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statistics for nursing a practical approach
Research Methods And Statistics A Critical Thinking Approach 3rd Edition Sherri L. Jackson - Solutions
A question including nonneutral or emotionally laden terms is a question.a. loadedb. leadingc. double-barreledd. open-ended
Imagine that you wanted to assess student opinion of the dining hall by surveying a subgroup of 100 students at your school. In this situation, the subgroup of students represents the , and all of the students at your school represent the.a. sample; random sampleb. population; samplec. sample;
Rich is conducting a survey of student opinion of the dining hall at his university. Rich decided to conduct his survey by using every tenth name on the registrar’s alphabetical list of all students at his school. The type of sampling technique that Rich is using is:a. representative cluster
Poor response rate is to as interviewer bias is to .a. mail surveys; personal interview surveysb. mail surveys; mail surveysc. personal interview surveys; mail surveysd. telephone surveys; mail surveys
Of the three survey methods discussed in the text, surveys tend to have the lowest response rate and the expense.a. mail; highestb. personal interview; highestc. telephone; lowestd. mail; lowest
Personal interview surveys have the concern of but have the advantage of .a. low return rate; eliminating interviewer biasb. interviewer bias; high return ratec. sampling bias; eliminating interviewer biasd. both b and c
A tally sheet on which attributes that will not change are recorded utilizes items.a. staticb. actionc. narratived. nonnarrative
Checklists are to as narrative records are to .a. more subjective; less subjectiveb. less subjective; more subjectivec. less objective; more objectived. both b and c
Naturalistic observation is to as laboratory observation is to .a. more control; more flexibilityb. more control; less controlc. more flexibility; more controld. more flexibility; less control
is (are) a greater concern when using observation because the observations are made in an manner.a. Reactivity; undisguised; obtrusiveb. Expectancy effects; disguised; unobtrusivec. Reactivity; disguised; unobtrusived. Expectancy effects; disguised; obtrusive
Which of the following is true?a. Naturalistic observation involves observing humans or animals behaving in their natural setting.b. Naturalistic observation decreases the ecological validity of a study.c. Laboratory observation increases the ecological validity of a study.d. All of the above.
observation has greater validity than observation.a. Laboratory; construct; naturalisticb. Laboratory; ecological; naturalisticc. Naturalistic; ecological; laboratoryd. Naturalistic; content; laboratory
A question that sways a respondent to answer in a desired manner is a .
A numerical scale on which survey respondents indicate the direction and strength of their responses is a .
Questions for which participants choose from a limited number of alternatives are known as.
is a sampling technique designed to ensure that subgroups are fairly represented.
Using involves generating a random sample in which each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen as part of the sample.
When participants give a response that they believe is deemed appropriate by society, they are giving a .
involves a tendency for one group to be overrepresented in a study.
A item is a type of item used on a tally sheet on which attributes that will not change are recorded.
are full narrative descriptions of a participant’s behavior.
Observational studies in which the participants are unaware that the researcher is observing their behavior utilize observation.
The extent to which an experimental situation can be generalized to natural settings and behaviors is known as .
Observational studies in which the researcher does not participate in the situation in which the research participants are involved utilize observation.
a. This is a double-barreled question. It should be divided into two questions, one pertaining to money for computers and one pertaining to money for recreational activities.b. This is a loaded question. The phrase wasteful excesses loads the question emotionally.c. This is a leading question.
Stratified random sampling involves randomly selecting individuals from strata or groups.Using stratified random sampling ensures that subgroups, or strata, are fairly represented. This does not always happen when simple random sampling is used.
The problem with using all 4,500 returned surveys was that Hite sent out 100,000 surveys.Thus, 4,500 represented a very small return rate (4.5%). If the 100,000 individuals who were sent surveys were a representative sample, it is doubtful that the 4,500 who returned them were representative of the
Interviewer bias is of greatest concern with personal interviews because the interviewer is physically with the respondent. It is also of some concern with telephone interviews. However, because the telephone interviewer is not actually with the respondent, it isn’t as great a concern as it is
Data reduction is of greater concern when using narrative records because the narrative records must be interpreted and reduced to a quantitative form, using multiple individuals to establish interrater reliability. Checklists do not involve interpretation or data reduction because the individual
If reactivity were your greatest concern, you might try using disguised observation. In addition, you might opt for a more naturalistic setting.
Naturalistic observation has more flexibility because researchers are free to observe any behavior they may find interesting. Laboratory observation has less flexibility because the behaviors to be observed are usually determined before the study begins. It is thus difficult to change what is being
What are the problems with the following survey questions?a. Do you agree that school systems should be given more money for computers and recreational activities?b. Do you favor eliminating the wasteful excesses in the city budget?c. Most people feel that teachers are underpaid. Do you agree?
How is stratified random sampling different from random sampling?
Shere Hite had 4,500 surveys returned to her. This is a large sample(something desirable), so what was the problem with using all of the surveys returned?
With which survey method(s) is interviewer bias of greatest concern?
Why is data reduction of greater concern when using narrative records as opposed to checklists?
If reactivity were your greatest concern in an observational study, which method would you recommend using?
Explain the differences in flexibility and control between naturalistic and laboratory observational research.
Which of the following is true?a. Construct validity is the extent to which a measuring instrument covers a representative sample of the domain of behaviors to be measured.b. Criterion validity is the extent to which a measuring instrument accurately predicts behavior or ability in a given area.c.
Which of the following is not a type of validity?a. criterion validityb. content validityc. face validityd. alternate-forms validity
If observers disagree 20 times out of 80, then the interrater reliability is:a. 40%.b. 75%.c. 25%.d. not able to be determined.
Which of the following is true?a. Test-retest reliability is determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on one half of a test with scores on the other half of the test.b. Split-half reliability is determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on the same
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the variables with the weakest degree of relationship?a. .99b. .49c. .83d. .01
Sue decided to have participants in her study of the relationship between amount of time spent studying and grades keep a journal of how much time they spent studying each day. The type of measurement that Sue is employing is known as a(n):a. behavioral self-report measure.b. cognitive self-report
An individual’s potential to do something is to as an individual’s competence in an area is to .a. tests; self-report measuresb. aptitude tests; achievement testsc. achievement tests; aptitude testsd. self-report measures; behavioral measures
Measuring in whole units is to as measuring in whole units and/or fractional amounts is to .a. discrete variable; continuous variableb. continuous variable; discrete variablec. nominal scale; ordinal scaled. both a and c
Weight is to the scale of measurement as political affiliation is to the scale of measurement.a. ratio; ordinalb. ratio; nominalc. interval; nominald. ordinal; ratio
Letter grade on a test is to the scale of measurement as height is to the scale of measurement.a. ordinal; ratiob. ordinal; nominalc. nominal; intervald. interval; ratio
Arranging a group of individuals from heaviest to lightest represents the property of measurement.a. identityb. magnitudec. equal unit sized. absolute zero
Gender is to the property of measurement as time is to the property of measurement.a. magnitude; identityb. equal unit size; magnitudec. absolute zero; equal unit sized. identity; absolute zero
The degree to which a measuring instrument accurately measures a theoretic construct or trait that it is designed to measure is assessed by.
assesses the extent to which a measuring instrument covers a representative sample of the domain of behaviors to be measured.
produces a reliability coefficient that assess the agreement of observations made by two or more raters or judges.
When reliability is assessed by determining the degree of relationship between scores on the same test, administered on two different occasions, is being used.
occurs when participants act unnaturally because they know they are being observed.
Questionnaires or interviews that measure how people report that they act, think, or feel are.
A(n) scale is a scale in which the units of measurement between the numbers on the scale are all equal in size.
A(n) scale is a scale in which objects or individuals are broken into categories that have no numerical properties.
is a property of measurement in which the ordering of numbers reflects the ordering of the variable.
A definition of a variable in terms of the activities a researcher used to measure or manipulate it is an .
If they disagreed 38 times out of 250 times, then they agreed 212 times out of 250 times. Thus, 212/250 .85 100 85%, which is very high interrater agreement.
Because different questions on the same topic are used, alternative-forms reliability tells us whether the questions measure the same concepts(equivalency). Whether individuals perform similarly on equivalent tests at different times indicates the stability of a test.
The machine may not be operating correctly, or the person using the machine may not be doing so correctly. Recommendations: proper training of individuals taking the measures; checks on equipment; multiple measuring instruments;multiple measures.
Self-report measures and behavioral measures are more subjective; tests and physical measures are more objective.
a. Nominale. Ordinalb. Ordinalf. Nominalc. Ratio g. Ratiod. Interval
Nonverbal measures:• Number of twitches per minute• Number of fingernails chewed to the quick Physiological measures:• Blood pressure• Heart rate• Respiration rate• Galvanic skin response (GSR)These definitions are quantifiable and based on measurable events. They are not conceptual, as
The librarians are interested in how the computers in the library are being used. They have three observers watch the terminals to see if students do research on the Internet, use e-mail, browse the Internet, play games, or do schoolwork(write papers, type homework, and so on). The three observers
When you arrive for your psychology exam, you are flabbergasted to find that all of the questions are on calculus and not psychology. The next day in class, students complain so much that the professor agrees to give you all a makeup exam the following day. When you arrive to class the next day,
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the highest (best) reliability score?a. .10b. .95c. .83d. .00
Identify the type of measure used in each of the following situations:a. As you leave a restaurant, you are asked to answer a few questions regarding what you thought about the service you received.b. When you join a weight loss group, they ask that you keep a food journal noting everything that
Which of the following is an operational definition of depression?a. Depression is defined as that low feeling you get sometimes.b. Depression is defined as what happens when a relationship ends.c. Depression is defined as your score on a 50-item depression inventory.d. Depression is defined as the
If on your next psychology exam, you find that all of the questions are about American history rather than psychology, would you be more concerned about the reliability or validity of the test?
How is it possible for a test to be reliable but not valid?
Why is face validity not considered a true measure of validity?
You have just developed a new comprehensive test for introductory psychology that covers all aspects of the course. What type(s) of validity would you recommend establishing for this measure?
Two people observe whether or not vehicles stop at a stop sign. They make 250 observations and disagree 38 times. What is the interrater reliability? Is this good, or should it be of concern to the researchers?
Why does alternate-forms reliability provide a measure of both equivalency of items and stability over time?
Why might there be measurement errors even when using an objective measure such as a blood pressure cuff? How would you recommend trying to control for or minimize this type of measurement error?
Which types of measures are considered more subjective in nature?Which are more objective?
Identify the scale of measurement for each of the following variables:a. ZIP coded. Score on the SATb. Grade of egg (large,e. Class rank medium, small)f. Number on a football jerseyc. Reaction time g. Miles per gallon
Provide several operational definitions of anxiety. Include nonverbal measures and physiological measures. How would your operational definitions differ from a dictionary definition?
is to research involving no more risk than that encountered in daily life as is to being placed under some emotional or physical risk.a. Moderate risk; minimal riskb. Risk; minimal riskc. Minimal risk; riskd. Minimal risk; moderate risk
An IRB reviews research proposals to ensure:a. that ethical standards are met.b. that the proposal is methodologically sound.c. that enough participants are being used.d. that there will be no legal ramifications from the study.
Debriefing involves:a. explaining the purpose of a study to subjects after completion of data collection.b. having the participants read and sign an informed consent before the study begins.c. lying to the participants about the true nature of the study.d. none of the above.
The Milgram obedience to authority study is to as the Tuskegee syphilis study is to .a. the use of deception; participant selection problemsb. failure to use debriefing; the use of deceptionc. the use of deception; failure to obtain informed consentd. failure to obtain informed consent; the use of
A(n) is the committee charged with evaluating research projects in which human participants are used.
Lying to the participants concerning the true nature of the study because knowing the true nature of the study would affect how they might perform in the study involves using.
The form given to individuals before they participate in a study in order to inform them of the general nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate is called a(n).
The can help you to work from a given article to see what has been published on that topic since the article was published.
and are electronic versions of the Psychological Abstracts.
When is it necessary and not necessary to obtain informed consent?
What is the purpose of an IRB?
In what type of research might an investigator argue that deception is necessary? How can informed consent be provided in such a situation?
In a study of the effects of alcohol on driving performance, driving performance would be the:a. control group.b. independent variable.c. experimental group.d. dependent variable.
Baseline is to treatment as is to.a. independent variable; dependent variableb. dependent variable; independent variablec. experimental group; control groupd. control group; experimental group
In an experimental study of the effects of time spent studying on grade, time spent studying would be the:a. control group.b. independent variable.c. experimental group.d. dependent variable.
If a researcher assigns participants to groups based on, for example, their earned GPA, the researcher would be employing:a. a manipulated independent variable.b. random assignment.c. a participant variable.d. a manipulated dependent variable.
Which of the following is a participant (subject)variable?a. amount of time given to study a list of wordsb. fraternity membershipc. the number of words in a memory testd. all of the above
Negative correlation is to as positive correlation is to .a. increasing or decreasing together; moving in opposite directionsb. moving in opposite directions; increasing or decreasing togetherc. independent variable; dependent variabled. dependent variable; independent variable
Ray was interested in the mating behavior of squirrels so he went into the field to observe them.Ray is using the method of research.a. case studyb. laboratory observationalc. naturalistic observationald. correlational
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