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statistics for nursing a practical approach

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Nursing A Practical Approach

Based on APA style, what is wrong with the following reference?Karau, Steven. J., & Williams, Kenneth. D. (1993).Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of
Which of the following lists represents the correct ordering of the sections of an APA paper?a. Abstract, Method, Introduction, Resultsb. Introduction, Abstract, Method, Resultsc. Discussion,
A summary of the entire research project is to as an interpretation of the findings is to .a. Abstract; Results sectionb. Method section; Results sectionc. Abstract; Discussion sectiond. Results;
A description of prior findings in the area of study is to the as a report of statistical findings is to .a. Introduction; Method sectionb. Method section; Introductionc. Introduction; Results
The page after the title page in an APA-format paper is always the .
Statistical findings are reported in the section of an APA-format paper.
The subsections in a methods section of an APAformat paper include the .
The Results section should identify the statistics used to analyze the data and the results of those analyses. It should not include any explanation or qualification of the results, nor should it
The Participants subsection should be first.It provides a description of the participants, which may include gender, age, and ethnicity.Next comes a Materials or Apparatus subsection, describing any
The short title appears in the upper-right margin of an APA-style manuscript (on all pages except the figure pages) and is usually the first two or three meaningful words of the title of the paper.
Identify the grammatical or formatting errors in each of the following statements:a. 50 students participated in the study.b. The F-score was 6.54 with a p-value of .05 and 1 and 12 degrees of
Briefly describe the type of information that should be contained in an introduction.
Explain what information should and should not appear in a Results section.
Identify and briefly explain what the subsections in a Method section should be.
What is the difference between the short title and the running head in an APA-style manuscript?
The ABA design is generally considered than the ABAB design because participants.a. more desirable; are left with the effects of the treatmentb. less desirable; are not left with the effects of the
Which of the following is a type of single-case design?a. ABA reversal designsb. multiple baseline across participantsc. time-series designd. single-group posttest only design
In terms of developmental designs, a design is being used when the researcher tests the same participants at difference ages over many years.a. matched-participantsb. sequentialc. cross-sectionald.
The difference between pretest/posttest designs and time-series designs is that time-series designs take measures.a. fewerb. morec. the same number ofd. more reliable
A problem with nonequivalent control group designs is that:a. they are open to many confounds.b. there is no comparison group.c. there is no equivalent control group.d. both a and c.
Students in one of Mr. Kirk’s classes participate in new interactive history learning modules.Students in another class learn history using the traditional lecture method. After three months, all
Correlational research differs from quasiexperimental research in that:a. with correlational research we measure two variables.b. with quasi-experimental research there is one nonmanipulated
Which of the following is a participant variable?a. ethnicityb. genderc. aged. all of the above
When using a variable, participants are assigned to groups.a. nonmanipulated independent; randomlyb. nonmanipulated independent; not randomlyc. participant; not randomlyd. both b and c
A small-n design in which measures are taken at baseline and after the introduction of the independent variable at different times across multiple participants is a design.
A single-case design in which baseline measures are taken, the independent variable is introduced and behavior is measured, and the independent variable is then removed and baseline measures taken
A design in which a few participants are studied is called a design.
A design in which only one participant is used is called a design.
When participants from different age groups all serve together in the same experiment, then a developmental design is being used.
A design in which at least two nonequivalent groups are given a pretest, then a treatment, and then a posttest measure is a design.
A design in which a single group of participants is measured repeatedly before and after a treatment is a design.
The design involves giving a treatment to a single group of participants and then testing them.
A variable is a characteristic inherent in the participants that cannot be changed.
Multiple-baseline designs attempt to control for confounds by introducing the treatment at differing time intervals to a few different people, to the same person in different situations, or to the
Reversal designs attempt to control for confounds by reversing the baseline and treatment conditions one or more times to assess the impact on behavior.
An ABAB design is considered more ethical than an ABA design because the final condition involves administering the treatment to the participant, rather than leaving the participant with no treatment
Single-case research is considered a variation of a within-participants design because it involves studying one or a few participants in both the control and experimental conditions.It is also
Pretest/posttest designs are an improvement because they allow us to assess whether the groups are similar or different before we introduce the treatment and how much they change after the treatment
This is a nonequivalent control group posttestonly design. The participants came to the study as either smokers or nonsmokers. We then took posttest measures on them. We cannot conclude that any
We have slightly more control in a quasiexperimental study than in a correlational study because we typically introduce some sort of treatment. However, because participants come to us as members of
Gender, religious affiliation, ethnicity, and visual acuity would all be participant variables.
When conducting single-case research, why do we look at graphs of data rather than statistically analyze the data as with other designs?
How does a multiple-baseline design differ from a reversal design?
Explain what a reversal design is. Identify advantages and disadvantages to using reversal designs.
Give three reasons a researcher might choose to use a single-case design.
What are the similarities and differences between cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential designs?
Identify some possible confounds in each of the studies you outlined in your answers to Exercises 2 and 3.
If the psychology professor in Exercise 2 had access to only one section of introductory psychology, describe how she might use a single-group design to assess the effectiveness of weekly quizzes.
A psychology professor is interested in whether implementing weekly quizzes improves student learning. She decides to use the weekly quizzes in one section of her introductory psychology class and
What is the difference between a true experimental design and a quasi-experimental design?
How do multiple-baseline designs attempt to control for confounds?
How do reversal designs attempt to control for confounds?
Why is an ABAB design considered more ethical than an ABA design?
Explain why single-case research is considered a variation of a within-participants design. Why might it also be considered a variation of a quasi-experimental design?
How are pretest/posttest designs an improvement over posttestonly designs?
Imagine I randomly select a group of smokers and a group of nonsmokers.I then measure lung disease in each group. What type of design is this? If I observe a difference between the groups in rate of
How does the quasi-experimental method allow us to draw slightly stronger conclusions than the correlational method? Why is it that the conclusions drawn from quasi-experimental studies cannot be
Which of the following variables are always participant variables(nonmanipulated independent variables)?gender ethnicity religious affiliation visual acuity amount of time spent studying amount of
The following ANOVA table corresponds to an experiment with two factors; 1) Time of Day(morning, afternoon, or evening) and 2) Type of Teaching Method (lecture only or lecture with small group
In a study with two levels of factor A, four levels of factor B, and 5 participants in each condition, the dfs for factors A and B, respectively, would be and .a. 2; 4b. 4; 4c. 1; 4d. 1; 3
In a study with two levels of factor A, four levels of factor B, and 5 participants in each condition, the df error would be:a. 39.b. 32.c. 8.d. 40.
How many conditions would there be in a factorial design with three levels of factor A and three levels of factor B?a. 6b. 3c. 9d. Unable to determine
When the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of the other independent variable we have observed a(n):a. main effect of one variable.b. main effect of a level of an independent
A two-way randomized ANOVA is to as a two-way repeated measures ANOVA is to .a. two independent variables manipulated between-participants; two dependent variables manipulated within-participantsb.
If the lines in a graph are not parallel, then there is most likely a(n):a. main effect of variable A.b. main effect of variable B.c. interaction effect.d. All of the above
An experiment with three independent variables, each with three levels is a design.a. 2 3b. 3 3c. 2 2 2d. 3 3 3
A 2 4 5 6 factorial design has potential main effects.a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 24
In a study examining the effects of time of day(morning, afternoon, or evening) and teaching style (lecture only versus lecture with small group discussion) on student attentiveness, the factorial
In a study examining the effects of time of day(morning, afternoon, or evening) and teaching style (lecture only versus lecture with small group discussion) on student attentiveness, how many
In a study examining the effects of time of day(morning, afternoon, or evening) and teaching style (lecture only versus lecture with small group discussion) on student attentiveness, how many main
When we manipulate more than one independent variable in a study, we:a. will have significant main effects.b. will have at least one significant interaction effect.c. are using a factorial design.d.
In an ANOVA, we use to measure effect size.
In a two-way ANOVA, the sum of the squared deviations of each score minus its cell mean is the.
In a two-way randomized ANOVA, there is the possibility for main effect(s)and interaction effects.
In a 4 × 6 factorial design, there are independent variables, one with levels and one with levels.
An effect of a single independent variable is a.
The notation that indicates how many independent variables were used in a study and how many levels there were for each variable is called.
A researcher is attempting to determine the effects of practice and gender on a timed task. Participants in the experiment are given a computerized search task. They search a computer screen of
Assuming that there were two significant main effects in a hypothetical 2 4 design, would Tukey’s HSD need to be calculated for these main effects? Why or why not?
Draw a graph representing the following data from a study using the same independent variables as in the chapter example.Determine whether there are any main effects or an interaction effect.Rote
How many main effect(s) and interaction effect(s) are possible in a 4 6 factorial design?
What is the factorial notation for the following design? A pizza parlor owner is interested in what type of pizza is most preferred by his customers. He manipulates the type of crust for the pizzas
One advantage of a correlated-groups design is that the effects of have been removed.a. individual differencesb. experimenter effectsc. subject bias effectsd. measurement error
If a randomized one-way ANOVA produced MSbetween 25 and MSwithin 5, then the F-ratio would be:a 25/5 5.b. 5/25 .20.c. 25/30 .83.d. 30/5 6.
Systematic variance and error variance comprise the variance.a within-groupsb. totalc. between-groupsd. participant
If a researcher reported an F-ratio with df (2, 21) for a randomized one-way ANOVA, then there were conditions in the experiment and total participants.a. 2; 21b. 3; 23c. 2; 24d. 3; 24
For an F-ratio with df (3, 20), the Fcv for .05 would be:a. 3.10.b. 4.94.c. 8.66.d. 5.53.
In a randomized ANOVA, if there are four groups with 15 participants in each group, then the df for the F-ratio is equal to:a. 60.b. 59.c. 3, 56.d. 3, 57.
If the null hypothesis for an ANOVA is false, then the F-ratio should be:a. greater than 1.00.b. a negative number.c. 0.00.d. 1.00.
One reason to use an ANOVA over a t test is to reduce the risk of:a. a Type II error.b. a Type I error.c. confounds.d. error variance.
The larger the F-ratio, the greater the chance that:a. a mistake has been made in the computation.b. there are large systematic effects present.c. the experimental manipulation probably did not have
If the between-groups variance is large, then we have observed:a. experimenter effects.b. large systematic variance.c. large error variance.d. possibly both b and c.
The F-ratio is determined by dividing by .a. error variance; systematic varianceb. between-groups variance; within-groups variancec. within-groups variance; between-groups varianced. systematic
The ANOVA for use with one independent variable and a correlated-groups design is the.
For an ANOVA, we use to compare all possible pairs of groups to determine which ones differ significantly from each other.
is an inferential statistic for measuring effect size with an ANOVA.
When we divide an SS score by its degrees of freedom, we have calculated a .
The sum of squared deviations of each score from the grand mean is the .
The variance is an estimate of the effect of the independent variable, confounds, and error variance.
The mean performance across all participants is represented by the .

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