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Business Ethics 8th Edition William H. Shaw - Solutions
Some argue that in the case of new drugs or medical pro- cedures in which the dangers are uncertain, consumers should be free to decide for themselves whether they wish to run the health risks associated with these products or services. Assess this argument.
Is the agency too concamed with public opinion? Should it pay greater attention to scientific evidence or to the individual women who have suffered?
What does the breast implant controversy reveal about society's attitudes toward product safety, about the legal liability of manufacturers, and about the role of regulatory agencies like the FDA in protecting consumers? Is our society too cautious about product safety or not cautious enough?
Should juries be permitted to award punitive damages in product liability cases? If so, should there be a limit to what they can award? Is it right for a jury to award punitive damages against one company in order to send a message to a whole industry?
Was Liebeck only 20 percent responsible for her injuries? Do you agree with the amount of compensatory and punitive damages that the jury awarded her? If not, what would have been a fairer monetary award?
McDonald's claims that most consumers would prefer to have their coffee too hot rather than not hot enough. After all, if it's too hot, they can always wait a minute before drinking it. Suppose this is true. How does it affect McDonald's responsibilities? Given that McDonald's serves millions of
Is hot coffee so dangerous, as the jury thought? Should a reasonable consumer be expected to know that coffee can burn and to have assumed this risk? Is a warning label sufficient? Is our society too protective of consumers these days, or not protective enough?
Tobacco companies have a strong financial interest in cultivating future smokers, and although they deny doing so, they consciously market their product to make it attractive to young people. Contrast their conduct with that of H. B. Fuller.
When, if ever, is a company morally responsible for harm done by the blatant misuse of a perfectly legitimate and socially useful product? Does it make a difference whether the abusers are adults or children? Is it relevant that other companies market similar products?
What specifically should H. B. Fuller do about Resistol? Are the critics right that the steps the company has taken so far are mere image polishing? Is the company's only moral option to withdraw from the Central American market altogether?
What rule, if any, would a rule utilitarian encourage real- estate agents in this situation to follow? What should the realtors' professional code of ethics say about closing techniques?
What weight should Jean give to self-interest in her delib- erations? What do you think she should do? What would you do?
What ideals, obligations, and effects must Jean consider? What interests and rights of the customer are at stake?
Suppose you knew either that the prospect would eventu- ally decide to buy the property anyway or that it would genuinely be in the prospect's interest to buy it. Would that affect your moral assessment of this closing technique? Do customers have any grounds for complaining about this closing
Do you disapprove of this sales tactic, or is it a legitimate business technique? How might it be morally defended?
What do you think companies should do to make themselves more moral organizations? How can they promote a healthy moral climate inside the company?
Which view of corporate social responsibility-the narrow or the broad-do you favor, and why?
Are corporations moral agents? Do they have moral responsibilities? Or, in your view, do only human beings have moral agency and moral obligations?
Would American companies do more good by refusing to cooperate with Chinese authorities (and risk not being able to do business in China) or by cooperating and working gradually to spread Internet freedom? In general, under what circumstances is it permissible for a company to operate in a
In light of this case, do you think it makes sense to talk of a corporation like Yahoo! as a moral agent, or is it only the people in it who can be property described as having moral responsibility?
In your view, was Yahoo! right or wrong to assist Chinese authorities? What would you have done if you were in charge of Yahoo!?
What moral issues does this controversy raise? What obli- gations should Yahoo! have weighed in this situation? Was the company a "traitor" to its customer, as Liu Xiabo says?
Do drug companies have an obligation to make new drugs available to patients who were involved in their develop- ment, either here or overseas? Does the size of the com- pany make a difference? What would you do if you were Dr. Lange? What obligations, ideals, and consequences should he take into
Assess the motivations of drug companies that do their testing overseas. Do you think test subjects are being exploited or taken advantage of? Under what circumstances, if any, are companies morally justified in testing overseas?
Some pessimists say that because most companies don't make social welfare a priority, competition will ultimately undermine the efforts of companies like Levi Strauss to establish standards. Assess this argument.
American consumers say that they don't like having their clothes made by exploited workers in foreign sweatshops. Is consumer pressure sufficient to get American compa- nies to improve the pay and working conditions of foreign factory workers?
Is Levi Strauss sincere in its professed concern for foreign workers? Is Nik?
Should Levi Strauss have resumed its manufacturing opera- tions in China? Should it have pulled out in the first place?
Do corporations have a responsibility to monitor the conduct of the companies they do business with-in particular, their contractors and suppliers? Do they have a responsibility to avoid doing business in countries that are undemocratic, violate human rights, or permit exploita- five work
With regard to Levi Strauss's conduct both at home and abroad, does it make sense to talk about the company as a morally responsible agent whose actions can be critically assessed, or can we assess only the actions and decisions of individual human beings inside the company?
How would you feel if you had been an employee at the plant? Bob Dunn said, "My hope is that as time passes and people have a chance to reflect on what we've done, [people who have lost jobs will judge us to have been responsible and fair." Do you think Levi Strauss's former employees will judge
Should consumers avoid products that are made by sweat- shops? Should they shun companies that lay workers off needlessly? Are consumer boycotts ever justified? When are such boycotts likely to be effective? Under what cir- cumstances would you participate in a consumer boycott?
How, if at all, is your assessment of Levi Strauss's respon- sibilities affected by the fact that the company bought the plant and then closed it nine years later?
Having decided to close the plant, was there more that Levi Strauss could and should have done for its laid-off workers?
Evaluate the pros and cons of Levi Strauss's decision to close its South Zarzamora Street plant. Was it a sound business decision? Was it a socially responsible decision? Could the company have reasonably been expected to keep the plant running?
What do you see as the major economic challenges facing our society today and, in particular, your generation?
What do you see as the strongest moral consideration in favor of capitalism? What do you see as the strongest objection to it?
If you were a member of a school board contemplating the use of either industry-sponsored materials or Channel One, what would you recommend? Do you think that industry in general and Channel One in particular are intentionally using teachers and students as a means to profit? Or do they have a
Do you think students have a "moral right" to an educa- tion free of commercial indoctrination? If you were a parent of school-age children, would you be concerned about their exposure to commercials and corporate propaganda?
Have you had any personal experience with industry- sponsored educational materials? What moral issues, if any, are raised by the affiliation between education and commercial interests? Does commercial intrusion into schools change the nature of education? What values and beliefs does it instil in
Friedman and others view the AMA as a trade union, and they believe that the high incomes of doctors are due more to artificial restrictions on the free market than to the inherent value of their services. Is this an accurate or fair picture of the medical profession?
Is occupational licensure consistent with the basic principles and values of capitalism? Is it a violation of the free-market ideal? How would you respond to the argument that licensure illegitimately restricts individual freedom to pursue a career or a trade?
Do you like Walmart? Do you shop there? If so, how frequently? If not, why not?
In what ways does the culture of our capitalist society encourage attitudes like those Sheehy describes?
Some might discount Sheehy's experiences either as being the product of one particular industry or as simply reflecting the immaturity of young employees. Would you agree?
Is the United States an economically just society?
Assess the concept of eminent domain, in general, and the plight of Susette Kelo and her neighbors, in par- ticular, from the point of view of the different theories of justice discussed in this chapter. Is it possible to square the government's exercise of eminent domain with a libertarian
Is it fair to the community if an individual refuses payment and blocks a socially useful project? Putting legal issues aside, are there situations in which it would be morally permissible for government to seize private property for the public good with less than full compensation or even with no
"I just compensation is paid, then by definition those who lose their property cannot claim that they have been treated unjustly." Assess this argument. Can compen- sation be just even if one of the parties is unwilling to accept it?
Are towns such as New London and Salina pursuing wise, beneficial, and progressive social policies, or are their actions socially harmful and biased against ordinary work- ing people and small-business owners?
Did New London treat Susette Kelo and her neighbors fairly? Assuming that the proposed development would help to revitalize New London, is it just for the city to appropriate private property around Fort Trumbull?
Assess this case from the perspective of the utilitarian, libertarian, and Rawlsian theories of justice. How would each address the case? Which theory's approach do you find the most helpful or illuminating?
Would Nestl's pumping 262 million gallons of water per year from Sanctuary Spring constitute "reasonable use"? Is the company treating either local residents or the Native American tribes unfairly, or would it be unfair to restrict Nestl's use of water from the spring?
Can people who disagree about normative ethical theory still reach agreement on practical ethical questions in the business world? If so, how?
Which normative theory or general approach to ethics do you find the most plausible or attractive, and why?
What value, if any, do you see in business students studying the basics of ethical theory?
One of the applicants admits that he used poor judg ment but believes that his ethics should not be ques tioned. What do you think he means? If he exercised poor judgment on a question at right and wrong, in't that a matter of his ethics? Stanford's Derrick Bolton distinguishes between a lapse of
Assess the morality of what the curious applicants did from the point of view of egoism, utilitarianism, Kant's ethics, Ross's pluralism, and nule tarianism.
Suppose that you had been one of the MBA applicants who stumbled across an opportunity to leam your results early. What would you have done, and why? Would you have considered it a moral decision? If so, on what basis would you have made?
Is it wrong for business to sell a product that is not as safe as it could be, given current technology? is it wrong to sell a vehicle that is less safe than competing products on the market? Are there limits to how far automakers must go in the name of safety?
Assess Ford's and GM's actions with respect to SUV roll- overs. Have the auto-makers met their moral obligation to consumers, or have they acted wrongly by not doing more to increase SUV safety? Should they be held either mor- ally or legally responsible for deaths from roll-overs that would not
Was GM responsible for Shannon Moseley's death? Compare that case with the case of Ford and the Pinto.
Should Ford have been found guilty of criminal homicide in the Ulrich case?
Would it have made a moral difference if the savings resulting from not improving the Pinto gas tank had been passed on to Ford's customers? Could a rational customer have chosen to save a few dollars and risk having the more dangerous gas tank? What if Ford had told potential customers about its
Speculate about Kant's response to the idea of placing a monetary value on a human life. Is doing so ever morally legitimate?
Is cost-benefit analysis a legitimate tool? What role, if any, should it play in moral deliberation? Critically assess the example of cost-benefit analysis given in the case study. Is there anything unsatisfactory about it? Could it have been improved upon in some way?
What moral issues does the Pinto case raise?
How do you explain the fact that in the business world basically good people sometimes act immorally?
Describe a situation in which you felt pressured to act against your moral principles or where you felt torn between conflicting moral values, rules, or principles. What did you do?
Putting aside the question of legality, what moral argu- ments can be given for and against dumping? What is your position on dumping, and what principles and values do you base it on? Should we have laws prohibiting more types of dumping?
Critically assess the present notification system. Is it the right approach, or is it fundamentally flawed?
What moral difference, if any, does it make who is dump- ing, why they are doing it, where they are doing it, or what the product is?
Speculate on why dumpers dump. Do you think they believe that what they are doing is morally permis- sible? How would you look at the situation if you were one of the manufacturers of Tris-impregnated pajamas?
Explain what dumping is, giving some examples. Does dumping raise any moral issues? What are they? What would an ethical relativist say about dumping?
Complete the following statements by filling in the blanks with either "moral" or "nonmoral" (e.g., factual, scientific, legal):a. Whether or not dumping should be permitted is a question.b. "Are dangerous products of any use in the third world?" is a question.c. "Is it proper for the
Are the banks responsible for the housing boom that enticed people to buy homes at inflated prices? If so, does this affect whether you have an obligation to repay your loan? What about Professor White's contention that the banks themselves care only about maximizing profit?
Repaying a loan is a legal obligation. Is it also a moral obligation? Explain why or why not.
When it comes to paying your debts, does it matter whether you borrow money from a bank or from an individual person? Explain why or why not.
"It is morally permissible for homeowners whose homes are under water to default on their mortgages even if they could continue to pay them." What arguments do you see in favor of this proposition? What arguments do you see against it?
Do people have a moral obligation to repay money that they borrow, as Professor Brenkert thinks, or is this simply a business decision based on self-interest alone, as Professor White thinks?
Under what circumstances is physical attractiveness a job-related employment criterion? Is it relevant to being a salesperson, a flight attendant, or a receptionist?
Assess the argument that there is nothing wrong with "facial discrimination"-that it simply reflects the fact that human beings are naturally attracted to, or repelled by, other human beings on the basis of their physical characteristics.
How frequently are people discriminated against on the basis of their looks? Is it a serious problem in job situations? What about the fact that students give higher instructional rankings to attractive professors?
In court, Vinson's allegations were countered by Taylor's version of the facts. Will there always be a "your word against mine" problem in sexual harass- ment cases? What could Vinson have done to strengthen her case?
What steps do you think Vinson should have taken when Taylor first pressed her for sex? Should she be blamed for having given in to him? Assuming that there was sexual harassment despite her acquiescence, does her going along with Taylor make her partly responsible or mitigate Taylor's wrongdoing?
Assuming the truth of Vinson's version of the case, do you think her employer, Capital City Federal Savings and Loan, should be held liable for sexual harassment it was not aware of? Should the employer have been aware of it? Does the fact that Taylor was a supervisor make a difference? In general,
Do you think Phyllis was wrong in giving the board the impression that her proposal enjoyed broad support? Why or why not?
Do you think Phyllis Warren was unfair in taking advantage of the board's implied admission of salary discrimination on the basis of sex? Why or why not?
What moral principles are involved in this case?
Was Sharrona Alexander's pregnancy likely to have adversely affected her coaching performance? If so, was Marianne Stanley wrong to ask her to resign? How should Stanley have handled the situation?
Was Stanley treated unfairly or in some way discriminated against? Should USC have offered to pay her more?
Do you believe that there was sufficient evidence of racial discrimination to justify the city's plan? Who is right about this-Justice O'Connor or Justice Marshall?
What are the pros and cons of a minority set-aside plan like Richmond's? Will it have good consequences? Does it infringe on anyone's rights? What conflicting moral principles, ideals, and values are at stake?
What was the Richmond City Council trying to accom- plish with its Minority Business Utilization Plan? If you had been a member of the council, would you have voted for the plan?
What explains sexual harassment?
In your view, how pervasive is job discrimination these days? Have you or anyone you've known experienced some form of it?
The problem of sexual harassment in employment- what it is, what forms it takes, what the law says about it, and why it's wrong
The doctrine of comparable worth and the controversy over it
Moral arguments for and against affirmative action
The historical and legal context of affirmative action
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