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probability statistics
Essential Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Gregory J Privitera - Solutions
Family income in the middle class. Bauer et al. (2011) identified the median income of a middle-class family in their sample to be $84,200 annually; the mean family income was $85,300 annually. In their data, the lowest family income reported in this group was $65,100 annually, and the highest
The researchers implement their weight loss intervention with the original five participants and find that each participant loses exactly 10 pounds in the first three weeks. Without recalculating the mean, what is the new mean weight?
Using the original example of five weights, the researchers add a sixth participant to the sample 1. If the sixth participant weighs 240 pounds, will the mean increase, decrease, or not change?2. If the sixth participant weighs 200 pounds, will the mean increase, decrease, or not change?3. If the
Instead, the researchers reweigh the 300-pound individual and record a new weight of 350 pounds. Will the mean increase or decrease in this situation?
The researchers realize that the scale was not accurate for the individual weighing 300 pounds, so they reweigh that individual and record 250 pounds. Will the mean increase or decrease in this situation?
A sample of 26 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) showed an average of five symptoms of the disorder prior to diagnosis. What is the sum of the differences of scores from the mean in this example?Based on the example below, answer Questions 25 to 28:A group of researchers measures the
Children participating at a one-week summer camp made five new friends on average during the first six days of camp. If each child made two more friends on the last day of camp, then how many friends on average did the children make during the one-week summer camp?
An instructor gives students a surprise quiz and records a mean grade of 12 points. What is the new mean value if the instructor does each of the following?1. Adds 10 points to each quiz 2. Subtracts 2 points from each quiz 3. Doubles each quiz score 4. Divides each quiz score in half
Based on the scale of measurement for each variable listed below, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing the data?1. The distance in miles that a group of athletes run to train for a marathon 2. The rankings of college undergraduate academic programs 3. The blood type
A cognitive psychologist was interested in the ability of men and women to multitask—a cognitive skill thought to engage short-term or working memory. The psychologist observed a sample of 5 men (n = 5) and 8 women (n = 8) and measured the number of tasks they could accurately complete within a
A sports psychologist uses the body mass index (BMI) score to measure health in a sample of 60 athletes and determines that 20 are healthy, 26 are overweight, and 14 are obese. Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing these data?
A family counselor records the number of sessions required for children to complete counseling following the loss of a family member. The counselor finds that most boys complete counseling in 12 sessions, whereas most girls require 15 sessions to complete counseling. If the data for boys and girls
A neuroscientist measures the reaction times (in seconds) during an experimental session in a sample of cocaine-addicted (n = 8), morphine-addicted (n = 12), and heroin-addicted rats (n = 6).Mean reaction times in each sample are 11, 18, and 13 seconds, respectively. What is the weighted mean for
A colleague measures the following heights (in inches) of 10 CEOs selected at random: 72, 75, 75, 66, 64, 79, 79, 75, 70, and 72. Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing these data? Hint: Draw the shape of this distribution first.
A researcher records the levels of attraction for various fashion models among college students.He finds that mean levels of attraction are much higher than the median and mode for these data.1. What is the shape of the distribution for the data described in this study?2. Which measure of central
A psychologist records the duration of natural labor (in hours) in a sample of 36 first-pregnancy mothers. Based on the duration data given in the following table, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing these data? Hint: Draw the shape of this distribution first 1 5 6
A researcher records the number of hours (per week) that adults spend on social media and finds that the data are distributed normally. Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing these data?
The following table lists the number of text messages sent per day in a sample of college students and a sample of their parents.1. Compute the mean, the median, and the mode for the college students’ and parents’ data.2. Based on the shape of the distribution for each sample, which measure of
The following frequency distribution table lists the time (in minutes) that participants were late for an experimental session. Compute the sample mean, median, and mode for these data. Time (min) Frequency 0 5 2 2 6 1 8 3 9 2
What value represents:1. The midpoint of a distribution? Explain.2. The balance point of a distribution? Explain.3. The zero point of a distribution? Explain.
The mean is an appropriate measure for describing what types of data?
The median is an appropriate measure for describing what types of data?
The mode is an appropriate measure for describing what types of data?
When is the weighted mean equal to the arithmetic mean for combining the mean for two or more samples?
List five characteristics of the mean.
How do the sample mean and population mean differ?
Which type of central tendency is always located at the center or in the middle of a distribution?
What is central tendency?
State the statistical notation for each of the following terms:1. Population size 2. Sample size 3. Population mean 4. Sample mean
Which type of modal distribution would not be described using the mode?1. Unimodal 2. Bimodal 3. Multimodal 4. Nonmodal
True or false: The mean is a preferred measure for describing skewed distributions.
True or false: When the mean is greater than the mode, the distribution is negatively skewed.
The mean is a preferred descriptive statistic:1. For describing normal distributions 2. For summarizing interval scale measures 3. For summarizing ratio scale measures 4. All of the above
Suppose that you sum the squared differences of scores from their mean. What is always true about the result you obtain?
State the characteristic of the mean that indicates that the mean is the “zero point” for a distribution of scores.
From the choices in Question 1, which will have no effect on the mean?
From the choices in Question 1, which will increase the value of the mean?
Which of the following will decrease the value of the mean?1. Delete a score below the mean 2. Add a score below the mean 3. Add a score exactly equal to the mean 4. None of the above
A researcher observes the following data set: 3, 5, 4, 4, 6, 7, 8, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 2, and 4. How many modes are in this distribution? State the value of each mode.
Identify the mode: A study reports that women are more likely to ask for directions than men.
The _____________ is the value in a data set that occurs most often or most frequently.
A researcher recorded the number of symptoms for major depressive disorder (MDD) expressed in a small sample of 20 “at-risk” participants: 0, 4, 3, 6, 5, 2, 3, 3, 5, 4, 6, 3, 5, 6, 4, 0, 0, 3, 0, and 1. How many symptoms of MDD did participants in this sample most commonly express?
The ____________ is the preferred measure of central tendency when a data set has outliers.
What type of distribution is used to approximate the median?
A researcher collects two samples of data. He finds the first sample (n = 8) has a mean of 5; the second sample (n = 2) has a mean of 10. What is the weighted mean of these samples?
The _____________ is the combined mean of two or more groups of scores in which the number of scores in each group is disproportionate or unequal.
A scientist records the following sample of scores (n = 6): 3, 6, 4, 1, 10, and 12. What is the sample mean of these scores?
The calculation of a population mean and sample mean is the same. State in words how to compute the mean.
The notation used in the formulas for sample mean and population mean differs. What notation differs in these formulas?
A clinical psychologist records the number of symptoms expressed for attention deficit disorder (ADD) by a group of five children (N = 5) in a teacher’s classroom. Suppose this group is the only group of interest to the researcher. So this group constitutes the population of children that the
___ symbolizes the size of a population, whereas ___ symbolizes the size of a sample.
All measures of central tendency have a tendency to be at or near the _______ of a distribution.
Distinguish between a population mean and a sample mean.
Perceptions of same-sex marriage. In June 2016, a CBS News poll asked a sample of adults worldwide whether it should be legal or not legal for same-sex couples to marry (reported at www.pollingreport.com). The opinions of adults worldwide were as follows: 58%, legal; 33%, not legal; and 9%,
Women serving in the armed forces. In February 2016, a CNN poll asked a sample of 1,001 adults nationwide if they think women in the armed services should get combat assignments on the same terms as men (reported at www.pollingreport.com). The opinions of adults nationwide were as follows: 36%, on
Women in psychology then and now. The following table lists the distribution of degrees in psychology conferred by degree-granting institutions, by sex and year. These and similar data are reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) at http:/ces.ed.gov/programs/digest/.1. Based
Facebook’s ad hoc groups. Sormanen, Lauk, and Uskali (2017) conducted a study evaluating Facebook’s ad hoc groups as a potential source of communicative networking power among users.As part of their study, they reported the following frequency distribution for members of categories of groups on
Using the data given in Question 29, what is the percentile point for the 50th percentile for the college readiness assessment data in a population-based study with college students?
The following is a cumulative percent distribution for scores on a college readiness assessment in a population-based study with college students. Based on the data in this table, in which interval does the largest portion of college students fall? Intervals Cumulative Percent 120-139 100% 100-119
Convert the following histogram to a frequency polygon. Hint: You must plot the midpoints of each interval to distribute a frequency polygon Frequency 7 6- 50 2 1 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 Intervals
A researcher records the season of birth in a sample of patients at a behavioral health clinic. The seasons recorded are winter, spring, spring, fall, summer, winter, fall, winter, winter, spring, winter, spring, winter, winter, summer, spring, winter, winter, fall, spring.1. Construct a bar chart
In a study on marital satisfaction, a researcher asks a sample of men to estimate how many times per week they say “I love you” to their spouse. The relative frequency distribution is given below for these data. Construct an ogive for these data. Hint: Convert these relative frequencies to
The following bar graph summarizes the number of nights per week a sample of college students spent studying.1. How many students were observed in this study?2. How many students studied 3 nights per week?3. How many students studied at least 3 nights per week? 12 10 8 9 11 Frequency 6 4 2 0 6 4 1
The following is an incomplete simple frequency distribution table for student grades on a college professor’s statistics exam.1. Find the missing values for A, B, C, and D.2. If students scoring less than 69% on this exam receive a failing grade, was this a difficult test? Explain. Grades (%)
The following table shows the relative percent distribution for the time in seconds that it took 200 children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) to show symptoms of the disorder after a manipulation.Assume that researchers determined that children who showed symptoms of ADD in 18 seconds or less
The following is an incomplete simple frequency distribution table for the number of mistakes made during a series of military combat readiness training exercises. Find the missing values for A, B, and C. Number of Mistakes Frequency 6-A B-5 1 3 0-2 C N=16
Would it be most appropriate to use a bar chart or a histogram to summarize the frequency distribution of each of the following?1. The delay to start a game in minutes 2. The number of students in each of three classrooms 3. The age (in years) that a sample of women first conceived 4. The direction
What type of graph for frequency data should you construct when distributing each of the following? Note that there may be more than one right answer.1. The number of students falling into an A, B, C, D, or F grade range 2. The number of autistic children showing improvement following one of three
A researcher records the number of dreams that 50 children recalled during the week prior to their first day at a new school.1. Convert this table to a percentile rank distribution.2. What is the number of dreams at the 60th percentile? Cumulative Number of Dreams Frequency 50 3 44 2 30 1 12 0 5
The frequency of alcohol-related arrests during a single season at a sporting arena ranged from 0 to 17 arrests per game. What is the interval width if you choose to create a frequency distribution with six intervals?
The upper boundaries for a distribution of waiting times (in seconds) in a grocery store aisle are 45, 56, 67, and 78. List the value for each lower boundary in this distribution.
The lower boundaries for the number of tattoos among prison inmates are 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16. List the value for each upper boundary in this distribution.
In a study on romantic relationships, 240 romantically involved men were asked to choose their preference for an ideal night out with their partner. The frequency of men choosing (1) dinner and a movie, (2) a sporting event, (3) gambling/gaming, or (4) going out for drinks was recorded.Should these
A researcher reports the following frequency distribution for the time (in minutes) that college students spent on social networking websites during class time. Identify three errors in this simple frequency distribution. Class Time Frequency 0-9 14 9-20 18 21-40 26 40+ 12
The following table shows a frequency distribution for grouped data. Notice that the frequency of scores, f(x), does not add up to 15. If a total of 15 scores were actually counted, give a possible explanation for why the frequencies do not add up to 15. Intervals Frequency 0-5 5-10 6 10-15 3 15-20
A researcher observed a rat respond for a food reward by pressing one of three levers in a cage.Pressing the lever to the right (R) produced no food reward, pressing the lever to the left (L)produced a single food pellet, and pressing the lever at the center (C) produced two food pellets.Because
Below is the number of times a commercial was shown displaying unhealthy foods during children’s programming over each of 20 days.21, 8, 11, 9, 12, 10, 10, 5, 9, 18, 17, 3, 6, 14, 18, 16, 19, 3, 22, 7 1. Create a simple frequency distribution for these grouped data with four intervals.2. Which
Is a pie chart typically used to summarize continuous or discrete/categorical data?
Why would a researcher summarize data with a bar chart instead of a histogram?
Frequency polygons are plotted at the ________ of each interval, whereas ogives are plotted at the ________ of each interval.
State three rules for constructing a histogram.
Frequency data are not always distributed in intervals. What types of data are not distributed in intervals?
Is it necessary to compute the real range to construct a frequency distribution for (a) ungrouped data and (b) grouped data?
State the three steps used to construct a simple frequency distribution.
An ogive graphically summarizes what type of frequency distribution?
A(n) ________ is a dot-and-line graph plotted at the midpoint of each interval, whereas a(n) ________ is a dot-and-line graph plotted at the upper boundary of each interval.
True or false: Histograms are used to summarize ungrouped data, which is why each vertical rectangle touches the other.
All of the following are rules for constructing histograms except:1. A vertical rectangle represents each interval, and the height of the rectangle equals the frequency recorded for each interval.2. The base of each rectangle begins and ends at the upper and lower boundaries of each interval.3.
True or false: The 360 degrees in a pie chart correspond to 100% of a data distribution 60 50- 40 30 20 Frequency 10- None Daily Once a Twice a week week Amount of Exercise
In the following bar chart summarizing the frequency of exercise among a sample of college students, which category of exercise has the largest frequency?
___________ are graphical displays similar to histograms, except that the vertical bars or rectangles do not touch.
When is it appropriate to summarize frequencies for ungrouped data?
What are the data called when the frequency of each individual score or category is listed?
A student scores in the 80th percentile on an exam. What does this mean in comparison to all other students?
Cumulative relative frequencies sum to ______ (give or take rounding error).
True or false: Cumulative relative frequencies are added from the top down or the bottom up.
True or false: A relative percent sums to the total frequency count.
Relative frequencies are commonly reported in academic journals as percents. Why?
The sum of relative frequencies across all intervals is equal to _____.
When would a researcher construct a relative frequency table?
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