expansion programme that will have a significant impact on the size and nature of the business in forthcoming years. As at 31 July Year 6, the business has the following capital structure:The ordinary shares have a current market value of £2.80 and
Portby Potassium plc began issuing a dividend at the end of the first year of trading. The first dividend paid was 10 pence per share. Dividends grew steadily each year and, by the end of the fifth year of trading, the dividend per share had risen to 16 pence.Calculate the average annual dividend
The valuation approach above takes into account the expected dividend stream over the whole life of the business. Is this relevant for an investor who holds a share for a particular period of time (say five years) and then sells the share?
Celtor plc is a property development business operating in the London area. The business has the following capital structure as at 30 November Year 9:The ordinary shares have a current market value of £3.90 and the current level of dividend is 20p per share. The dividend has been growing at a
How might excessively high levels of borrowing adversely affect the ability of managers to run the business?
Lim Associates plc issues £20 million loan capital on which it pays an annual rate of interest of 10 per cent on the nominal value. The issue price of the loan capital is £88 per £100 nominal value and the tax rate is 20 per cent. The loan capital is due to be redeemed in four years’ time at
Kowloon Investments plc has ordinary shares in issue with a current market value of £2.20. The annual dividend per share in future years is expected to be 40p. What is the cost of the ordinary shares to the business?
One study mentioned in the chapter found, amongst other things, that businesses often based their target capital structures on statement of financial position values rather than on market values. Another study found that businesses often used a discount rate higher than the WACC in order to deal
Danton plc has 10 million ordinary shares in issue with a current market value of £2.00 per share. The expected dividend for next year is 16p per share and this is expected to grow each year at a constant rate of 4 per cent. The business also has:10.0 million 9 per cent 1 irredeemable preference
Avalon plc has ordinary shares in issue that have a current market price of £1.50. The dividend expected for next year is 20p per share and future dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 3 per cent a year.What is the cost of the ordinary shares to the business?
Consider each of the following:Mallard plc issues loan capital with a nominal value of 100 million at a price of 90 per 100 nominal value. The annual interest rate is 10 per cent of the nominal capital. The loan capital will be redeemed in two years' time at 110 per 100 nominal value. The effective
Can you think why returns from government bonds can be used as an approximation for the risk-free rate?
Averna plc is a research-based engineering business that has recently developed an electric scooter operated by solar batteries. The technology employed is highly sophisticated and so the scooter is expected to have a production life cycle of four years. Research and development costs to date have
Can you recall the difference between the two types of risk?
Ndovu plc is considering investing in a new project and, in the past, it would have used a cost of capital of 10 per cent as the discount rate to assess new projects. This rate had been calculated by a team of consultants about seven years ago. However, the business feels that it would like to
Would it be better to hold shares with a beta value of more than 1.0 or less than 1.0 when stock market prices are generally:(a) Rising(b) Falling?
Lansbury plc has recently obtained a measure of its beta from a business information agency. The beta value obtained is 1.2. The expected returns to the market for the next period is 10 per cent and the risk-free rate on government securities is 3 per cent. What is the cost of ordinary shares to
Tan and Co plc has irredeemable loan capital outstanding on which it pays an annual rate of interest of 10 per cent. The current market value of the loan capital is £88 per £100 nominal value and the tax rate is 20 per cent. What is the cost of the loan capital to the business?
Iordanova plc has 12 per cent irredeemable preference shares in issue with a nominal (par) value of £1. The shares have a current market price of £0.90 (excluding dividends). What is the cost of these shares?
Under what circumstances would the use of WACC still be suitable? Try to think of at least one.
Sandarajan plc has recently obtained a listing on the Stock Exchange. The business operates a chain of supermarkets and was the subject of a management buyout five years ago.Since the buyout, the business has grown rapidly. The managers and a private equity firm owned 80 per cent of the shares
Why might investors interpret an announcement to increase borrowing as an indication of managers’ confidence in the future?
What are the arguments for and against issuing a scrip dividend rather than a cash dividend?
Why do you think the law imposes limits on the amount that can be distributed as dividends?
Suppose that Merton plc (see Example9.1) replaces the £30m paid out as dividends by an issue of shares to new shareholders. Show the statement of financial position after the new issue and calculate the value of shares held by existing shareholders after the issue.Data from Example9.1Merton
Bio-tech Ltd, a private limited company, started trading in Year 1 and made a trading profit of £200,000 in this year. In Year 2, the business made a trading loss of £150,000 but made a profit on the sale of its office buildings of £30,000. Other non-current assets were revalued during the year,
It was mentioned in the chapter that the catering effect has been cited as a possible explanation as to why dividends seem to appear and then disappear from the financial landscape. Can you think of at least two other possible explanations for this phenomenon?
Why might an increase in the dividend (D1) not lead to an increase in share price (P0)? (Think of the other variables in the equation.)
Gamma plc recently announced a dividend increase of 10 per cent. Can you think of threereasons why this announcement might be greeted with disappointment by shareholders?
There is one situation where even MM would accept that ‘a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush’ (that is, that immediate dividends are preferable). Can you think what it is? (Think of the way in which shareholder wealth is increased.)
Traminer plc provides software solutions for the airline industry. At present, shares in the business are held by the senior managers and by a venture capital business. However, Traminer plc intends to seek a Stock Exchange listing and to make 75 per cent of the ordinary shares available to the
What kind of costs may be borne by shareholders who invest in high dividend payout businesses?
To what extent is catering theory consistent with MM theory?
Why would managers use dividends as a means of conveying information about the business’s prospects? Why not simply issue a statement to shareholders? Try to think of at least one reason why managers may prefer to use dividends as a means of signalling information.
What role might dividends play in helping shareholders avoid these costs?
Often, shareholders are given the choice as to whether they wish to receive dividends in the form of cash or new shares. How might a business benefit by offering its shareholders this choice?
How can lenders go about restricting shareholders’ rights to dividends?
Williams Wholesalers Ltd currently asks its credit customers to pay by the end of the month after the month of delivery. In practice, customers take rather longer to pay – on average 70 days. Sales revenue amounts to £4 million a year and bad debts to £20,000 a year.It is planned to offer
What kinds of changes in the business environment might lead to a decision to change the level of investment in working capital? Try to identify three possible changes that could affect the working capital needs of a business.
Why might smaller businesses carry more excess working capital than larger ones? Try to think of at least one reason.
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