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Artificial Intelligence In The 21st Century 2nd Edition Stephen Lucci, Danny Kopec - Solutions
7. A gambling bet is considered fair if the individual making the bet considers that they will break even in the long run. Which of the following bets would be considered fair?a. A fair coin is flipped. You pay $1 to guess the outcome and receive $2 in return if your guess is correct.b. You pay $5
6. Suppose that the people attending a resort have a long-term chance of 1 in 100 of having skin cancer (from too much sun exposure). The resort maintains a clinic to help detect this disease. Suppose that the screening used at this clinic has a false positive rate of 0.2 (that is 20%) of people
5.a. A television can be viewed as “domestic” or “foreign” in different ways. For example, many components for American televisions are manufactured in Mexico or Asia.Similarly, there can be instances in which a television with a foreign name is actually manufactured in your country. Draw
4.a. Draw the membership functions for the following sets:M: mature people Y: young people O: old peopleb. Classify a person who is i. 18 years old ii. 21 years old iii. 42 years old iv. 61 years oldc. Explain how you would defuzzify your answer for partb. iii. above (i.e., obtain the age of 42
3. Consider the example of tallness discussed in this chapter. Draw the membership function for the set of:a. Very tall person.b. A person who is not tall.
2. Draw the fuzzy membership function for each of the following:a. Person X is considerably heavier than 100 pounds.b. Star Y is considerably larger than our Sun.c. Car Z costs approximately $30,000.d. μA (x) = 0 for x ≤ 5 and 1 + (x – 5)-2 when x > 5.
1. Let X={x1, x2, x3} be a universal set. Consider the following sets:A = 0.2 /x1 + 0.1 /x2 + 0.2 /x3 B = 0.2 /x1 + 0.4 /x2 + 0.7 /x3a. A ∪ B = ?b. A ∩ B = ?c. Ac ∩ Bc = ?
8. Give an example from your everyday life in which you use conditional probability (perhaps unknowingly).
7. Do you believe fuzzy logic should be preferred to probability theory (or vice versa) when analyzing the following situations:a. The effectiveness of a new medicine.b. Evaluating highway safety.c. The accuracy of a weather report.d. The risk involved in buying a lottery ticket.e. The risk
6. Let X = {a,b, c}. List all subsets of X using membership function notation.
5. A ~ B represents set difference, or, the set of all elements in A but not in B.Choose an appropriate metric to calculate the set difference between two sets (i.e., max, min, etc).
4. Fuzzy logic and probability are essentially the same thing. Discuss this assertion.
3. Give an example of a fuzzy inference from everyday life.
2.a. Let S be a crisp set with n elements. How many subsets will S have?b. How many subsets will S have if S is a fuzzy set with n elements?
1. Name five things from everyday life that correspond to fuzzy sets.
13. Write a five page paper summarizing the accomplishments of one of the following people:John von Neumann, Allen Newell, Herb Simon, and John Conway.
12. Given 1. A & B ⇒ F 2. C & D ⇒ G 3. E ⇒ H 4. B & G ⇒ J 5. F & H ⇒ X 6. G & E ⇒ K 7. J & K ⇒ X And that Facts B, C, D and E are True, how would a program deduce that X is true?(Reference: “Expert Systems”, by Donald Michie, The Computer Journal, V 23, No. 4, 1980)
11. Let us say that another rule is added, as below, how would the rule system in Question 10 above be affected if traversed in a Forward Chaining style?Rule 6 IF you have job instability THEN invest in bonds.
10. Let us say you notice the following market trends. You are considering buying a house. How would you Backward Chain to a conclusion to buy or not?Rule 1 IF the price of homes is down THEN buy a house.Rule 2 IF Interest rates are increasing THEN the price of homes is up.Rule 3 IF Interest rates
9. What if von Neumann’s results had indicated that it is impossible to build a cellular automaton that is self-replicating. How would that affect the possible construction of a selfreplicating machine in the 3-dimensional world?
8. Intuitiveness, modularity, and ease of expression are three features of production systems that are often given as advantages.Discuss briefly how production systems facilitate these advantages. Develop a small set of rules for something that you are trying to express.
7.a. Are there any improvements to the CarBuyer System that you can see? Are there any rules that you would add or remove?b. What would you need to add to the system to make it more realistic?
6. Implement the CarBuyer System in your favorite programming language? Does it work? Are there cars in the database that will never be selected with the existing set of 20 rules?
5. If there were no conflict resolution strategy in an expert system what would two possible affects be? Why can’t the knowledge engineer just develop rules so that every possible case is covered?Hint: Consider scaling effects for the above question.
4. Consider the effects that ordering of rules can have in expert systems.
3. How is the Global Database illustrated in Figure 7.3 different from conventional database systems used today?
2. Consider and discuss the problems of a conflict resolution strategy that would say “Fire All Rules.”
1. Production systems are equivalent to the single IF – THEN case, the two alternative IF -THEN - ELSE, and multiple alternative IF – THEN – ELSE-IF or CASE structure of many programming languages. How is what was presented in this Chapter different from those straightforward applications of
14. What is the “diminishing returns effect” in terms of expert systems or rule bases?
13. What is the purpose of Markov Chains, how are they related to production systems, and what would a transition matrix represent?
12. What is a stochastic process and give some examples.
11. What is the Game of Life, who devised it and what is the premise behind it?
10. Who was the famous Princeton computer scientist who first studied cellular automata? Who inspired him and what was the ultimate theoretical goal of his research in this area?
9. What is aging, refreshing, and recycling in terms of conflict resolution? Describe three other conflict resolution techniques.
8. What is conflict resolution?
7. In what kinds of situations would it be desirable to use forward chaining and when might backward chaining be more appropriate?
6. Give five advantages of production systems for building an expert system.
5. How might production systems be a metaphor for the human brain?
4. Describe the components of a rule-based expert system.
3. Give five synonyms for production systems.
2. Why are production systems an important AI topic?
1. Describe briefly the history of production systems.
14. This Chapter introduced the concept of how “Intensional” or “Extensional” a solution to a problem is. Consider representations of solutions to problems that you have produced above, in our text, and elsewhere – Are these solutions extensional or intensional? Who would prefer an
13. In this Chapter we introduced the concept of the Human Window. Consider your solutions to the above problems and other exercises and problems we have posed in the book. How“Human Window” like are your solutions? That is, do they require too much memory or computation for humans? Are they
12. We have presented a number of problems to this point that have a common feature including:The Missionaries and Cannibal Problem, The Twelve Coins Problem, The Knight’s Tour, The Eight Puzzle, and the Cryptarithm above. What do these problems share in common?
11. Consider the map in Figure 6.21. Explain whether knowing the instructions represents information or knowledge. If your answer is “information,” then explain what would be needed to “upgrade” it to knowledge.
10. Try to solve the following famous crypto-arithmetic problem. Each letter can stand for one and only one digit. What is a most suitable knowledge representation choice for deriving a solution to this problem? ++SEND+MORE======MONEY BEG SIDEBAR 60 END SIDEBAR
9. You are trying to describe the game of baseball to someone. Which knowledge representation method would be most suitable? Try to build a baseball system using your preferred choice.
8. Write a research paper describing the achievements of one of the following people: Ross Quillian, Marvin Minsky, John Sowa, Roger Schank, Robert Abelson, or Rodney Brooks.
7. Develop production rule, frame, and semantic network-based representations of the decisions made as to what to wear on a given day; e.g., on a workday or holiday, wear a suit, if it is a weekend, wear casual clothes, if it is rainy, if it is sunny and hot, etc.
6. Describe some arguments by Hubert Dreyfus against the value of scripts as knowledge representation.
5. Develop a semantic network for the car accident frames in Figure 6.11.
4. Develop a frame representation for the college depicted in the semantic network in Figure 6.16.
3. Discuss some of the pros and cons of frames, semantic networks, and scripts.
2. Trace the history of knowledge representation in AI as discussed in the chapter.
1. Describe some of the elements of a good knowledge representation.
18. What are some of the accomplishments of Rodney Brooks?
17. What are the contributions of Marvin Minsky to the subject of this chapter?
16. Describe four properties of agents.
15. What is the notion of an agent?
14. How are semantic networks different for Conceptual Graphs and Concept Maps?
13. Develop a semantic network for the following facts and relations:a. Joe and Sue are the parents of Tom and Debi. Tom and Debi are brother and sister.Kim is the child of Tom; Jill is the child of Debi.b. Bill, Betty, and Bob are siblings; they live in Baltimore, Maryland. They are the children
12. Develop a script for a common scenario that frequently occurs, e.g., “The Getting Dressed Script”; “The Go to Work Script”; “The Go Shopping for Food Script.”
11. What are some of the negative features of frames?
10. How would you describe the functionality of frames?
9. What are some of negative features of scripts?
8. What are some of the good features of scripts?
7. What does it mean for a program to be comprehensible?
6. What do frames and object-oriented programming have in common?
5. What is an intentional representation vs. an extensional representation?
4. What is meant by the Human Window?
3. What is the notion of grain size?
2. Distinguish between data, facts, information, and knowledge.
1. Describe the important features of good knowledge representations.
5. Use Prolog to solve The King’s Wise Men Problem presented at the beginning of this chapter.
4. Use Prolog to solve the following jobs puzzle:“Jim, Jack, and Joan hold three jobs between them. Each has one job. The jobs are schoolteacher, piano player, and secretary. The job of a schoolteacher is held by a male. Jack never went to college and has no musical talent.”Once again, you need
3. Use Prolog to solve the jobs puzzle from Section 3 of Chapter 1: Prolog can be downloaded from the Web. SWI Prolog is recommended.“There are two people, Michael and Louis. Between them they hold two jobs. Each has one job. These jobs are Post Office Clerk and French Professor. Michael speaks
2. Write a program that uses a truth table to determine if an arbitrary argument in the propositional logic is valid. Any of the logic connectives from Table 5.2 should be allowed.
1. Write a program that takes as input an arbitrary propositional logic expression and returns its truth-value. Your program should allow any of the logical connectives from Table 5.2.
16. Ten Pirates and Their Gold—Ten Pirates find a buried treasure of 100 pieces of gold. The challenge is to divide the gold up in some desirable way according to some rules. The first rule is that Pirate 1 is the lead pirate. Pirate 2 is the second in charge. Pirate 3 is the third most powerful
15. Halmos Handshare Problem As is common, academics will occasionally attend dinner parties. Halmos and his wife attended such a dinner party along with four other couples. During the cocktail hour, some of those present shook hands, but in an unsystematic way, with no attempt to shake
14. Show how resolution can be used to solve the King’s Wise Men Problem.
13. Use resolution to determine if the following arguments in the FOPL are valid. Use the predicates suggested:a. All Italian mothers can cook. (M, C)All cooks are healthy. (H)Either Connie or Jing Jing is an Italian mother.Jing Jing is not an Italian mother.Therefore, Connie is healthy.b. All New
12. Find the mgu in each pair below or state that unification is not possible.a) Wines (x, y) Wines (Chianti, Cabernet).b) Wines (x, x) Wines (Chianti, Cabernet).c) Wines (x, y) Wines (y, x)d) Wines (Best (bottle), Chardonnay) Wines (best (x), y)
11. Use FOPL to represent the following expressions:a. He only dines in Italian restaurants.b. He sometimes dines in Italian restaurants.c. He always dines in Italian or Greek restaurants.d. He never dines in restaurants that are neither Italian nor Greek.e. He never dines in restaurants that are
10. Use FOPL to represent the following English sentences. Make up appropriate predicates in each case.a. Every time I wake up, I want to go back to sleep.b. Sometimes when I wake up, I desire a cup of coffee.c. If I do not eat less and go to the gym, then I will not lose weight.d. If I either wake
9. Answer question 8 using resolution.
8. Use truth tables to determine which of the following arguments are valid:a. p ⇒ q q ⇒ r\ rb. p ⇒ (q ˅ ~ q)q q ⇒ r~ q ⇒ ~ r\ rc. p ⇒ q~ q\ ~ pd. p ⇒ q ~ p \ ~ qe. p ≡ q p ⇒ (r ˅ s)q \ r ˅ sf. p ⇒ q r ⇒ ~ q ~ (~ p ˄ ~ r)\ q ˅ ~ q g. p ˄ q p ⇒ r q ⇒ ~ r \ r ˅ ~r h.
7. Use the theorems in Table 5.8 to determine if the following are tautologies.a. [(p ˄ q) ˅ ~r] ⇒ q ˅~rb. {[(p ˅~r) ⇔ ~q] ˄ ~q} ⇒ (~p ˄ r)
6. State a theorem from one of your prior math classes in which:a. the converse is also a theorem.b. the converse is not a theorem.
5. Prove that 2 is irrational by using a contrapositive-based proof. Hint: if a number n is rational, then n may be expressed as the ratio of two whole numbers p and q, i.e., n = p/q; furthermore it can be assumed that p and q are in lowest terms. Examples of fractions not in lowest terms: 4/8 and
4. Use truth tables to determine if each of the following is a tautology, a contradiction, or just satisfiable:a. (p ˅ q) ⇒ ~p ˅ ~qb. (~p ˄ ~q) ⇒ ~p ˅ ~qc. (p ˅ q ˅ r) ≡ (p ˅ q) ˄ (p ˅ r)d. p ⇒ (p ˅ q)e. p ≡ p ˅ qf. (p ↓ q) (p ↑ q) // consult exercises 2 and 3.
3. The NOR function, denoted by a ↓ b ≡ ~ (a ˅ b); i.e., the NOR is true precisely when the (inclusive) OR is false.a. Give the truth table for the two-input NOR function.b. Show that the NOR operator can be used to simulate each of the AND, OR, and NOT operators.
2. A logic operator not defined in this chapter is the NAND function; it is denoted by ↑.NAND is short for “not AND” where a ↑ b ≡ ~ (a ˄ b).a. Give the truth table for the two-input NAND functionb. Show that the NAND operator can be used to simulate each of the AND, OR, and NOT
1. Use the propositional logic to represent the following English sentences. Choose appropriate propositional logic variables.a. Many Americans have difficulty learning a foreign language.b. All sophomores must pass an English language proficiency exam in order to continue their studies.c. If you
9. Give another example in which second order logic has greater expressive power than the FOPL.The reader who wishes to learn more about fallacious reasoning can consult Fearnside and Holther. 14
8. Why is skolemization a useful tool even though some meaning can be lost?
7. Give three additional types of faulty reasoning. Provide an example for each.
6. “Begging the question” is another form of faulty reasoning. The French comedian Sacha Guitny drew a picture in which three thieves are arguing over the distribution of seven pearls.The shrewdest thief gives two pearls to each of his partners in crime. One of the thieves inquires: “Why do
5. Another type of faulty reasoning occurs when a premise is stated as a conditional. Consider the following lament all too common from students: “If I don’t get at least a B in this course, then life is not fair.” Later the student discovers that he has obtained a grade of B+ and concludes:
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