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statistics for nursing a practical approach
Research Methods And Statistics A Critical Thinking Approach 3rd Edition Sherri L. Jackson - Solutions
How does the 2 goodness-of-fit test differ in use from the previously described z test and t test? In other words, when should it be used?
Test the following hypothesis using the t test: Researchers are interested in whether the pulses of long-distance runners differ from those of other athletes. They suspect that the runners’pulses will be slower. They obtain a random sample (N 8) of long-distance runners, measure their resting
Explain the difference in use and computation between the z test and the t test.
Conduct the z test for the preceding example. Assume that 100, 15, X 102.75, and N 60.Should we reject H0 or fail to reject H0?
Imagine that I want to compare the intelligence level of psychology majors with the intelligence level of the general population of college students. I predict that psychology majors will have higher IQ scores. Is this a one- or two-tailed test? Identify H0 and Ha.
How is a z test different from a z-score?
Explain the difference betweenX and.
Explain how a sampling distribution differs from a distribution of individual scores.
How does single-sample research involve the use of hypothesis testing? In other words, in a single-group design, what hypothesis is tested?
How do inferential statistics differ from descriptive statistics?
If a researcher decides to use the .10 level rather than the conventional.05 level of significance, what type of error is more likely to be made?Why? If the .01 level is used, what type of error is more likely? Why?
A researcher collects data on children’s weights from a random sample of children in the South and concludes that children in the South weigh less than the national average. The researcher, however, does not realize that the sample includes many children who are small for their age and that in
A researcher hypothesizes that children in the South weigh less(because they spend more time outside) than the national average.Identify H0 and Ha. Is this a one- or two-tailed test?
Regression analysis allows us to:a. predict an individual’s score on one variable based on knowing the individual’s score on another variable.b. determine the degree of relationship between two interval/ratio variables.c. determine the degree of relationship between two nominal variables.d.
Drew is interested is assessing the degree of relationship between belonging to a Greek organization and the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per week. Drew should use the correlation coefficient to assess this.a. partialb. point-biserialc. phid. Pearson product-moment
Suppose that the correlation between age and hearing ability for adults is .65. What proportion(or percent) of the variability in hearing ability is accounted for by the relationship with age?a. 65%b. 35%c. 42%d. unable to determine
The is the correlation coefficient that should be used when both variables are measured on an ordinal scale.a. Spearman rank-order correlation coefficientb. coefficient of determinationc. point-biserial correlation coefficientd. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
If a relationship is curvilinear, we would expect the correlation coefficient to be:a. close to 0.00.b. close to 1.00.c. close to 1.00.d. an accurate representation of the strength of the relationship.
When we argue against a statistical trend based on one case we are using a:a. third-variable.b. regression analysis.c. partial correlation.d. person-who argument.
We would expect the correlation between height and weight to be , whereas we would expect the correlation between age in adults and hearing ability to be .a. curvilinear; negativeb. positive; negativec. negative; positived. positive; curvilinear
If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are:a. normally distributed.b. positively correlated.c. regressing toward the average.d. negatively correlated.
A correlation coefficient of 1.00 is to as a correlation coefficient of 1.00 is to .a. no relationship; weak relationshipb. weak relationship; perfect relationshipc. perfect relationship; perfect relationshipd. perfect relationship; no relationship
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the variables with the weakest degree of relationship?a. .89b. 1.00c. .10d. .47
Strong correlation coefficient is to weak correlation coefficient as is to .a. 1.00; 1.00b. 1.00; .10c. 1.00; 1.00d. .10; 1.00
The magnitude of a correlation coefficient is to as the type of correlation is to .a. slope; absolute valueb. sign; absolute valuec. absolute value; signd. none of the above
is a procedure that allows us to predict an individual’s score on one variable based on knowing their score on a second variable.
To measure the proportion of variance accounted for in one of the variables by the other variable, we use the .
The correlation coefficient is used when one variable is measured on an interval/ratio scale and the other on a nominal scale.
The correlation coefficient is used when both variables are measured on an interval/ratio scale.
A variable that is truncated and does not vary enough is said to have a .
When we assume that because we have observed a correlation between two variables one variable must be causing changes in the other variable, we have made the errors of and.
When an increase in one variable is related to a decrease in the other variable and vice versa, we have observed an inverse or relationship.
A is a figure showing the relationship between two variables, that graphically represents the relationship between the variables.
If I wanted to correlate class rank with SAT scores for a group of 50 individuals, which correlation coefficient would I use?
In a recent study, researchers were interested in determining the relationship between gender and amount of time spent studying for a group of college students. Which correlation coefficient should be used to assess this relationship?
Calculate and interpret r2 for an observed correlation coefficient between SAT scores and college GPAs of .72.
General State University recently investigated the relationship between SAT scores and GPAs (at graduation) for its senior class.They were surprised to find a weak correlation between these two variables. They know they have a grade inflation problem (the whole senior class graduated with GPAs of
I have recently observed a strong negative correlation between depression and self-esteem. Explain what this means. Make sure you avoid the misinterpretations described previously.
Draw a scatterplot representing a strong negative correlation between depression and self-esteem. Make sure you label the axes correctly.
Explain why a correlation coefficient of .00 or close to .00 may not mean that there is no relationship between the variables.
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?.59 .10 1.00 .76
The results of a recent survey indicate that the average new home costs $100,000 with a standard deviation of $15,000. The price of homes is normally distributed.a. If someone bought a home for $75,000, what proportion of homes cost an equal amount or more than this?b. At what percentile rank is a
Calculate the range, average deviation, and standard deviation for the following distribution.2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8
Calculate the mean, median, and mode for the following distribution.1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 11
Sue’s percentile rank would be approximately:a. 78%.b. 84%.c. 16%.d. Cannot say from the information given.
Sue’s first philosophy exam score is 1 standard deviation from the mean in a normal distribution.The test has a mean of 82 and a standard deviation of
If the average weight for women is normally distributed with a mean of 135 pounds and a standard deviation of 15 pounds, then approximately 68% of all women should weigh between and pounds.a. 120; 150b. 120; 135c. 105; 165d. Cannot say from the information given.
Faculty in the physical education department at State University consume an average of 2,000 calories per day with a standard deviation of 250 calories. The distribution is normal. What proportion of faculty consumes an amount between 1,600 and 2,400 calories?a. .4452b. .8904c. .50d. None of the
If Jack scored 15 on a test with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 5, what is his z-score?a. 1.5b. 1.0c. 0.0d. Cannot be determined.
If the shape of a frequency distribution is lopsided, with a long tail projecting longer to the left than to the right, how would the distribution be skewed?a. normallyb. negativelyc. positivelyd. nominally
Which of the following is not true?a. All scores in the distribution are used in the calculation of the range.b. The average deviation is a more sophisticated measure of variation than the range, however, it may not weight extreme scores adequately.c. The standard deviation is the most
Imagine that distribution B contains the following scores: 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.Distribution A has a standard deviation and a average deviation in comparison to distribution B.a. larger; largerb. smaller; smallerc. larger; smallerd. smaller; larger
Imagine that distribution A contains the following scores: 11, 13, 15, 18,
The calculation of the standard deviation differs from the calculation of the average deviation in that the deviation scores are:a. squared.b. converted to absolute values.c. squared and converted to absolute values.d. It does not differ.
Mean is to as mode is to .a. ordinal, interval, and ratio data only; nominal data onlyb. nominal data only; ordinal data onlyc. interval and ratio data only; all types of datad. none of the above
Middle score in the distribution is to as score occurring with the greatest frequency is to.a. mean; medianb. median; modec. mean; moded. mode; median
Imagine that 4,999 people who are penniless live in Medianville. An individual whose net worth is $500,000,000 moves to Medianville. Now the mean net worth in this town is and the median net worth is .a. 0; 0b. $100,000; 0c. 0; $100,000d. $100,000; $100,000
When Dr. Thomas calculated her students’ history test scores, she noticed that one student had an extremely high score. Which measure of central tendency should be used in this situation?a. meanb. standard deviationc. mediand. either the mean or the median
Seven Girl Scouts reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $17,$23, $13, $15, $12, $19, and $13. In this distribution of individual earnings, the mean is the mode and the median.a. equal to; equal tob. greater than; equal toc. equal to; less thand. greater than;
Qualitative variable is to quantitative variable as is to .a. categorical variable; numerical variableb. numerical variable; categorical variablec. bar graph; histogramd. categorical variable and bar graph; numerical variable and histogram
A is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution in which vertical bars are centered above each category along the x-axis and are separated from each other by a space indicating that the levels of the variable represent distinct, unrelated categories.a. histogramb. frequency polygonc.
The normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 is the .
A number that indicates how many standard deviation units a raw score is from the mean of a distribution is a .
A distribution in which the peak is to the left of the center point and the tail extends toward the right is a skewed distribution.
When we divide the squared deviation scores by N–1 rather than by N, we are using the of the population standard deviation.9.represents the standard deviation, and S represents the standard deviation.
An alternative measure of variation that indicates the average difference between the scores in a distribution and the mean of the distribution is the .
Measures of are numbers that indicate how dispersed scores are around the mean of the distribution.
The is the middle score in a distribution after the scores have been arranged from highest to lowest or lowest to highest.
Measures of are numbers intended to characterize an entire distribution.
A graphical representation of a frequency distribution in which vertical bars centered above scores on the x-axis touch each other to indicate that the scores on the variable represent related, increasing values is a .
A categorical variable for which each value represents a discrete category is a variable.
A is a table in which all of the scores are listed along with the frequency with which each occurs.
The amount of rainfall for the indicated day is 2 standard deviations above the mean. I would therefore conclude that the amount of rainfall was well above average. If the standard deviation were 2 rather than 0.75, then the amount of rainfall for the indicated day would be less than 1 standard
A measure of variation tells us about the spread of the distribution. In other words, are the scores clustered closely about the mean, or are they spread over a wide range?
In this case, the mean should not be used because of the single outlier (extreme score) in the distribution.
Because gender and type of vehicle driven are nominal data, only the mode can be determined;it is inappropriate to use the median or the mean with these data. Speed of travel is ratio in scale, so the mean, median, or mode could be used. Both the mean and median are better indicators of central
Gender and type of vehicle driven are qualitative variables, measured on a nominal scale;thus, a bar graph should be used. The speed at which the drivers are traveling is a quantitative variable, measured on a ratio scale. Either a histogram or a frequency polygon could be used.A frequency polygon
One advantage is that it is easier to “see” the data set in a graphical representation. A picture makes it easier to determine where the majority of the scores are in the distribution. A frequency distribution requires more reading before a judgment can be made about the shape of the
Fill in the missing information in the following table representing performance on an exam that is normally distributed with X 75 and s 9.X z-Score Percentile Rank Ken 73 — —Drew — 1.55 —Cecil — — 82
A survey of college students was conducted during final exam week to assess the number of cups of coffee consumed each day. The mean number of cups was 5 with a standard deviation of 1.5 cups. The distribution was normal.a. What proportion of students drank 7 or more cups of coffee per day?b. What
The results of a recent survey indicate that the average new car costs $23,000 with a standard deviation of $3,500. The price of cars is normally distributed.a. If someone bought a car for $32,000, what proportion of cars cost an equal amount or more than this?b. If someone bought a car for
Calculate the range, average deviation, and standard deviation for the following five distributions:a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9b. 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4c. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90d. 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9e. 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900
Calculate the mean, median, and mode for the following four distributions (a–d):a b c d 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 5 4 3 5 8 4 5 6 a b c d 9 5 5 6 10 5 8 6 11 5 8 7 11 6 8 8 11 6 9 8 8 10 9 11
Is the distribution normal or skewed? If it is skewed, what type of skew is it? Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for this distribution, and why?
Calculate the mean, median, and mode for the data set in Exercise
Which type of figure should be used to represent the data in Exercise 1—a bar graph, histogram, or frequency polygon? Why? Draw the appropriate figure for these data.
Organize the data in Exercise 1 into a class interval frequency distribution using 10 intervals with frequency ( f ) and relative frequency (rf )columns.
The following data represent a distribution of speeds (in miles per hour) at which individuals were traveling on a highway.64 80 64 70 76 79 67 72 65 73 68 65 67 65 70 62 67 68 65 64 Organize these data into a frequency distribution with frequency ( f ) and relative frequency(rf ) columns.
Based on what you have learned about z-scores, percentile ranks, and the area under the standard normal curve, fill in the missing information in the following table representing performance on an exam that is normally distributed with X 55 and S 6. X z-Score Percentile Rank John 63 Ray Betty
Students in the psychology department at General State University consume an average of 7 sodas per day with a standard deviation of 2.5. The distribution is normal.a. What proportion of students consumes an amount equal to or greater than 6 sodas per day?b. What proportion of students consumes an
Why is it not possible to use the proportions under the standard normal curve with skewed distributions?
On one graph, draw two distributions with the same mean but different standard deviations. Draw a second set of distributions on another graph with different means but the same standard deviation.
Today’s weather report included information on the normal rainfall for this time of year. The amount of rain that fell today was 1.5 inches above normal. To decide whether this is an abnormally high amount of rain, you need to know that the standard deviation for rainfall is 0.75 of an inch. What
For a distribution of scores, what information does a measure of variation add that a measure of central tendency does not convey?
If one driver was traveling at 100 mph (25 mph faster than anyone else), which measure of central tendency would you recommend against using?
In the example described in Critical Thinking Check 5.1, a researcher collected data on drivers’ gender, type of vehicle, and speed of travel. What is an appropriate measure of central tendency to calculate for each type of data?
A researcher observes driving behavior on a roadway, noting the gender of the drivers, the types of vehicle driven, and the speeds at which they are traveling. The researcher wants to organize the data in graphs but cannot remember when to use bar graphs, histograms, or frequency polygons. Which
What do you think might be the advantage of a graphical representation of data over a frequency distribution?
Consider the following survey question: “Most Americans consider a computer to be a necessity.Do you agree?” This is an example of a question.a. leadingb. loadedc. rating scaled. double-barreled
An open-ended question is to question as a closed-ended question is to question.a. multiple choice; short answerb. short answer; multiple choicec. short answer; essayd. multiple choice; essay
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