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Chemistry For Cambridge O Level 3rd Edition Derek McMonagle - Solutions

2 Which types of data transmission are being described:i data is sent one bit at a time in one direction only ii data is being sent 8 bits at a time in one direction only iii data is being sent 16 bits at a time in both directions simultaneously iv data is sent one bit at a time in both directions
1 Explain what is meant by:i serial, half-duplex data transmission ii parallel, full-duplex data transmission ii serial, simplex data transmission.
4 a Explain how it is possible for packets to be lost during their transmission across a network.b Describe how it is possible for a system to deal with lost packets and prevent them from slowing down the transmission process.Explain why you think packet switching might improve data security.
3 a The trailer in a packet will use one form of error checking.Explain what is meant by a cyclic redundancy check.b. The payload contains the following data:Use this data to show how the receiving computer can verify that the received payload was error-free.
2 Explain how packet switching could be used to download a large web page from a website.
1 Suppose a video conference is taking place between delegates in two different countries. Packet switching is being used to send video and sound data between the delegates:Describe:i any potential problems with sound and video quality ii how these problems could be caused. Delegate 1 in USA Video
Six calculations are shown on the left and eleven denary values are shown on the right.By drawing arrows, connect each calculation to its correct denary value. An 8-bit register uses two's complement notation. What is the denary value of: 001011017 10 16 Convert the following into GIB 59 055 800
A memory stick is advertised as having a capacity of 64 GIB. a How many photographs of size 10 KiB could be stored on this memory stick?b John wants to store 400 photographs in a folder on his solid state drive (SSD). Each photograph is 10 KiB in size.i Name one way of reducing the size of this
A stopwatch uses six digits to store hours, minutes and seconds.An 8-bit register is used to store each pair of digits.a. Write the 8-bit binary numbers that are currently stored for the Hours, Minutes and Seconds.b. The stopwatch is started again and then stopped. When the watch is stopped, the
6 a Nancy has captured images of her holiday with her camera.The captured images are stored as digital photo files on her camera.Explain how the captured images are converted to digital photo files.b Nancy wants to email photos to Nadia.Many of the photos are very large files, so Nancy needs to
5 A bitmap image has the following resolution: 1140 * 1080 pixels.The image uses a colour depth of 24 bits.a Explain the term pixel.b. Explain the term colour depth.c Calculate how many of these images could be stored on a 32-GiB memory stick.d Describe how it would be possible to increase the
a Convert the following denary numbers into 8-bit binary numbers:i 123 ii 55 iii 180b. Carry out the following additions using your binary values from part a:i 123 + 55 ii 123 + 180 ci Write down the two's complement value of: 01110100 ii Write down the binary value of -112 using two's complement
3 An 8-bit binary register contains the value:a Write down the denary value of this register.b The contents of this register undergo a logical shift one place to the right.Show the result of this right shift.ii Write down the denary value following this right shift.c The contents of this register,
The editor of a movie is finalising the music score. He will send the final version of his score to the movie producer by email attachment.a Describe how sampling is used to record the music sound clips.b. The music sound clips need to undergo some form of data compression before the music editor
1 A software developer is using a microphone to collect various sounds for his new game. He is also using a sound editing app.When collecting sounds, the software developer can decide on the sampling resolution he wishes to use.ai What is meant by sampling resolution?ii Describe how sampling
The typical song stored on a music CD is 3 minutes and 30 seconds. Assuming each song is sampled at 44.1kHz (44 100 samples per second) and 16 bits are used per sample. Each song utilises two channels.Calculate how many typical songs could be stored on a 740 MiB CD.
Audio is being sampled at the rate of 44.1 kHz using 8 bits. Two channels are being used. Calculate:a the size of a one second sample, in bits b the size of a 30-second audio recording in MiB
Photographs have been taken by a smartphone which uses a detector with a 1024 x 1536 pixel array. The software uses a colour depth of 24 bits. How many photographs could be stored on a 16 GiB memory card?
A camera detector has an array of 1920 by 1536 pixels. A colour depth of 16 bits is used. Calculate the size of a photograph taken by this camera, giving your answer in MiB.
Describe the effect of increasing resolution and sampling rate on the size of a file being stored in a computer.
A colour image is made up of red, green and blue colour combinations. 8 bits are used to represent each of the colour components.i How many possible variations of red are there?ii How many possible variations of green are there?iii How many possible variations of blue are there?iv How many
Explain each of the following terms:i colour depth ii ASCII code and Extended ASCII code iii nicode iv sampling rate v bitmap image
Convert the following negative binary numbers (written in two's complement formati into negative denary numbers: a 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 b 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 d 1 0 0 1 - 1 1 0 1 D 0 0 0 0 f 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 01 1 1 1 h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
Convert the following negative denary numbers into binary numbers using the two's complement format: a -18 C-47 e-88 9-100 1-16 b-31 d-63 1-92 h-1 -127
a Convert 29 and 51 to 8-bit binary numbers.b Add the two binary numbers in part a.c Shift the result in part b three places to the right.d Convert 75 to an 8-bit binary number.e Add the two binary numbers from parts c and d.f Shift your result from part e one place to the left.
1 a Write down the denary value of the following binary number.b Shift the binary number three places to the right and comment on your result.c Write down the denary value of the following binary number.d Shift the binary number four places to the left and comment on your result. 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Convert the following binary numbers written in two's complement format) into positive denary numbers: -128 64 12 16 B 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 d 0 0 - - 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Convert the following positive denary numbers into 8-bit binary numbers in the two's complement format: a 39 c88 e 111 b 66 d 102 f 125 9.77 h 20 149 j 965
Carry out the following 16-bit binary additions and comment on your answers:a 0111 1111 1111 0001+0101 11110011 1001 b 1110 1110 0000 10111111 1101 1101 1001
Convert the following pairs of denary numbers to 8-bit binary numbers and then add the binary numbers. Comment on your answers in each case:a 89-175 b 168 + 99 c 88 + 215
Convert the following denary numbers into binary and then carry out the binary addition of the two numbers and check your answer against the equivalent denary sum: a 98.15 b 29.88 C 49 100 d 51-171 e 82+69 f 100-140 919+139 h 203+30 1 66+166 j 211+35
Carry out the following binary additions: a 00011101 01100110 b 00100111 00111111 c00101110-01001101 d 01110111 00111111 e 00111100-00110011 1 00111100-0111101 9 00111111 0011111 h 00110001-0011 i 01111111 0111 10100010 00111011
Convert each of the above denary numbers into hexadecimal.
1 Using software on your computer (for example, text colour option in Word), find out what colours would be represented by the following RGB denary value combinations: a Red 53 b Red 201 Red 12 Green 55 Green 122 Green 111 Blue 139 Blue 204 Blue 81
Convert the following hexadecimal numbers into denary: a 6 B b 9 C C&A d FF 1 FF f A01 9 BB4 h CAB i 12AE j AD89
Convert the following denary numbers into hexadecimal: a 98 b 227 f 1000 92634 490 d 511 h 3743 14007 826 j 5000
Convert the following hexadecimal numbers into binary: a 6 C b 59 CAA d A 00 e 40 E f BA6 9 9 C C h 40 A A 1 DA47 i 1AB0
Convert the following binary numbers into hexadecimal: a 11000011 b 11110111 c 1001111111 d 10011101110 e 000111100001 f 1000 10011110 9 0010011111110 h 0111010011100 i 1111111101111101 j 0 0 1 1 0 0 11110101110
Convert the following denary numbers into binary lusing both methods]: a 41 d 100 g 144 j 255 6 67 e 111 h 189 k 33000 c 86 f 127 1200 1 888 m 4095 n 16400 62307
Convert the following binary numbers into denary: a 00110011 b 0 1 1 1 1 1 11 c 10011001 d 01110100 e 11111111 f00001111 9 10001111 h 10110011 i 01110000 j 11 10 11 10 k 0001 1110 0111 1 0101 0101 0100 m 1111 0000 1111 n 0111 1100 1000 0111 1111 1111 p 0111 1100 1111 0000 90011 1111 0000 1101 r
Chromatography can be used to separate the dyes present in black ink. Which diagram shows the correct arrangement at the beginning of the experiment? ink ink ink ink solvent solvent solvent solvent (a) (b) (c) (d) [1]
10. V is a compound which contains two ions.Complete the table by adding the observations for (a), (b)(i), (b)(ii) and (c), and the test and observation for (d). test (a) V is dissolved in water and the solution divided into three parts for use in (b), (c) and (d). (b) (i) To the first part,
9. Mis a compound which contains three ions.Complete the table by adding the conclusion for (a), the observations for (b)(i), (ii) and (iii), and hoth the test and observation for (c). test (a) M is dissolved in water and the resulting solution divided into two parts for use in tests (b),(c). (b)
8. (a) Sorrel is a small green plant. The pigments in the sorrel leaf can be separated by chromatography.(i) Describe how chromatography can be used to separate different pigments.(ii) Explain what is meant by R, value.
7. The table shows the concentration of different ions found in a sample of aqueous industrial waste.Use the information in the table to answer the following questions.(a) Excess aqueous sodium hydroxide is added, a small volume at a time, to a sample of the aqueous industrial waste. Describe and
6. Methylamine, CH,NH,, is a base which has similar properties to ammonia. When methylamine dissolves in water, the following equilibrium is set up. CH NH₂ + H₂OCH,NH, + OH When aqueous methylamine is added to aqueous iron(III) chloride, a red-brown precipitate is observed. Suggest what you
5. Fertilisers are used to promote plant growth and increase crop yield.Three fertilisers are potassium chloride, potassium nitrate and ammonium phosphate. A scientist believes a water sample is contaminated by potassium nitrate. Describe a chemical test to confirm the presence of aqueous nitrate
4. Ethanol, C₂H₂OH, can be manufactured by two different processes.• process 1 the catalysed addition of steam to ethene• process 2 the fermentation of glucose Describe a chemical test which could be used to positively identify the carbon dioxide formed during fermentation.
3. Zinc is added to excess hydrochloric acid. Aqueous sodium hydroxide is added drop by drop to this reaction mixture until it is in excess. Describe what you would observe.
2. Proteins are natural polyamides which can be hydrolysed to form amino acids.The hydrolysis of proteins forms a mixture of colourless amino acids.Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, how paper chromatography can be used to identify a mixture of amino acids.
14. Abrar was given two substances, X and Y, and asked to identify the cation and anion in each one. He wrote his observations for each substance in the form of a table.(a) Complete Table 13.12 for substance X.(a) Copper(II) chloride can be prepared by the reaction between copper(II) carbonate and
13. Hajira carried out an experiment on food colourings used to coat sweets in different colours. Here is part of the account she wrote in her laboratory book.Here is part of the chromatogram Hajira obtained.(a) Explain why Hajira:(i) used a pencil to mark the baseline and not a pen(ii) only put a
12. Table 13.11 contains some information on common gases. Use the information to answer the questions which follow.(a) Which gas may be detected by its colour?(b) Which gases cannot be collected over water?(c) Name a gas that can be collected by upward delivery.(d) Name a gas that can be collected
11. The black powder inside an electric cell consists of three substances.Describe how you would prepare a sample of pure ammonium chloride crystals from this black powder. Substance ammonium chloride carbon powder manganese(IV) oxide Table 13.10 Soluble in water yes
10. Here are pictures of some pieces of apparatus.Which of these pieces of apparatus:(a) provides protection from injury when carrying out experiments(b) measures mass(c) is a source of heat(d) is usually used with apparatus F(e) measures volumes of liquids? B D Fig. 13.49 E H
8. Which of these gases will relight a glowing wooden splint?(a) ammonia(b) hydrogen(c) oxygen(d) sulfur dioxide!!~!!~!!~!! Which of the following pieces of apparatus measures liquids most accurately?(a) beaker(b) burette(c) measuring cylinder(d) test tube
7. Which of the following mixtures can be separated by filtration?(a) an insoluble solid and a liquid(b) a soluble solid and a liquid(c) immiscible liquids(d) miscible liquids
6. Which of these gases bleaches both moist blue and red litmus paper?(a) ammonia(b) chlorine(c) hydrogen(d) oxygen
5. Which of the following is true about the usual effect of an impurity on the melting point and boiling point of a substance? Effect on melting point Effect on boiling point (a) increases decreases (b) decreases increases (c) decreases decreases (d) increases increases Table 13.9
4. What piece of apparatus could be used to separate a mixture of water and oil?(a) chromatography paper(b) filter funnel(c) Liebig condenser(d) thermometer(d) separating funnel
3. Which of the following pieces of apparatus should be used to measure temperature?(d) zinc ion(a) balance(b) measuring cylinder(c) test tube
2. When sodium hydroxide solution was added to a solution of an unknown compound, a green precipitate was formed which was insoluble in excess. Which one of the following cations did the unknown solution contain?(a) copper(II) ion(b) iron(II) ion(c) iron(III) ion
1. Which of the following is the symbol for a unit of mass?(a) cm³(b) °C(c) g(d) s
Salt is obtained from the ground as rock salt.This is a mixture of salt and rock.(a) What happens when hot water is added to rock salt?(b) If the resulting mixture was filtered, what would be in the filtrate and what would be in the residue?(c) How could pure solid salt be obtained?
1. Air is a mixture of gases. They are separated by fractional distillation of liquid air. Table 13.5 gives information about the three main components of air:(a) To what temperature must the air be cooled in order that all three gases are liquids?(b) The liquid air is allowed to warm up slowly. In
Food colourings are used to colour foods, such as icing on cakes. Each colour contains one or more dyes dissolved in water. You have samples of five different jood colours.1. Write down the steps needed to separate the dyes in the food colours by chromatography.2. Fig. 13.26 is a chromatogram
1. The following diagrams show two ways of collecting a gas.(a) Explain why hydrogen should be collected using method A.(b) Carbon dioxide gas is collected using method B. What does this tell you about the density of carbon dioxide compared with air?(c) Predict what would happen if a test-tube full
1. In salt solution what is the:(a) solvent(b) solute?
2. The thermometer was placed into a beaker of water that was exactly 56.3 °C. Draw a diagram to show the reading on the thermometer. 27 26 25 Fig. 13.12
1. Fig. 13.12 shows the reading on a mercury thermometer left in a room.What is the room temperature on this particular day?
2. Express the following temperatures in degrees Celsius.(a) 400 K(b) 50 K(c) 450 K(d) 273 K
1. Express the following temperatures in kelvin.(a) 0°C(b) 100 °C(c) 85°C(d) 300°C
2. Express the following temperatures in degrees Celsius.(a) 200 K(b) 550 K(c) 400 K(d) 173 K
1. Express the following temperatures in kelvin.(a) 50 °C(b) 180 °C(c) 25 °C(d) 400 °C
1. What is the level of aqueous solution in the burette shown in Fig. 13.8?2. 4.80 cm³ of the solution is run out of the burette. What is the reading on the burette now? -38 -39 Fig. 13.8
2. 4.80 cm³ of the solution is run out of the burette. What is the reading on the burette now?
1. What is the level of aqueous solution in the burette shown in Fig. 13.8? 38 39 Fig. 13.8
21. A student uses the apparatus shown below to prepare ethanoic acid, C3CO2H.(a) (i) Name the apparatus E. [1](il) Why is it used in this preparation? [1](b) A small volume of an alcohol is placed in the flask together with an oxidising agent. The mixture is warmed and a colour change observed in
20. (a) Propene is used to make alcohols and poly(propene).(i) Describe how propene can be converted into an alcohol and draw the structure of this alcohol. [2](ii) Draw the structure of poly(propene) showing at least two repeat units. [1]
19. Alcohols are an homologous series of organic chemical compoundsThe table shows some information about different alcohols.(a) What is meant by the term homologous series? [3](b) (i) Estimate the boiling point of butanol. [1](ii) A molecule of the alcohol hexanol contains six carbon atoms. Write
18. Poly(chloroethene) is an addition polymer. It is often found in solid household waste.The diagram shows the repeat unit of poly(chloroethene).(a) Draw the structure of the monomer used to make poly(chloroethene). [1](b) Name and state the use of a man-made condensation polymer. [2] al H
17. Fumaric acid is a colourless solid which can be extracted from plants.(a) Suggest the type of condensation polymer which is made when fumaric acid reacts with ethane-1, 2-diol, HO-CH(b) Nylon is a condensation polymer. State one use of nylon. [1](c) Describe two pollution problems caused by the
16. Plastics are made of macromolecules called polymers. In the middle of the Pacific Ocean there is a huge area of water that is contaminated with small bits of plastics. The waste plastics have been washed away from coastlines.(a) Part of the structure of one of the polymers found in the ocean is
15. Glucose, C₂H₂O, is one of the products of photosynthesis. 12(a) State the empirical formula for glucose. [11](b) (i) Write an equation to show how glucose is formed in photosynthesis. [1](ii) Give the essential conditions for this process. [2](c) Fermentation converts glucose into ethanol,
13. The table gives some information about the first five members of the carboxylic acid homologous series.(a) (1) Estimate the boiling point of pentanoic acid. [1](ii) Draw the structure of butanoic acid. Show all atoms and bonds. [1](iii) Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium. Write an equation for
12. Methanol, CH, OH, is manufactured from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. CO2(g) + 3H2(g) = CH₂OH(g) + H₂O(g) AH = -49 kJ/mol The reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst containing copper. The conditions used are 70 atmospheres pressure and a temperature of 250 °C.(a) Methanol can
11. Chlorine and sodium hydroxide are manufactured by the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.(a) Chlorine is used to make chloroethene. The structure of chloroethene is shown.(i) Draw the structure of the polymer poly(chloroethene). [2](ii) Chloroethene is an unsaturated
10. Wood is made up of many different carbon compounds.(a) Describe how carbon compounds are made in plants by photosynthesis. [3] (b) When wood is heated in the absence of air, the carbon compounds in the wood decompose. wood chips heat cold water distillate The distillate contains a number of
9. Petroleum is a raw material which is processed in an oil refinery.Two of the processes used are fractional distillation and cracking.The table shows the percentage by mass of some different fractions in petroleum. The table also shows the demand for each fraction expressed as a percentage.(a)
8. Ethane, C₂H₂, and ethene, C₂H₂, are both gaseous hydrocarbons.(a) Describe how aqueous bromine can be used to distinguish between a sample of ethane and a sample of ethene. [2](b) Ethane reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultra-violet light. Suggest a structure for a product of this
7. Fumaric acid is a colourless solid which can be extracted from plants.(a) Describe the reaction of aqueous fumaric acid with aqueous bromine, giving the equation for the reaction and stating any observations. [3](Cambridge O Level Chemistry (5070) Paper 2 Q8a. November 2009) 010 C-OH H. HO-C 010
6. The alkanes are an homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C.H2(a) What do you understand by the term hydrocarbon? [1](b) Write the molecular formula for the alkane containing seven carbon atoms. [1](c) Two different structural formulae can be written for the alkane
5. (a) Methane is a member of the alkane homologous series.(i) Describe how the boiling points of unbranched alkanes vary with the size of their molecules. [1](ii) Alkanes can be cracked to form alkenes. State the conditions required for cracking alkanes. [2](Cambridge O Level Chemistry (5070)
4. Vegetable oils can be used both to make margarine and as fuels such as bio-diesel.(a) Many vegetable oils are polyunsaturated.(i) Explain the meaning of the term polyunsaturated. [2] (ii) Describe how you could distinguish between samples of saturated and unsaturated vegetable oils. [2](b)
Alkanes are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons.(a) What is the general formula of alkanes? [1](b) Draw the structures of the two isomers of CH [2] (c) One of the isomers of C CH0 butane, reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultra-violet light. It 10 forms hydrogen chloride gas and a
2. Alkenes are a homologous series of organic compounds. The table shows some information about the first six alkenes.(a) Draw the structure, showing all the atoms and bonds, of propene. Use the structure to explain why propene is both a hydrocarbon and unsaturated. [3](b) There are several
1. Petrol (gasoline) is a mixture of hydrocarbons, one of which is octane, CH(a) Describe briefly how petrol is obtained from petroleum. [2](b) Octane burns in air.2C g H 1| + 25O_{2} -> 16C*O_{z} + 18H_{2}*O A petrol-powered motor car travels at a constant speed of 80 km/h. For every kilometre
. Fractional distillation of Crude oil can be done to get useful fractions as shown in Fig. 12.59.(a) The two hydrocarbons obtained through fractional distillation are alkane and alkene.(i) Describe a test to differentiate between the two hydrocarbons.(ii) An alkene can be converted to alcohol.
An ester was made by reacting methanol and butanoic acid. A small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to a mixture of the reactants. The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 30 minutes. When the reaction mixture was cooled, it was poured into an excess of sodium carbonate
12.58 shows the structure of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.al Identify the functional groups in this molecule.(b) What type of polymerisation takes place in order to make poly(2-hydroxypropanoic acid)?(c) Draw the repeat unit in poly(2-hydroxypropanoic acid).(d) The average relative molecular mass of a

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