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statistics for engineers and scientists

Principles Of Statistics For Engineers And Scientists 1st Edition William Navidi - Solutions

4. The following MINITAB output is for a two-way ANOVA. Something went wrong with the printer, and some of the numbers weren’t printed. Two-way Analysis of Variance Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Row 3 145.375 (d) (g) (j) Column 2 15.042 (e) (h) (k) Interaction 6 (b) 4.2000 (i) (l)
3. Penicillin is produced by the Penicillium fungus, which is grown in a broth whose sugar content must be carefully controlled. Several samples of broth were taken on each of three successive days, and the amount of dissolved sugars (in mg/mL) was measured on each sample. The results were as
2. The article referred to in Exercise 1 also considered the effect of gypsum on the electric conductivity (in dS m−1 ) of soil. Two types of soil were each treated with three different amounts of gypsum, with two replicates for each soil–gypsum combination. The data are presented in the
1. The article “Gypsum Effect on the Aggregate Size and Geometry of Three Sodic Soils Under Reclamation” (I. Lebron, D. Suarez, and T. Yoshida, Journal of the Soil Science Society of America, 2002:92–98) reports on an experiment in which gypsum was added in various amounts to soil samples
13. In a 25−1 design (such as the one in Exercise 12) what does the estimate of the main effect of factor A actually represent? i. The main effect of A. ii. The sum of the main effect of A and the BCDE interaction. iii. The difference between the main effect of A and the BCDE interaction. iv. The
12. The article “An Application of Fractional Factorial Designs” (M. Kilgo, Quality Engineering, 1988:19–23) describes a 25−1 design (half-replicate of a 25 design) involving the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) at high pressure to extract oil from peanuts. The outcomes were the solubility of
11. The article “Factorial Design for Column Flotation of Phosphate Wastes” (N. Abdel-Khalek, Particulate Science and Technology, 2000:57–70) describes a 23 factorial design to investigate the effect of superficial air velocity (A), frothier concentration (B), and superficial wash water
10. The article “Experimental Study of Workpiece-Level Variability in Blind via Electroplating” (G. Poon, J. Chan, and D. Williams, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2001:521–530) describes a factorial experiment that was carried out to determine which of several factors
9. Safety considerations are important in the design of automobiles. The article “An Optimum Design Methodology Development Using a Statistical Technique for Vehicle Occupant Safety” (J. Hong, M. Mun, and S. Song, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2001:795–801) presents
8. In a 2p design with one replicate per treatment, it sometimes happens that the observation for one of the treatments is missing, due to experimental error or to some other cause. When this happens, one approach is to replace the missing value with the value that makes the highest-order
7. The measurement of the resistance of a tungsten-coated wafer used in integrated circuit manufacture may be affected by several factors, including A: which of two types of cassette was used to hold the wafer, B: whether the wafer is loaded on the top or on the bottom of the cassette, and C:
6. A metal casting process for the production of turbine blades was studied. Three factors were varied. They were A: the temperature of the metal, B: the temperature of the mold, and C: the pour speed. The outcome was the thickness of the blades, in mm. The results are presented in the following
5. The article cited in Exercise 4 also investigated the effects of the factors on glucose consumption (in g/L). A single measurement is provided for each combination of factors (in the article, there was some replication). The results are presented in the following table. ABC Glucose Consumption
4. The article “Efficient Pyruvate Production by a Multi-Vitamin Auxotroph of Torulopsis glabrata: Key Role and Optimization of Vitamin Levels” (Y. Li, J. Chen, et al., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2001:680–685) investigates the effects of the levels of several vitamins in a cell
3. A chemical reaction was run using two levels each of temperature (A), reagent concentration (B), and pH (C). For each factor, the high level is denoted 1, and the low level is denoted −1. The reaction was run twice for each combination of levels, and the yield (in percent) was recorded. The
2. Give an example of a factorial experiment in which failure to randomize can produce incorrect results.
1. Construct a sign table for the principal fraction for a 24 design. Then indicate all the alias pairs.
8. An engineering professor wants to determine which subject engineering students find most difficult among statistics, physics, and chemistry. She obtains the final exam grades for four students who took all three courses last semester and who were in the same sections of each class. The results
7. You have been given the task of designing a study concerning the lifetimes of five different types of electric motor. The initial question to be addressed is whether there are differences in mean lifetime among the five types. There are 20 motors, four of each type, available for testing. A
6. The article “Application of Fluorescence Technique for Rapid Identification of IOM Fractions in Source Waters” (T. Marhaba and R. Lippincott, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2000:1039–1044) presents measurements of concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (in mg/L) at six locations
5. The article “Genotype-Environment Interactions and Phenotypic Stability Analyses of Linseed in Ethiopia” (W. Adguna and M. Labuschagne, Plant Breeding, 2002:66–71) describes a study in which seed yields of 10 varieties of linseed were compared. Each variety was grown on six different
4. Three different corrosion-resistant coatings are being considered for use on iron pipes. Ten pieces of pipe are marked off in six equal segments. For each pipe, two segments received coating A, two received coating B, and the remaining two received coating C. The pipes were placed in a corrosive
3. Four lighting methods were used in each of three rooms. For each method and each room, the illuminance (in lux) was measured in three separate occasions, resulting in three replications of the experiment. The only effect of interest is the lighting type; the room is a blocking factor. The
2. A study was done to see which of four machines is fastest in performing a certain task. There are three operators; each performs the task twice on each machine. A randomized block design is employed. The MINITAB output follows. Source DF SS MS F P Machine (i) 257.678 (ii) (iii) 0.021 Block (iv)
8. An engineering professor wants to determine which subject engineering students find most difficult among statistics, physics, and chemistry. She obtains the final exam grades for four students who took all three courses last semester and who were in the same sections of each class. The results
7. You have been given the task of designing a study concerning the lifetimes of five different types of electric motor. The initial question to be addressed is whether there are differences in mean lifetime among the five types. There are 20 motors, four of each type, available for testing. A
6. The article “Application of Fluorescence Technique for Rapid Identification of IOM Fractions in Source Waters” (T. Marhaba and R. Lippincott, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2000:1039–1044) presents measurements of concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (in mg/L) at six locations
5. The article “Genotype-Environment Interactions and Phenotypic Stability Analyses of Linseed in Ethiopia” (W. Adguna and M. Labuschagne, Plant Breeding, 2002:66–71) describes a study in which seed yields of 10 varieties of linseed were compared. Each variety was grown on six different
4. Three different corrosion-resistant coatings are being considered for use on iron pipes. Ten pieces of pipe are marked off in six equal segments. For each pipe, two segments received coating A, two received coating B, and the remaining two received coating C. The pipes were placed in a corrosive
3. Four lighting methods were used in each of three rooms. For each method and each room, the illuminance (in lux) was measured in three separate occasions, resulting in three replications of the experiment. The only effect of interest is the lighting type; the room is a blocking factor. The
2. A study was done to see which of four machines is fastest in performing a certain task. There are three operators; each performs the task twice on each machine. A randomized block design is employed. The MINITAB output follows. Source DF SS MS F P Machine (i) 257.678 (ii) (iii) 0.021 Block (iv)
1. The article “Methods for Evaluation of Easily-Reducible Iron and Manganese in Paddy Soils” (M. Borges, J. de Mello, et al., Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2001:3009–3022) describes an experiment in which pH levels of four alluvial soils were measured. Various levels of
15. The article “Cellulose Acetate Microspheres Prepared by O/W Emulsification and Solvent Evaporation Method” (K. Soppinmath, A. Kulkarni, et al., Journal of Microencapsulation, 2001:811–817) describes a study of the effects of the concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) and
14. Refer to Exercise 13. It turns out that the measurements of operator 2 were taken in the morning, shortly after the balance had been powered up. A new policy was instituted to leave the balance powered up continuously. The three operators then made two weighings of three different wafers. The
13. Each of three operators made two weighings of several silicon wafers. Results are presented in the following table for three of the wafers. All the wafers had weights very close to 54 g, so the weights are reported in units of µg above 54 g. (Based on the article “Revelation of a
12. The article “Use of Taguchi Methods and Multiple Regression Analysis for Optimal Process Development of High Energy Electron Beam Case Hardening of Cast Iron” (M. Jean and Y. Tzeng, Surface Engineering, 2003:150–156) describes a factorial experiment designed to determine factors in a
11. Refer to Exercise 10. The treatments with a delivery ratio of 1:0 were controls, or blanks. It was discovered after the experiment that the high apparent levels of sorption in these controls was largely due to volatility of the trifluralin. Eliminate the control treatments from the data.a.
10. The article “Anodic Fenton Treatment of Treflan MTF” (D. Saltmiras and A. Lemley, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2001:261–274) describes a two-factor experiment designed to study the sorption of the herbicide trifluralin. The factors are the initial trifluralin concentration
9. Artificial joints consist of a ceramic ball mounted on a taper. The article “Friction in Orthopaedic Zirconia Taper Assemblies” (W. Macdonald, A. Aspenberg, et al., Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2000: 685–692) presents data on the coefficient of friction for a
8. The article “A 4-Year Sediment Trap Record of Alkenones from the Filamentous Upwelling Region off Cape Blanc, NW Africa and a Comparison with Distributions in Underlying Sediments” (P. M¨uller and G. Fischer, Deep Sea Research, 2001:1877–1903) reports on a study of sediment trap records
7. The effect of curing pressure on bond strength (in MPa) was tested for two different adhesives. There were three levels of curing pressure. Three replications were performed for each combination of curing pressure and adhesive. The results are presented in the following table. Adhesive Curing
6. The lifetime of a tool was investigated under three settings for feed rate and three settings for speed. Four tools were tested under each combination of settings. The results (in hours) were as follows. Feed Rate Speed Lifetime Light Slow 60.6 57.0 61.4 59.7 Light Medium 57.8 59.4 62.8 58.2
5. The article “Change in Creep Behavior of Plexiform Bone with Phosphate Ion Treatment” (R. Regimbal, C. DePaula, and N. Guzelsu, Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 2003:11–25) describes an experiment to study the effects of saline and phosphate ion solutions on mechanical properties of
4. An experiment was performed to measure the effects of two factors on the ability of cleaning solution to remove oil from cloth. The factors were the fraction of lauric acid and the concentration of soap (in percent) in the solution. The levels of the lauric acid fraction were 5, 10, 20, and 30,
3. An experiment to determine the effect of mold temperature on tensile strength involved three different alloys and five different mold temperatures. Four specimens of each alloy were cast at each mold temperature. With mold temperature as the row factor and alloy as the column factor, the sums of
2. A study was done to assess the effect of water type and glycerol content on the latherability of soap. There were two levels of water type, de-ionized and tap, and three levels of glycerol, low, medium, and high. Five replications of the experiment were conducted, and the amount of lather, in
1. To assess the effect of piston ring type and oil type on piston ring wear, three types of piston ring and four types of oil were studied. Three replications of an experiment, in which the number of milligrams of material lost from the ring in four hours of running was measured, were carried out
10. Forsome data sets, the F statistic will reject the null hypothesis of no difference in mean yields, but the Tukey-Kramer method will not find any pair of means that can be concluded to differ. For the four sample means given in Exercise 8, assuming a sample size of 4 for each treatment, find a
9. Forsome data sets, the F statistic will reject the null hypothesis of no difference in mean yields, but the Tukey-Kramer method will not find any pair of means that can be concluded to differ. For the four sample means given in Exercise 7, assuming a sample size of 5 for each treatment, find a
8. In an experiment to determine the effect of curing time on the compressive strength of a certain type of concrete, the mean strengths, in MPa, for specimens cured for each of four curing times were X1. = 1316, X2. = 1326, X3. = 1375, and X4. = 1389. Assume that four specimens were cured for each
7. In an experiment to determine the effect of catalyst on the yield of a certain reaction, the mean yields for reactions run with each of four catalysts were X1. = 89.88, X2. = 89.51, X3. = 86.98, and X4. = 85.79. Assume that five runs were made with each catalyst.a. If MSE = 3.85, compute the
6. Refer to Exercise 16 in Section 9.1. Use the Tukey-Kramer method to determine which pairs of nail types, if any, differ at the 5% level.
5. Refer to Exercise 14 in Section 9.1. Use the Tukey-Kramer method to determine which pairs of diameters, if any, differ at the 5% level.
4. Refer to Exercise 9 in Section 9.1. Use the Tukey-Kramer method to determine which pairs of temperatures, if any, differ at the 5% level.
3. Refer to Exercise 5 in Section 9.1. Use the Tukey-Kramer method to determine which pairs of treatments, if any, differ at the 5% level.
2. The article “Optimum Design of an A-pillar Trim with Rib Structures for Occupant Head Protection” (H. Kim and S. Kang, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2001:1161–1169) discusses a study in which several types of A-pillars were compared to determine which provided the
1. The article “Organic Recycling for Soil Quality Conservation in a Sub-Tropical Plateau Region” (K. Chakrabarti, B. Sarkar, et al., J. Agronomy and Crop Science, 2000:137–142) reports an experiment in which soil specimens were treated with six different treatments, with two replicates per
17. The article “Solid-Phase Chemical Fractionation of Selected Trace Metals in Some Northern Kentucky Soils” (A. Karathanasis and J. Pils, Soil and Sediment Contamination, 2005:293–308) presents pH measurements of soil specimens taken from three different types of soils. The results in the
16. The article “Withdrawal Strength of Threaded Nails” (D. Rammer, S. Winistorfer, and D. Bender, Journal of Structural Engineering, 2001:442–449) describes an experiment comparing the withdrawal strengths for several types of nails. The data presented in the following table are consistent
15. The article “Mechanical Grading of Oak Timbers” (D. Kretschmann and D. Green, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 1999:91–97) presents measurements of the modulus of rupture, in MPa, for green mixed oak 7 by 9 timbers from West Virginia and Pennsylvania. The sample means, standard
14. The article “The Lubrication of Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Joints: A Slide Down the Stribeck Curve” (S. Smith, D. Dowson, and A. Goldsmith, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2001:483–493) presents results from wear tests done on metal artificial hip joints. Joints with
13. An experiment was performed to determine whether the annealing temperature of ductile iron affects its tensile strength. Five specimens were annealed at each of four temperatures. The tensile strength (in ksi) was measured for each. The results are presented in the following table. Temperature
12. Four different types of solar energy collectors were tested. Each was tested at five randomly chosen times, and the power (in watts) was measured. The results were as follows. Collector Power A 1.9 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.6 B 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 C 1.2 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.4 D 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.4a. Construct an
11. Refer to Exercise 10. Is it plausible that the brands of spark plug all have the same mean lifetime?
10. An experiment to compare the lifetimes of four different brands of spark plug was carried out. Five plugs of each brand were used, and the number of miles until failure was recorded for each. Following is part of the MINITAB output for a one-way ANOVA. One-way Analysis of Variance Analysis of
9. A certain chemical reaction was run three times at each of three temperatures. The yields, expressed as a percent of a theoretical maximum, were as follows: Temperature (◦C) Yields 70 81.1 82.6 77.4 80 93.3 88.9 86.0 90 87.8 89.2 88.5a. Construct an ANOVA table. You may give a range for the
8. The article “Impact of Free Calcium Oxide Content of Fly Ash on Dust and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in a LigniteFired Power Plant” (D. Sotiropoulos, A. Georgakopoulos, and N. Kolovos, Journal of Air and Waste Management, 2005:1042–1049) presents measurements of dust emissions, in mg/m3 ,
7. The article “Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone Oscillates Depending on the Change in Serum Ionized Calcium During Hemodialysis and May Affect Bone Metabolism” (T. Kitahara, K. Ueki, et al., Nephron Clinical Practice, 2005:c9–c17) presents measurements of basal ionized calcium (Ca) levels
6. Archaeologists can determine the diets of ancient civilizations by measuring the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in bones found at burial sites. Large amounts of carbon-13 suggest a diet rich in grasses such as maize, while small amounts suggest a diet based on herbaceous plants. The article
5. The article “Quality of the Fire Clay Coal Bed, Southeastern Kentucky” (J. Hower, W. Andrews, et al., Journal of Coal Quality, 1994:13–26) contains measurements on samples of coal from several sites in Kentucky. The data on percent TiO2 ash are as follows (one outlier has been deleted):
4. In the article “Calibration of an FTIR Spectrometer” (P. Pankratz, Statistical Case Studies for Industrial and Process Improvement, SIAM-ASA, 1997:19–38), a spectrometer was used to make five measurements of the carbon content (in ppb) of a certain silicon wafer on four consecutive days.
3. The removal of ammoniacal nitrogen is an important aspect of treatment of leachate at landfill sites. The rate of removal (in % per day) is recorded for several days for each of several treatment methods. The results are presented in the following table. (Based on the article “Removal of
2. The yield strength of CP titanium welds was measured for welds cooled at rates of 10 ◦C/s, 15 ◦C/s, and 28 ◦C/s. The results are presented in the following table. (Based on the article “Advances in Oxygen Equivalence Equations for Predicting the Properties of Titanium Welds,” D.
1. A study is made of the effect of curing temperature on the compressive strength of a certain type of concrete. Five concrete specimens are cured at each of four temperatures, and the compressive strength of each specimen is measured (in MPa). The results are as follows: Temperature (◦C)
26. The article referred to in Exercise 25 presents values for the dependent and independent variables for 10 additional construction jobs. These values are presented in Tables SE26A and SE26B.a. Using the equation constructed in part (a) of Exercise 25, predict the concrete quantity (y) for each
25. The article “Estimating Resource Requirements at Conceptual Design Stage Using Neural Networks” (A. Elazouni, I. Nosair, et al., Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 1997:217–223) suggests that certain resource requirements in the construction of concrete silos can be predicted from
24. The article “Seismic Hazard in Greece Based on Different Strong Ground Motion Parameters” (S. Koutrakis, G. Karakaisis, et al., Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2002:75–109) presents a study of seismic events in Greece during the period 1978–1997. Of interest is the duration of
23. The article “Lead Dissolution from Lead Smelter Slags Using Magnesium Chloride Solutions” (A. Xenidis, T. Lillis, and I. Hallikia, The Aus IMM Proceedings, 1999:37–44) discusses an investigation of leaching rates of lead in solutions of magnesium chloride. The data in the following table
22. The article “Low-Temperature Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2, 2-dichloroethane” (R. Varushchenko and A. Druzhinina, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2002:109–119) presents measurements of the molar heat capacity (y) of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane (in J·
21. The article “Groundwater Electromagnetic Imaging in Complex Geological and Topographical Regions: A Case Study of a Tectonic Boundary in the French Alps” (S. Houtot, P. Tarits, et al., Geophysics, 2002:1048–1060) presents measurements of concentrations of several chemicals (in mmol/L) and
20. The article “Electrical Impedance Variation with Water Saturation in Rock” (Q. Su, Q. Feng, and Z. Shang,Geophysics, 2000:68–75) reports measurements of permeabilities (in 10−3 µm2 ), porosities (in %), and surface area per unit volume of pore space (in 104 cm−1 ) for several rock
19. The data presented in the following table give the tensile strength in psi (y) of paper as a function of the percentage of hardwood content (x). Hardwood Tensile Hardwood Tensile Content Strength Content Strength 1.0 26.8 7.0 52.1 1.5 29.5 8.0 56.1 2.0 36.6 9.0 63.1 3.0 37.8 10.0 62.0 4.0 38.2
18. The voltage output (y) of a battery was measured over a range of temperatures (x) from 0◦C to 50◦C. The following figure is a scatterplot of voltage versus temperature, with three fitted curves superimposed. The curves are the linear model y = β0 + β1 x + ε, the quadratic model y = β0 +
17. In a simulation of 30 mobile computer networks, the average speed, pause time, and number of neighbors were measured. A “neighbor” is a computer within the transmission range of another. The data are presented in the following table. Neighbors Speed Pause Neighbors Speed Pause Neighbors
16. An engineer tries three different methods for selecting a linear model. First she uses an informal method based on the F statistic, as described in Section 8.4. Then she runs the best subsets routine, and finds the model with the best adjusted R2 and the one with the best Mallows Cp. It turns
15. The following MINITAB output is for a multiple regression. Some of the numbers got smudged, becoming illegible. Fill in the missing numbers.Predictor Coef StDev T P Constant (a) 0.3501 0.59 0.568 X1 1.8515 (b) 2.31 0.040 X2 2.7241 0.7124 (c) 0.002 S = (d) R-Sq = 83.4% R-Sq(adj) = 80.6% Analysis
14. Refer to Exercise 13.a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the coefficient of Oxygen.b. Find a 99% confidence interval for the coefficient of Nitrogen.c. Find a 98% confidence interval for the coefficient of the interaction term Oxygen · Nitrogen.d. Can you conclude that β1 < − 75? Find the
13. The article “Advances in Oxygen Equivalence Equations for Predicting the Properties of Titanium Welds” (D. Harwig, W. Ittiwattana, and H. Castner, The Welding Journal, 2001:126s–136s) reports an experiment to predict various properties of titanium welds. Among other properties, the
12. The article “Two Different Approaches for RDC Modelling When Simulating a Solvent Deasphalting Plant” (J. Aparicio, M. Heronimo, et al., Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2002:1369–1377) reports flow rate (in dm3 /h) and specific gravity measurements for a sample of paraffinic
11. The article “Low-Temperature Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane” (R. Varushchenko and A. Druzhinina, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2002:109–119) describes an experiment in which samples of Freon R-123 were melted in a calorimeter. Various quantities
10. During the production of boiler plate, test pieces are subjected to a load, and their elongations are measured. In one particular experiment, five tests will be made, at loads (in MPa) of 11, 37, 54, 70, and 93. The least-squares line will be computed to predict elongation from load. Confidence
9. Refer to Exercise 8. Someone wants to compute a 95% confidence interval for the mean runoff when the rainfall is 3 in. Can this be computed from the information in the MINITAB output shown in Exercise 8? Or is more information needed? Choose the best answer. i. Yes, it can be computed from the
8. The article “Approach to Confidence Interval Estimation for Curve Numbers” (R. McCuen, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2002:43–48) discusses the relationship between rainfall depth and runoff depth at several locations. At one particular location, rainfall depth and runoff depth were
7. A chemist is calibrating a spectrophotometer that will be used to measure the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in atmospheric samples. To check the calibration, samples of known concentration are measured. The true concentrations (x) and the measured concentrations (y) are given in the
6. Refer to Exercise 5.a. Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the plot indicate any serious violations of the standard assumptions?b. Plot the residuals versus the order of the data. Does the plot indicate any serious violations of the standard assumptions?
5. Eruptions of the Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park typically last from 1.5 to 5 minutes. Between eruptions are dormant periods, which typically last from 50 to 100 minutes. A dormant period can also be thought of as the waiting time between eruptions. The durations in minutes for
4. A materials scientist is experimenting with a new material with which to make beverage cans. She fills cans with liquid at room temperature, and then refrigerates them to see how fast they cool. According to Newton’s law of cooling, if t is the time refrigerated and y is the temperature drop
3. The article “Copper Oxide Mounted on Activated Carbon as Catalyst for Wet Air Oxidation of Aqueous Phenol. 1. Kinetic and Mechanistic Approaches” (P. Alvarez, D. McLurgh, and P. Plucinski, Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research, 2002: 2147–2152) reports the results of experiments
2. The article “Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Polymer Melts with the ShortHot-Wire Method” (X. Zhang, W. Hendro, et al., International Journal of Thermophysics, 2002:1077–1090) presents measurements of the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of several
1. The article “Effect of Temperature on the Marine Immersion Corrosion of Carbon Steels” (R. Melchers, Corrosion, 2002:768–781) presents measurements of corrosion loss (in mm) for copper-bearing steel specimens immersed in seawater in 14 different locations. For each location, the average

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