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statistics for nursing a practical approach
Research Methods And Statistics A Critical Thinking Approach 3rd Edition Sherri L. Jackson - Solutions
Effect size for a chi-square test is determined by using the .
When frequency data are collected, we use the to determine how well an observed frequency distribution of two nominal variables fits some expected breakdown.
The nonparametric inferential statistic for comparing two groups of different people when ordinal data are collected is the.
and frequencies are used in the calculation of the 2 statistic.
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of mean differences between dependent samples in a two-group experiment is the.
When using a correlated-groups t test, we calculate , scores representing the difference between participants’ performance in one condition and their performance in a second condition.
A(n) is a parametric inferential test used to compare the means of two related samples.
is an inferential statistic for measuring effect size with t tests.
A(n) is a parametric inferential test for comparing sample means of two independent groups of scores.
Why is the 2 test of independence a nonparametric test, and what does this mean?
How do the 2 tests differ in use from a t test?
Determine the difference scores and ranks for the following set of matched-pairs data. Finally, calculate T for these data, and determine whether the T score is significant for a two-tailed test.Participant Score 1 Score 2 1 12 15 2 10 9 3 15 14 4 17 23 5 17 16 6 22 19 7 20 30 8 22 25
I have recently conducted a study in which I ranked my participants(college students) on height and weight. I am interested in whether there are any differences in height and weight depending on whether the participant is an athlete (defined as being a member of a sports team) or not an athlete.
How does decreasing variability affect a t test? Why does it affect a t test in this manner?
How does increasing the sample size affect a t test? Why does it affect a t test in this manner?
How is effect size different from significance level? In other words, how is it possible to have a significant result yet a small effect size?
Most psychology experiments suffer from the problem because of the type of participants used.a. diffusion of treatment problemb. college sophomore problemc. regression to the mean problemd. mortality problem
If we were to conduct a replication in which we increased the number of levels of the independent variable, we would be using a(n)replication.a. exactb. conceptualc. exactd. systematic
If you were to use a bathroom scale to weigh mice in an experimental setting, your experiment would most likely suffer from a:a. ceiling effect.b. floor effect.c. practice effect.d. fatigue effect.
Controlling participant effects is to controlling experimenter effects as is to .a. fatigue effects; practice effectsb. practice effects; fatigue effectsc. double-blind experiment; single-blind experimentd. single-blind experiment; double-blind experiment
When the confound of mortality occurs:a. participants are lost equally from both the experimental and control groups.b. participants die as a result of participating in the experiment.c. participants boycott the experiment.d. participants are lost differentially from the experimental and control
Joe scored very low on the SAT the first time that he took it. Based on the confound of, if Joe were to retake the SAT, his score should .a. instrumentation; increaseb. instrumentation; decreasec. regression to the mean; increased. regression to the mean; decrease
Joann conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of an anti-anxiety program. The experiment took place over a 1-month time period.Participants in the control group and the experimental group (those who participated in the antianxiety program) recorded their anxiety levels several times each
The extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable, rather than to some confounding variable refers to:a. external validity.b. generalization to populations.c. internal validity.d. both b and c.
Within-participants design is to between participants design as is to .a. using different participants in each group;using the same participants in each groupb. using the same participants in each group;using different participants in each groupc. matched-participants design; correlatedgroups
In an experimental study of the effects of stress on appetite, participants are randomly assigned to either the no stress group or the stress group.These groups represent the and the, respectively.a. independent variable; dependent variableb. dependent variable; independent variablec. control
In an experimental study of the effects of stress on appetite, stress is the:a. dependent variable.b. independent variable.c. control group.d. experimental group.
Manipulate is to measure as is to.a. independent variable; dependent variableb. dependent variable; independent variablec. control group; experimental groupd. experimental group; control group
If the order of conditions affects the results in a within-participants design, then there are.
When a study is based on another study but uses different methods, a different manipulation, or a different measure, we are conducting a replication.
The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized is called .
When the measuring device is limited in such a way that scores at the top of the scale cannot be differentiated, there is a effect.
When neither the experimenter nor the participant know the condition to which each participant has been assigned, a experiment is being used.
If participants talk to each other about an experiment, then there may be .
If there is a problem with the measuring device, then there may be a(n) effect.
A(n) is a threat to internal validity where the possibility of naturally occurring changes within the participants is responsible for the observed results.
is the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable, rather than to some confounding variable.
When the dependent variable is measured both before and after manipulation of the independent variable, we are using a design.
When we use , we determine who serves in each group in an experiment randomly.
An experiment in which different participants are assigned to each group is a .
This example is similar to an instrumentation effect. The way the measuring device is used has changed over the course of the “study.”
Based on what we have learned about regression to the mean, the son would probably not be as tall as his father. Because the father represents an extreme score on height, the son would most likely regress toward the mean and not be as tall as his father. However, because his mother is also
Having a control group in the stress-reduction study would help to reveal the confound of history because if this confound were present, we would expect the control group to also increase in stress level, possibly more so than the experimental group. Having a control group informs a researcher
What are the similarities and differences between within-participants and matchedparticipants designs?
How does using a Latin square aid a researcher in counterbalancing a study?
What are internal validity and external validity, and why are they so important to researchers?
On the most recent exam in your biology class, every student made an A. The professor claims that he must really be a good teacher for all of the students to have done so well. Given the confounds discussed in this chapter, what alternative explanation can you offer for this result?
You read in a health magazine about a study in which a new therapy technique for depression was examined. A group of depressed individuals volunteered to participate in the study, which lasted 9 months. There were 50 participants at the beginning of the study and 29 at the end of the 9 months. The
A researcher is interested in whether listening to classical music improves spatial ability. She randomly assigns participants to either a classical music condition or a no-music condition. Is this a between-participants or a within-participants design?
People with anxiety disorders are selected to participate in a study on a new drug for the treatment of this disorder. The researchers know that the drug is effective in treating the disorder, but they are concerned with possible side effects. In particular, they are concerned with the effects of
If a researcher wants to conduct a study with four conditions and 15 participants in each condition, how many participants will be needed for a between-participants design? For a within-participants design?
While grading a large stack of essay exams, Professor Hyatt becomes tired and hence more lax in her grading standards. Which confound is relevant in this example? Why?
Imagine that a husband and wife who are very tall (well above the mean for their respective height distributions) have a son. Would you expect the child to be as tall as his father? Why or why not?
We discussed the history effect with respect to a study on stress reduction.Review that section, and explain how having a control group of equivalent participants would help to reveal the confound of history.
A researcher believes that the percentage of people who smoke in the South is greater than the national rate. The national rate is 15%. The researcher gathers a random sample of 110 individuals who live in the South and finds that the number who smoke is 21 out of 110.a. What statistical test
A researcher hypothesizes that people who listen to classical music have higher concentration skills than those in the general population. On a standard concentration test, the overall mean is 15.5.The researcher gave this same test to a random sample of 12 individuals who regularly listen to
A researcher is interested in whether students who play chess have higher average SAT scores than students in the general population. A random sample of 75 students who play chess is tested and has a mean SAT score of 1070. The average () is 1000 (= 200).a. Is this a one- or two-tailed test?b.
Which of the following is an assumption of2 tests?a. It is a parametric test.b. It is appropriate only for ordinal data.c. The frequency in each expected frequency cell should be less than 5.d. The sample should be randomly selected.
Parametric is to nonparametric as is to.a. z test; t testb. t test; z testc. 2 test; z testd. t test; 2 test
Which of the following is an assumption of the t test?a. The data should be ordinal or nominal.b. The population distribution of scores should be normal.c. The population mean () and standard deviation() are known.d. The sample size is typically less than 30.
A one-tailed z test is to as a two-tailed z test is to .a. ±1.645; ±1.96b. ±1.96; ±1.645c. Type I error; Type II errord. Type II error; Type I error
The sampling distribution is a distribution of:a. sample means.b. population mean.c. sample standard deviations.d. population standard deviations.
When alpha is .05, this means that:a. the probability of a Type II error is .95.b. the probability of a Type II error is .05.c. the probability of a Type I error is .95.d. the probability of a Type I error is .05.
In a recent study, researchers concluded that caffeine significantly increased stress levels. What the researchers were unaware of, however, was that several of the participants in the no caffeine group were also taking anti-anxiety medications.The researchers’ conclusion is a error.a. Type IIb.
A conservative statistical test is one that:a. minimizes both Type I and Type II errors.b. minimizes Type I errors but increases Type II errors.c. minimizes Type II errors but increases Type I errors.d. decreases the chance of Type II errors.
In a study on the effects of caffeine on driving performance, researchers predict that those in the group that is given more caffeine will exhibit worse driving performance. The researchers are using a hypothesis.a. two-tailedb. directionalc. one-tailedd. both b and c
When using a one-tailed hypothesis, the researcher predicts:a. the direction of the expected difference between the groups.b. only that the groups being compared will differ in some way.c. nothing.d. only one thing.
One-tailed hypothesis is to directional hypothesis as hypothesis is to hypothesis.a. null; alternativeb. alternative; nullc. two-tailed; nondirectionald. two-tailed; one-tailed
Null hypothesis is to alternative hypothesis as is to .a. effect; no effectb. Type I error; Type II errorc. no effect; effectd. both b and c
The hypothesis predicting that differences exist between the groups being compared is the hypothesis.a. nullb. alternativec. one-tailedd. two-tailed
Inferential statistics allow us to infer something about the based on the .a. sample; populationb. population; samplec. sample; sampled. population; population
and frequencies are used in the calculation of the 2 statistic.
The is a parametric statistical test of the null hypothesis for a single sample where the population variance is not known.
The set of distributions that, although symmetrical and bell-shaped, are not normally distributed is called the .
The is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
A is a distribution of sample means based on random samples of a fixed size from a population.
tests are statistical tests that do not involve the use of any population parameters.
When an observed difference, say between two means, is unlikely to have occurred by chance, we say that the result has .
An error in hypothesis testing in which the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true is a.
An alternative hypothesis in which the researcher predicts the direction of the expected difference between the groups is a .
The hypothesis predicting that no difference exists between the groups being compared is the.
A teacher believes that the percentage of students at her high school who go on to college is higher than the rate in the general population of high school students. The rate in the general population is 30%. In the most recent graduating class at her high school, the teacher found that 90 students
A researcher believes that the percentage of people who exercise in California is greater than the national exercise rate. The national rate is 20%. The researcher gathers a random sample of 120 individuals who live in California and finds that the number who exercise regularly is 31 out of 120.a.
When is it appropriate to use a 2 test?
A random sample of 14 individuals who listen to classical music is given the same test.Their scores on the test are 52, 59, 63, 65, 58, 55, 62, 63, 53, 59, 57, 61, 60, 59.a. Is this a one- or two-tailed test?b. What are H0 and Ha for this study?c. Compute tobt.d. What is tcv?e. Should H0 be
A researcher hypothesizes that individuals who listen to classical music will score differently from the general population on a test of spatial ability. On a standardized test of spatial ability,
A researcher hypothesizes that people who listen to music via headphones have greater hearing loss and will thus score lower on a hearing test than those in the general population. On a standard hearing test, the overall mean is 22.5.The researcher gives this same test to a random sample of 12
He decided to compare his tobt with this tcv. Is he more likely to make a Type I or a Type II error in this situation?
He could not find his table of t critical values, but he remembered the tcv at df
Henry performed a two-tailed test for an experiment in which N
Why does tcv change when the sample size changes? What must be computed to determine tcv?
The producers of a new toothpaste claim that it prevents more cavities than other brands of toothpaste. A random sample of 60 people use the new toothpaste for 6 months. The mean number of cavities at their next checkup is 1.5. In the general population, the mean number of cavities at a 6-month
A researcher is interested in whether students who attend private high schools have higher average SAT scores than students in the general population. A random sample of 90 students at a private high school is tested and has a mean SAT score of 1050. The average score for public high school
How do inferential statistics differ from descriptive statistics?
Assume that each of the following conclusions represents an error in hypothesis testing.Indicate whether each of the statements is a Type I or II error.a. Based on the data, the null hypothesis is rejected.b. There is no significant difference in quality of care between nurses who work 8- and
What are the appropriate H0 and Ha for each of the following research studies? In addition, note whether the hypothesis test is one- or two-tailed.a. A study in which researchers want to test whether there is a difference in spatial ability between left- and right-handed peopleb. A study in which
A researcher believes that family size has increased in the past decade in comparison to the previous decade—that is, people are now having more children than they were before.What are the null and alternative hypotheses in a study designed to assess this? Is this a one- or two-tailed hypothesis
To test the hypothesis in Exercise 1, the admissions counselors select a random sample of freshmen and compare their scores on the SAT with those of the population of upperclassmen.They find that the freshmen do in fact have a higher mean SAT score. However, they are unaware that the sample of
The admissions counselors at Brainy University believe that the freshman class they have just recruited is the brightest yet. If they want to test this belief (that the freshmen are brighter than the other classes), what are the null and alternative hypotheses? Is this a one- or two-tailed
Why is the 2 goodness-of-fit test a nonparametric test, and what does this mean?
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