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research methods behavioral

Questions and Answers of Research Methods Behavioral

Explain how holding a participant variable such as gender constant prevents the variable from becoming a confounding variable and can help reduce the variance within treatments. Identify the problem
Describe how individual differences can produce large variance within treatments and explain why this is a problem in a between subjects experiment.
A recent survey at a major corporation found that employees who regularly participated in the company fitness program tended to have fewer sick days than employees who did not participate. However,
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using random assignment as a method to prevent individual differences from becoming confounding variables.
Briefly explain how a participant characteristic, such as personality, could be a confounding variable in a between-subjects experiment.
A researcher has a sample of 30 rats that are all cloned from the same source. The 30 rats are genetically identical and have been raised in exactly the same environment since birth. The researcher
In a between-subjects design, each individual score is obtained from a separate participant.a. Briefly explain why this is an advantage.b. Briefly explain why this is a disadvantage.
At the beginning of this chapter (p. 186), we described a study comparing the effectiveness of studying material printed on paper to studying material displayed on a computer screen (Ackerman &
In addition to the key words, you should also be able toDefine the following terms:Within-subjects designBetween-subjects designIndependent-measures designRandom assignmentVariance within treatments,
What is the general purpose for using a simulation or a field study for experimental research?
What is the general purpose of a manipulation check?
Can a research study be an experiment without a control group? Can a study be an experiment without controlling extraneous variables?
Explain how the process of randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions should prevent a participant variable such as age or gender from becoming a confounding variable.
Identify the two active methods of preventing extraneous variables from becoming confounding variables.
Identify the two characteristics needed for a research study to qualify as an experiment.
Define extraneous variable and explain how extraneous variables can become confounding variables.
A researcher would like to compare two methods for teaching math to third-grade students. Two third-grade classes are obtained for the study. Mr. Jones teaches one class using method A, and Mrs.
It has been demonstrated that students with high self-esteem tend to have higher grades than students with low self-esteem. Does this relationship mean that higher self-esteem causes better academic
In an experiment examining human memory, two groups of participants are used. One group is allowed 5 minutes to study a list of 40 words and the second group is given 10 minutes of study time for the
Dr. Jones conducted a study examining the relationship between the amount of sugar in a child’s diet and the activity level of the child. A sample of thirty four-year-old children from a local
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define the following terms:Third-variable problemDirectionality problemConfounding variableRandom processPlaceboMundane realismExperimental
Selection bias and individual differences are both potential problems dealing with the participants in a study.a. Identify which of these is a threat to internal validity and which is a threat to
Describe how participant reactivity can be a threat to external validity; that is, how can participant reactivity limit the ability to generalize research results?
Describe how experimenter bias can be a threat to internal validity; that is, how can experimenter bias provide an explanation for the scores in one condition being higher than the scores in a second
What is the primary threat to internal validity for a study that compares different groups of participants?
Suppose that you wake up in the morning with all the symptoms of a head cold. You take a cold pill and eat a big bowl of your mother’s chicken soup. By midday your cold symptoms are gone, and you
What is the novelty effect, and how does it affect a study’s external validity?
Explain how using college students as participants in a study may limit the external validity of a study’s research findings.
A researcher finds that college students are more anxious near final exams in December than at the beginning of the semester in September. However, it is not clear whether the anxiety is caused by
A researcher conducts a study with 6-year-old children at a summer computer camp for gifted children. However, the researcher suspects that different results would be obtained if the study were
Explain the difference among the terms research strategy, research design, and research procedure.
How is the descriptive strategy different from the other four research strategies?
For each of the following scenarios, identify which research strategy is used: descriptive, correlational, experimental, or nonexperimental. (Note: For now, do not differentiate between
Define each of the following terms:Descriptive research strategyLinear relationshipCurvilinear relationshipPositive relationshipNegative relationshipCorrelational research strategyExperimental
Explain how the non-probability technique of quota sampling can be used to mimic the probability technique of stratified random sampling.
For each of the following scenarios, identify which sampling method is used:a. The State College is conducting a survey of student attitudes and opinions. The plan is to use the list of all
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of convenience sampling.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a stratified random sample compared with a proportionate stratified random sample.
Under what circumstances is a proportionate stratified random sample preferred to a simple random sample?
Under what circumstances is a stratified random sample preferred to a simple random sample?
Explain how a researcher using simple random sampling can still obtain a biased sample.
If a researcher selects a sample from each of the following populations, then which is likely to be a probability sample and which is likely to be a non-probability sample?a. The population consists
A researcher studying cyber bullying among middle-school students interviews a group of students from a local middle school about their cyber bullying experiences. For this study, identify the target
A researcher conducting a political poll for a statewide election would like to know the attitudes of college students concerning the candidates. A sample of 200 upperclassmen from the state
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define each of the following terms:Target populationAccessible populationLaw of large numbersAampling methods, or sampling techniques, or
Explain why plagiarism is unethical.
Describe how replication protects against fraud being committed in research.
Summarize the major APA ethical standards concerning the care and use of animals in research.
Describe in your own words the criteria that the IRB uses to evaluate proposed research.
Explain how the enforcement of confidentiality benefits both the participants and the researcher.
Explain the role of voluntary participation in informed consent.
By manipulating the participants’ experiences, it is possible to examine how people’s performance and attitudes are influenced by success and failure. To do this, researchers can give some
For each of the following, identify which of the three basic principles of the Belmont Report is being violated:a. A researcher recruits poor minorities to be participants in a risky experiment.b. A
Define each of the following terms:EthicsNuremberg CodeNational Research ActBelmont ReportPrinciple of respect (autonomy)Principle of beneficencePrinciple of justiceAPA Ethics CodeClinical
Describe how the concept of participant reactivity might explain why a person’s behavior during a job interview is very different from a person's behavior with friends.
What are demand characteristics, and how do they limit the validity of the measurements obtained in a research study?
Explain how an artifact can limit the validity and reliability of a measurement.
What is a ceiling effect, and how can it be a problem?
Describe the relative strengths and weaknesses of self-report measures compared to behavioral measures.
Select one construct from the following list:Happiness HungerExhaustion MotivationCreativity FearBriefly
For each of the following operational definitions, decide whether you consider it to be a valid measure. Explain why or why not. Decide whether you consider it to be a reliable measure. Explain why
A researcher claims that intelligence can be measured by measuring the length of a person’s right-hand ring finger. Explain why this procedure is very reliable but probably not valid.
Explain how inter-rater reliability is established.
Suppose that a social scientist has developed a questionnaire intended to measure the quality of romantic relationships. Describe how you could evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire.
A clinical researcher has developed a new test measuring impulsiveness and would like to determine the validity of the test. The new test and an established measure of impulsiveness are both
A researcher evaluates a new cholesterol medication by measuring cholesterol levels for a group of patients before they begin taking the medication and after they have been taking the medication for
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define each of the following terms:Positive relationship: Negative relationship: AccuracyScale of measurementNominal
Determine whether each of the following hypotheses is testable and refutable. If not, explain why.(a) Young children can see good or evil auras surrounding the people they meet.(b) A list of
Is the following hypothesis testable, refutable, and positive? Explain your answer.
Describe the three ways identified in the text to find or develop a new research idea from existing research report(s).
List the five sections typically found in a research article, and describe briefly what each should contain.
How does a full-text database differ from other databases?
Define primary and secondary sources and explain how each plays a role in the process of finding a research idea.
In addition to the key words, you should be able to define each of the following terms: Literature search: Subject
A sociologist would like to describe the characteristics of people who live and work in small towns (population less than 2,000).(a) Explain how this question might be answered using qualitative
An expert appears on a shopping network to explain how the different candle fragrances they are selling influence people’s moods and behaviors. Explain how you could determine whether the
Describe what it means to say that science is empirical, public, and objective, and explain why each of these principles is important.
State a hypothesis that identifies a specific variable that causes some people to choose red as their favorite color. Create a prediction from your hypothesis.
In this chapter, we identified the method of authority, the rational method, and the empirical method as techniques for acquiring information. For each of the following, choose one of these three
According to the gambler’s fallacy, if a coin toss results in heads three times in a row, then the probability of tails increases for the fourth toss. Describe how you would use the empirical to
Suppose that you are debating whether to hitchhike across country or take the bus. Explain how the rational method could help you make a decision.
Describe why you might be cautious about using the Internet to find answers to medical questions.
Define the following termsReplicationPseudoscience

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