Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

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2. Explain why there is more than one method for measuring central tendency. Why not use a single,. standardized method for determining the "average" score?
1. Explain the general purpose for measuring central tendency,
26. Construct a stem and leaf display for the following set of scores: 103, 82, 57, 66, 75, 58, 37, 99 74, 60, 56, 61, 87, 41, 98, 58 107, 79, 66, 59, 32, 81, 40 54, 62, 83, 94, 46, 70, 79
25. For the set of data shown in the following stem and leaf display: 2 56 3 26 4 3 5 41691 6 302 7 4586 8 271a. Construct a grouped frequency distribution table using an interval width of 10 to display the data.b. Place the same data in a frequency distribution histo- gram, again using an interval
24. Find each value requested for the frequency distribu- tion presented in the following table: x f da. Find the percentile rank for X=7.b. What is the 75th percentile?c. Find the percentile rank for X = 20.
23. Complete the following frequency distribution table, and find each of the percentiles and percentile ranks requested: X f c c% 10 235622 6 2 5 2 098765a. What is the percentile rank for X 6.5?b. What is the percentile rank for X-9.5?c. What is the 50th percentile?d. What score is needed to be
22. The following frequency distribution presents a set of exam scores for a class of N = 25 students. X 1
21. Complete the cumulative frequency column and the cumulative percentage column for the following table: X f of 5. 7 c% 5432- 4 8 3 5 2 3 1 2
20. Complete the following frequency distribution table, and find each of the percentiles and percentile ranks requested: X fa. What is the 75th percentile?b. What is the percentile rank for X = 9.5?c. Find the 50th percentile. 21. Complete the cumulative frequency column and the cumulative
19. Place the following set of scores in a frequency distribution table: 1, 3, 1, 1, 4, 1, 4, 5, 6, 2, 1, 1, 5 1, 3, 2, 1, 6, 2, 4, 5, 2, 3, 2, 3 Compute the proportion and the percentage of individ uals with each score. From your frequency distribution table, you should be able to identify the
18. The following data are quiz scores from two different sections of an introductory statistics course: Section I Section II 9 6 8 4 7 8 10 8 3. 6 3 7 7 8 8 4 6 5 ? 5 10 10 3 6 9 6 7 7 4 6a. Organize the scores from each section in a frequency distribution histogram.b. Describe the general
17. Sketch a frequency distribution histogram for the following data: X f 15 14 25 13 6 12 3 BE 11 2 10 1
16. A psychologist would like to examine the effects of diet on intelligence. Two groups of rats are selected, with 12 rats in each group. One group is fed the regu- lar diet of Rat Chow, whereas the second group has special vitamins and minerals added to their food. After 6 months, each rat is
15. Construct a grouped frequency distribution table to organize the following set of scores: 206, 350, 590, 473, 450, 483 112, 380, 584, 620, 743, 685, 592, 712, 727, 686, 816 592 542, 490, 684, 491, 520, 380
14. For the following set of quiz scores: 3, 5, 4, 6, 2, 3, 4, 1, 4, 3 7, 7, 3, 4, 5, 8, 2, 4, 7, 10a. Construct a frequency distribution table to organize the scores.b. Draw a frequency distribution histogram.
13. For the following set of scores: 4, 6, 9, 5, 3, 8, 9, 4, 2, 5, 10, 7, 4, 9, 8, 3a. Construct a frequency distribution table.b. Sketch a polygon showing the distribution.c. Describe the distribution using the following characteristics: (1) What is the shape of the distribution? (2) What score
12. For the following set of scores: 5, 6, 2, 3, 6, 5, 6, 4, 1, 5, 6, 3, 4a. Construct a frequency distribution table.b. Sketch a polygon showing the distribution.e. Describe the distribution using the following characteristics: (1) What is the shape of the distribution? (2) What score best
11. For each of the following sets of scores: Set 1 Set II 33 3 5 4 2 i 3 9 14 10 3 3 2 3 4 6 4 9 1a. Construct a frequency distribution table for each set of data.b. Sketch a histogram showing each frequency distribution.c. Describe each distribution using the following characteristics: (1) What
10. For the following scores, construct a frequency distri- bution table usinga. An interval width of 5.b. An interval width of 10. 64, 75, 50, 67, 86, 66, 62, 64, 71, 47 57, 74, 63, 67, 56, 65, 70, 87, 48, 50 41, 66, 73, 60, 63, 45, 78, 68, 53, 75
9. Place the following set of scores in a grouped fre- quency distribution table usinga. An interval width of 2.b. An interval width of 5. 23, 12, 16, 16, 17 20, 14, 21, 18, 24 18, 21, 22, 27, 21 22, 23, 21, 30, 27
8. Three sets of data are described as follows: Set I: N 40, highest score is X-93, lowest score is X = 52 Set II: N is Set III: N 62, highest score is X = 35, lowest score X-26 25, highest score is X-890, lowest score is X230 For each set of data, identify whether a regular table or a grouped
7. Find each value requested for the set of scores summa- rized in the following table:a. N X 'fb. EXc. Ex S 2 4 3 32- 3 4 2 1 I
6. A set of scores has been organized into the following frequency distribution table. Find each of the follow- ing values for the original set of scores:a. Nb. EX X f 543- 2 1 3302
5. An instructor obtained the following set of scores from a 10-point quiz for a class of 26 students: 9, 2, 3, 8, 10, 9, 9, 2, 1, 2, 9, 8, 2 5, 2, 9, 9, 3, 2, 5, 7, 2, 10, 1, 2, 9.a. Place the scores in a frequency distribution table.b. Sketch a histogram showing the distribution.c. Using your
4. The following are reading comprehension scores for a third-grade class of 18 students: 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 2 4, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 3, 5a. Place the scores in a frequency distribution table.b. Sketch a histogram showing the distribution.c. Using your graph, provide the following information:
3. Under what circumstances should you use a grouped frequency distribution instead of a regular frequency distribution?
2. Under what circumstances should you use a bar graph instead of a histogram to display a frequency distribution?
1. An instructor obtained the following set of quiz scores for a class of 20 students: 3, 1, 1, 2, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 3 2, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 2, 5, 3a. Place the scores in a frequency distribution table including columns for proportion and percentage.b. Using your table, provide the following informa-
26. For the following set of scores, find the value of each expression:a. Ex Xb. (EX) 6. ( - 5) 7d. (x-5) 4 10 3 1
25. For the following set of scores, find the value of each expression:a. EX X Yb. Erc. EXY -2 4 0 31 2 -4 3
24. For the following set of scores, find the value of each expression:a. EX Xb. Ex 3c. (X + 3)
23. For the following set of scores, find the value of each expression:a. EX Xb. Ex 6. ( + 1) 1 1. + 1)7 3 0 5
22. Each of the following summation expressions requires a specific sequence of mathematical operations. For each expression, state in words the sequence of opera- tions necessary to perform the specified calculations. For example, the expression (X + 1) instructs you to add 1 point to each score
21. Use summation notation to express each of the follow- ing calculations:a. Add the scores, and then add 3 points to the total.b. Subtract 2 points from each score, and square the result. Then add the squared values.c. Square each score, and add the squared values. Then subtract 10 points from
20. Use summation notation to express each of the follow- ing calculations:a. Square each score, and find the sum of the squared values.b. Find the sum of the scores, and then square the sum.
19. Two scores, X and Y, are recorded for each of n = 4 subjects. For these scores, find the value of each expression:a. Ex Subject x V 1.c. EXY A 3 2 B 4 1 C 2 3 D 6 4
18. For the following scores, find the value of each expression:a. Ex xb. Exc. (XX) 4d. E(X-1) 2 6 1
17. Explain how the correlational research method is different from other research methods that examine the relationship between variables.
16. Suppose two individuals are assigned to different categories on a scale of measurement. If the measure- ment scale is nominal, then the only information pro- vided about the two individuals is that they are different.a. What additional information about the difference between the two
15. A researcher records how much time each participant takes to complete a standardized maze.a. Is the researcher measuring a discrete or a continu- ous variable?b. What scale of measurement is being used?
14. A researcher studying the effects of environment on mood asks people to sit alone in a waiting room for 15 minutes at the beginning of an experiment. Half of the people are assigned to a room with dark blue walls, and the other half are assigned to a room with bright yellow walls. After 15
13. A researcher is comparing two brands of medication intended to reduce stomach acid. Before eating a very spicy meal, one group of people is given brand X, and another group is given brand Y. Two hours after eat- ing, each person is asked to rate his or her level of indigestion using the
12. A professor records the number of absences for each student in a class of N-20.a. Is the professor measuring a discrete or a con- tinuous variable?b. What scale of measurement is being used?
11. Define and differentiate a discrete variable and a con- tinuous variable.
10. A questionnaire asks individuals to report age, sex, eye color, and height. For each of the four variables,a. Classify the variable as either discrete or continuous.b. Identify the scale of measurement that probably would be used.
9. A researcher would like to evaluate the claim that large doses of vitamin C can help prevent the common cold. One group of people is given a large dose of the vita- min (500 mg per day), and a second group is given a placebo (sugar pill). The researcher records whether or not each individual
8. A researcher studying sensory processes manipulates the loudness of a buzzer and measures how quickly people respond to the sound at different levels of intensity. Identify the independent and dependent variables for this study.
7. A developmental psychologist conducts a research study comparing vocabulary skills for 5-year-old boys and 5-year-old girls. Is this study an experiment? Explain why or why not.
6. A researcher reports that individuals who survived one heart attack and were given daily doses of aspirin were significantly less likely to suffer a second heart attack than survivors who did not take aspirin. For this study, identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.
5. In general, research attempts to establish and explain relationships between variables. What terms are used to identify the two variables in an experiment? Define each term.
4. Define the concept of sampling error. Be sure that your definition includes the concepts of statistic and parameter.
3. Identify the basic characteristics that distinguish the experimental method from the correlational method.
2. Define the terms population and sample, and explain how each of these is involved in the process of scien- tific research.
1. Describe the general purpose for descriptive statistics and for inferential statistics.
Dividing a positive number by a negative number (or dividing a negative number by a positive number) produces a negative result.a. 12 4 3b. 12 / 4 3c. 16 (8) 2d. 16 / (8) 2
Dividing two negative numbers produces a positive result.a. 12 4 3b. 12 / 4 3c. 16 (8) 2d. 16 / (8) 2
Dividing two positive numbers produces a positive result.a. 12 4 3b. 12 / 4 3c. 16 8 2d. 16 / 8 2
Multiplying one positive and one negative number produces a negative result.a. 3 9 27b. 3(9) 27c. 4 (3) 12d. 4(3) 12
Multiplying two negative numbers produces a positive result.a. 3 9 27b. 3(9) 27c. 4 (3) 12d. 4(3) 12
Multiplying two positive numbers produces a positive result.a. 6 9 54b. 6(9) 54c. 4 3 12d. 4(3) 12
Subtracting one number from another number. (Hint: When subtracting a negative number from another number, two negative signs come in sequence, as in part (a). To solve the equations, change the two sequential negative signs into a single positive sign.)a. 5 (4) 9 5 4 9b. 5 8 3c. 6 3 9
Adding two numbers with opposite signs: Find the difference between the two numbers and assign the sign (positive or negative) of the larger number.a. 17 (9) 8b. 16 10 6
Adding with negative numbers: Sum the absolute values of each number and place a negative sign in front of the sum. (Hint:When a positive sign directly precedes a negative sign, change both signs to a single negative sign.)a. 6 (4) 10 6 4 10
Adding with positive numbers: Add the two (or series of ) numbers to produce a sum.a. 4 7 11b. 7 4 9 20c. 4 6 7 2 19
Angelman syndrome is a rare genetic disease in which children are delayed developmentally and exhibit unusual symptoms such as inappropriate and prolonged laughter, difficulty in speaking or inability to speak, and seizures. Imagine that a researcher obtained vocabulary data for six children with
The following figures display data that depict the relation between students’ monthly cell phone bills and the number of hours they report that they study per week.a. What does the accompanying scatterplot suggest about the shape of the distribution for hours studied per week? What does it
A common situation faced by researchers working with special populations, such as neurologically impaired people or people with less common psychiatric conditions, is that the studies often have small sample sizes due to the relatively few numbers of patients. As a result, these researchers often
CNN.com reported on a 2005 study that ranked the world’s cities in terms of how livable they are (http://www .cnn.com/2005/WORLD/ europe/10/ 04/eui.survey/) using a range of criteria related to stability, health care, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure.Vancouver came out on
You’re applying to graduate school and have found a list of the top 50 PhD programs for your area of study.For each of the following scenarios, state which nonparametric hypothesis test is most appropriate: Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann–Whitney U
The Morgan Quitno Press regularly ranks U.S. states on how “smart” they are based on 21 criteria including per-student school expenditures, percent of population with high school degrees, high school dropout rate, average class size, and “percent of 4th graders whose parents have strict rules
Which Web site offers better fares—Cheaptickets.com or Expedia.com? We conducted searches in February 2007, not all that far ahead, for the cheapest fares for round-trip international flights during peak summer travel season: leaving on July 7, 2007, and returning on July 28, 2007. We conducted a
Are Canadian professional hockey teams consistent over time? Here are the wins per season (out of 82 games) for the six Canadian teams in the National Hockey League(NHL). For comparison, in 1995–1996, the top team in
Spanish researchers reported the following: “Using the Mann-Whitney nonparametrical statistical test on the gender differences, we found a significant difference between boys and girls in Group 1 for overall [aggression](U 44.00, p 0.004) and received aggression (U 48.00, p 0.005). So, in their
Do red states (U.S. states whose residents tend to vote Republican) have different voter turnouts than blue states (U.S. states whose residents tend to vote Democratic)? The accompanying table shows voter turnouts(in percentages) for the 2004 presidential election for eight randomly selected red
Do public or private universities tend to have better sociology graduate programs? U.S. News & World Report publishes online rankings of graduate schools across a range of disciplines. Here is its 2005 list of the top 21 doctoral programs in sociology, along with an indication of whether the
Exercise 18.39 presented data to enable you to calculate the Spearman correlation coefficient that quantifies the relation between the speed of taking the test and the test grade.a. Does this correlation coefficient suggest that students should take their tests as quickly as possible?That is, does
Consider again the two variables described in Exercise 18.39, test grade and speed in taking the test. Imagine that each of the following numbers represents the Spearman correlation coefficient that quantifies the relation between these two variables—test grade converted to ranks such that the
Does speed in completing a test correlate with one’s grade? Here are test scores for eight students in one of our statistics classes. They are arranged in order from the student who turned in the test first to the student who turned in the test last.98 74 87 92 88 93 62 67a. What are the two
In fantasy baseball, groups of 12 league participants conduct a draft in which they can “buy” any baseball players from any teams across one of the leagues (i.e., the American League or National League). These makeshift teams are compared on the basis of the combined statistics of the
Here are some monthly cell phone bills, in dollars, for college students:a. Convert these data from scale to ordinal. (Don’t forget to put them in order first.) What happens to an outlier when you convert these data to ordinal?b. Roughly, what shape would the distribution of these data take?
CNN.com reported on a 2005 study that ranked the world’s cities in terms of how livable they are using a range of criteria related to stability, health care, culture and environment, education, and infra -structure. Vancouver came out on top. For each of the following research questions, state
Bootstrapping involves repeatedly sampling with replacement. Below is a set of scores for a small sample(N 6):42, 48, 50, 41, 44, 45a. Calculate the mean of this sample.b. The following data set represents the samples that result after sampling with replacement from the original data set five
Assume a researcher compared the performance of a group of 10 people at two different time points using the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.a. Using a p level of 0.05 and a two-tailed test, what is the critical value?b. If T 10, would the researcher reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
Assume a researcher compared the performance of two independent groups of participants on an ordinal variable using the Mann–Whitney U test. The first group had 8 participants and the second group had 11 participants.a. Using a p level of 0.05 and a two-tailed test, what is the critical value?b.
Assume a researcher compared the performance of four independent groups of participants on an ordinal variable using the Kruskal–Wallis H test. Each group had eight participants.a. What is the df associated with this test?
The following data set represents the scores of three independent groups of participants on a single scale dependent variable:a. Calculate the Kruskal–Wallis H statistic for this data set.b. Make a decision regarding the null hypothesis. Is there a significant difference among the groups? Group 1
The following data set represents the scores of three independent groups of participants on a single ordinal dependent variable. Calculate the Kruskal–Wallis H statistic for this data set.
Are men or women more likely to be at the top of their class? The following table depicts fictional class standings for a group of men and women:a. Compute the Mann–Whitney U test statistic.b. Make a decision regarding the null hypothesis. Is there a significant difference in the class ranks of
Compute the Mann–Whitney U statistic for the following data. The numbers under the Group 1 and Group 2 columns are participant numbers.
Compute the Mann–Whitney U statistic for the following data. The numbers under the Group 1 and Group 2 columns are participant numbers.
Compute the Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistic for the following set of data:
Assume a group of students provides happiness ratings for how happy they feel during the school year and how happy they feel during the summer. Do happiness levels differ depending on the time of year? Fictional data appear below:
Imagine that a researcher measured a group of participants at two time points. Fictional scores for these two time points appear below. Are the scores different at time 1 and time 2?a. Compute the Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistic.b. Make a decision regarding the null hypothesis.
The following set of fictional data represent the finishing place for runners of a 5-kilometer race and the number of hours they trained per week.
Compute the Spearman correlation coefficient for the data listed in Exercise 18.20.
Compute the Spearman correlation coefficient for the data listed in Exercise 18.19.
Convert the following scale data to ordinal or ranked data, starting with a rank of 1 for the smallest data point.
Convert the following scale data to ordinal or ranked data, starting with a rank of 1 for the smallest data point.
In order to compute statistics, we need to have working formulas. For each of the following, (i) identify the incorrect symbol, (ii) state what the correct symbol should be, and (iii) explain why the initial symbol was incorrect.
How can bootstrapping be used as an alternative to nonparametric tests when working with small sample sizes?

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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

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