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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

Following up on your work in Exercise 11.45, add the following:a. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for these data.b. State in your own words what we learn from this confidence interval.c. Explain why interval estimates are better than point estimates.
As a follow-up to your hypothesis test in Exercise 11.44, add the following:a. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for these data.b. State in your own words what we learn from this confidence interval.c. Express the confidence interval, in a sentence, as margin of error.
In Exercise 11.42, we reported data from our statistics classes in which male and female students were asked how long, in minutes, they typically spend getting ready for a date. Here are the data:Men: 28, 35, 52, 14 Women: 30, 82, 53, 61 And here are some of the calculations needed to conduct an
In Exercise 11.41, we considered a study by Raz and colleagues (2005) that used brain-imaging techniques(i.e., functional magnetic resonance imaging) to explore whether posthypnotic suggestion led highly hypnotizable people to see Stroop words as nonsense words. You conducted an independent-samples
Some people claim that women can experience“mother hearing,” an increased sensitivity to and awareness of noises, in particular those of children. This special ability is often associated with being a mother, rather than simply being female. Using hypothetical data, let’s put this idea to the
At some vacation destinations, “all-inclusive” resorts allow you to pay a flat rate and then eat and drink as much as you want. There has been concern about whether these deals might lead to excessive consumption of alcohol by young adults on spring break trips.You decide to spend your spring
“Are Women Really More Talkative Than Men?” is the title of a 2007 article that appeared in the journal Science. In the article, Mehl and colleagues report the results of a study of 396 men and women. Each participant wore a microphone that recorded every word he or she uttered. The researchers
In an example we sometimes use in our statistics classes, several semesters’ worth of male and female students were asked how long, in minutes, they spend getting ready for a date. The data reported below reflect the actual means and the approximate standard deviations for the actual data from
Using data from Exercise 10.28 on the effects of posthypnotic suggestion on the Stroop effect (Raz, Fan,& Posner, 2005), let’s conduct an independent-samples t test. For this test, we will pretend that two sets of people participated in the study, whereas previously we considered fictional data
Numeric results for several independent-samples t tests are presented here. Decide whether each test is statistically significant, and report each result in the standard APA format.a. A total of 73 people were studied, 40 in one group and 33 in the other group. The test statistic was calculated as
For each of the following sets of data, indicate whether you would apply a square root transformation to the data and explain why or why not.a. 10 15 18 20 22 25 30 17 23b. 23 10 67 2 56 34 47 5 26 13c. 32 88 75 71 89 91 94 75 87 78.
Use the following data set to answer the questions below:15 24 35 16 18 22 16 72a. Calculate the mean and median of the data set.What do the mean and median suggest about the distribution of the data?b. Apply the square root transformation to the data set.c. Calculate the mean and median for the
Find the critical t values for the following data sets:a. Group 1 has 21 participants and group 2 has 16 participants. You are performing a two-tailed test with a p level of 0.05.
Calculate the effect size using Cohen’s d for the data presented in Exercise 11.20.
Calculate the effect size using Cohen’s d for the data presented in Exercise 11.19.
Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the data presented in Exercise 11.20.
Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the data presented in Exercise 11.19.
Calculate the t statistic for the data presented in Exercise 11.20.
Calculate the t statistic for the data presented in Exercise 11.19.
Using your work in Exercise 11.28, calculate the variance and the standard deviation of the distribution of differences between means for the data from liberals and conservatives.
Using your work in Exercise 11.27, calculate the variance and the standard deviation of the distribution of differences between means for the data in groups 1 and 2.
Calculate the variance version of standard error for the data in Exercise 11.20—for the liberals (2, 1, 3, 2) and then for the conservatives (4, 3, 3, 5, 2, 4).
Calculate the variance version of standard error for the data in Exercise 11.19—for group 1 (97, 83, 105, 102, 92) and then again for group 2 (111, 103, 96, 106).
Calculate the pooled variance, , for the data from liberals and conservatives shown in Exercise 11.20.
Calculate the pooled variance, , for groups 1 and 2 shown in Exercise 11.19.
Determine the critical values for t based on the df you calculated in Exercise 11.22, assuming a two-tailed test with a p level of 0.05.
Determine the critical values for t based on the df you calculated in Exercise 11.21, assuming a two-tailed test with a p level of 0.05.
Assuming these data are from two independent groups, calculate dfX, dfY, and dftotal for the data presented in Exercise 11.20.
Assuming these data are from two independent groups, calculate dfX, dfY, and dftotal for the data presented in Exercise 11.19.
Calculate s 2 for the following data:Liberals: 2, 1, 3, 2 Conservatives: 4, 3, 3, 5, 2, 4
Calculate s 2 for the following data:Group 1: 97, 83, 105, 102, 92 Group 2: 111, 103, 96, 106
Below are several sample means. Calculate the differences between the means for students who sit in the front versus the back of a classroom
What does the square root transformation do to the distribution of data?
Why might we want to transform our data?
How do we interpret effect size using Cohen’s d?
Why does the effect-size calculation use standard deviation rather than standard error?
How does the size of the confidence interval relate to the precision of our prediction?
What is the difference between pooled variance and pooled standard deviation?
How do confidence intervals relate to margin of error?
Define the symbols in the following formula:
Why would we want the variability estimate based on a larger sample to count more (to be more heavily weighted) than one based on a smaller sample?
What is pooled variance?
What is the difference between and ?
As measures of variability, what is the difference between standard deviation and variance?
As they relate to comparison distributions, what is the difference between mean differences and differences between means?
Explain how the paired-samples t test evaluates individual differences and the independent-samples t test evaluates group differences.
What are independent events?
Explain random assignment and what it controls.
When is it appropriate to use the independent-samples t test?
Refer to Exercise 10.28, which describes the results of a study in which participants completed the Stroop test before and after receiving a posthypnotic suggestion.a. How might order effects influence the results of this study?b. Could the researchers use a counterbalanced design?Why or why not?
It seems that 14% of engaged women buy a wedding dress at least one size smaller than their current size.Why? Cornell researchers reported an alarming tendency for engaged women to attempt to lose sometimes unhealthy amounts of weight prior to their wedding(Neighbors & Sobal, 2008). The researchers
Below are the numbers of goals scored by the lead scorers of the New Jersey Devils hockey team in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 seasons. On average, did the Devils play any differently in 2008–2009 than they did in 2007– 2008?
Using the data from Exercise 10.15, assume you collected exam scores from 1000 students whose mean difference score and standard deviation were exactly the same as those you calculated as part of the calculations for the paired-samples t statistic in Exercise 10.15(a).a. Using a two-tailed test and
Changing the sample size can have an effect on the outcome of a hypothesis test. Consider Exercise 10.28 on the Stroop test and posthypnotic suggestion.a. Calculate the test statistic using only participants 1–3 and determine the new critical values.b. Is this test statistic closer to or farther
When we change the p level that we use as a cutoff, it causes a small change in step 4 of hypothesis testing.Although 0.05 is the most commonly used p level, other
Let’s consider Exercise 10.28 on the Stroop test and posthypnotic suggestion. When we conduct a one-tailed test instead of a two-tailed test, there are small changes in steps 2 and 4 of hypothesis testing.a. Conduct step 2 of hypothesis testing—stating the null and research hypotheses in words
In Chapter 1, you were given an opportunity to complete the Stroop test in which color words are printed in thea. What is the independent variable and what are its levels? What is the dependent variable?b. Conduct all six steps of a paired-samples t test. Be sure to label all six steps.c. Report
Using the data provided in Exercise 10.26, calculate the effect size and explain what this adds to your analysis.
Is it harder to get into graduate programs in psychology or history? We randomly selected five institutions from among all U.S. institutions with graduate programs. The first number for each is the minimum grade point average(GPA) for applicants to the psychology doctoral program, and the second is
For the scenario described in Exercise 10.24 (big box stores and their effect on local retailers), state the null and research hypotheses in both words and symbols.
Many communities worldwide are lamenting the effects of so-called big box retailers (e.g., Wal-Mart) on their local economies, particularly on small, independently owned shops. Do these large stores affect the bottom lines of locally owned retailers? Imagine that you decide to test this premise.
Assume we know the following for a paired-samples t test: N 13, Mdifference 0.77, s 1.42.a. Calculate the t statistic.b. Calculate a 95% confidence interval for a two-tailed test.c. Calculate effect size using Cohen’s d.
Assume we know the following for a paired-samples t test: N 32, Mdifference 1.75, s 4.0.a. Calculate the t statistic.
a. Calculate the 95% confidence interval, assuming a two-tailed test, for the paired-samples t statistic that you calculated in Exercise 10.19.b. Calculate the effect size for the mean difference you calculated in 10.19.
a. Calculate the 95% confidence interval, assuming a two-tailed test, for the paired-samples t statistic that you calculated in Exercise 10.18.b. Calculate the effect size for the mean difference you calculated in Exercise 10.18.
Calculate the paired-samples t statistic for the following set of data.
Using the t statistic you calculated for Exercise 10.16, perform steps 4 and 6 of a two-tailed hypothesis test with a p level of 0.05. Identify the critical t values and make a decision regarding the null hypothesis.
The following are mood scores for 12 participants before and after watching a funny video clip (higher values indicate better mood).
The following are scores for 8 students on two different exams.a. Calculate the paired-samples t statistic for these exam scores.b. Using a two-tailed test and a p level of 0.05, identify the critical t values and make a decision regarding the null hypothesis.
Assume 8 participants completed a mood scale before and after watching a funny video clip.a. Identify the critical t value for a one-tailed, pairedsamples t test with a p level of 0.01.b. Identify the critical t values for a two-tailed, pairedsamples t test with a p level of 0.01.
Identify the critical t values for a two-tailed, paired-samples t test performed on scores on the Marital Satisfaction Inventory for 64 couples who went through marriage counseling, using a p level of 0.05.
Identify the critical t value for a one-tailed, pairedsamples t test performed on scores on the Marital Satisfaction Inventory for 18 couples who went through marriage counseling, using a p level of 0.01.
Why might order effects lead a researcher to use a between-groups design rather than a within-groups design?
Identify and explain the technique for countering order effects using a within-groups research design.
What are order effects?
If we calculate the confidence interval around the sample mean difference used for a paired-samples t test, and it does not include the value of 0, what can we conclude?
If we calculate the confidence interval around the sample mean difference used for a paired-samples t test, and it includes the value of 0, what can we conclude?
Why is the population mean almost always equal to 0 for the null hypothesis in the two-tailed, paired-samples t test?
How is a paired-samples t test different from a singlesample t test?
How is a paired-samples t test similar to a single-sample t test?
Explain the distinction between the terms independent samples and paired samples as they relate to t tests.
When do we use a paired-samples t test?
What do we mean when we say we have a distribution of mean differences?
Below are the amounts of credit card debt reported by 27 men and 23 women.Men 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 700 2000 3000 3000 3000 Women 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 600 900 1700 2000 3000 4000 4500 10,000a. Construct stacked dot plots for these data.b. What can we lear
The following data are Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) scores for 20, already arranged in order from lowest to highest:2.0, 2.0, 2.5, 2.5, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.5, 4.5a. Construct a dot plot for these data.b. What can you learn about the
After further investigation, you discover that one of the data points, 27 days, was actually the owner’s number of paid days off. Redo some of the work for Exercise 9.33 adapting for this new information by deleting that value.a. Calculate the appropriate t statistic. Show all of your work in
Consider all the results you calculated in Exercise 9.33.How would you summarize the situation for this business owner? Identify the limitations of your analyses, and discuss the difficulties of making comparisons between populations and samples. Make reference to the assumptions of the statistical
Use the data presented in Exercise 9.32 to help this business owner understand her employees’ experience with paid days off in greater detail.a. Calculate the appropriate t statistic. Show all of your work in detail.b. Draw a statistical conclusion for this business owner.c. The p level for the
The number of paid days off (i.e., vacation, sick leave)taken by eight employees at a small local business is compared to the national average. You are hired by the business owner, who has been in business for just 18 months, to help her determine what to expect for paid days off. In general, she
Bardwell, Ensign, and Mills (2005) assessed the moods of 60 male U.S. Marines following a month-long training exercise conducted in cold temperatures and at high altitudes. Negative moods, including fatigue and anger, increased substantially during the training and lasted up to three months after
Refer to the information provided in Exercise 9.27 and the work you have done through Exercise 9.29 when answering the following:a. Calculate the effect size using Cohen’s d.b. Evaluate the size of this effect.
Refer to the information provided in Exercise 9.27 when answering the following:a. Calculate the confidence interval for this statistic based on the data presented.b. What conclusion would you make about your hypotheses based on this confidence interval?What can you say about the size of this
Refer to the information provided in Exercise 9.27 when answering the following:a. Write hypotheses to address the question “Has the time spent on death row changed in recent years?”b. Using these data as “recent years” and the mean of 11.72 years as the comparison, answer the question
The Florida Department of Corrections publishes an online death row fact sheet. It reports the average time on death row prior to execution as 11.72 years but provides no standard deviation. This mean is a parameter because it is calculated from the entire population of executed prisoners in
On its Web site, the Princeton Review claims that students who have taken its course improve their Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores, on average, by 210 points. (No other information is provided about this statistic.) Treating this average gain as a population mean, a researcher wonders
For each of the problems described below, which are the same as those described in Exercise 9.21, identify what the critical z value would have been if there had been just one sample and we knew the mean and standard deviation of the population:a. A single-sample t test examining scores for 26
Students in a statistics course reported the number of hours of sleep they get on a typical weeknight. These data appear below.5 6.5 6 8 6 6 6 7 5 7 6 6.5 7 6 7 4 8 6a. Create a dot plot of these data.b. Use the dot plot to describe the distribution of the set of scores.
Assume we know the following for a two-tailed, singlesample t test: l 7, N 41, M 8.5, s 2.1.a. Calculate the t statistic.b. Calculate a 99% confidence interval.c. Calculate effect size using Cohen’s d.
Assume we know the following for a two-tailed, singlesample t test, at a p level of 0.05: l 44.3, N 114, M 43, s 5.9.a. Calculate the t statistic.b. Calculate a 95% confidence interval.c. Calculate effect size using Cohen’s d.
Identify critical t values for each of the following tests:a. A single-sample t test examining scores for 26 participants to see if there is any difference compared to the population, using a p level of 0.05b. A one-tailed, single-sample t test performed on scores on the Marital Satisfaction

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