Principles Of Statistics For Engineers And Scientists 1st Edition William Navidi - Solutions

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Groundwater contamination in wells. In New Hampshire, about half the counties mandate the use of reformulated gasoline. This has led to an increase in the contamination of groundwater with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).Environmental Science & Technology (Jan. 2005) reported on the factors related
Museum management. What criteria do museums use to evaluate their performance? In a worldwide survey reported in Museum Management and Curatorship(June 2010), managers of 30 leading museums of contemporary art were asked to provide the performance measure used most often. The data are provided in
Do you believe in the Bible? Each year the National Opinion Research Center conducts the General Social Survey(GSS), eliciting opinions of Americans on a wide variety of social topics. One question in the survey asked about a person’s belief in the Bible. A sample of 4,826 respondents selected
Motivation and right-oriented bias. Evolutionary theory suggests that motivated decision makers tend to exhibit a right-oriented bias. (For example, if presented with two equally valued brands of detergent on a supermarket shelf, consumers are more likely to choose the brand on the right.) In
Interactions in a children’s museum. The nature of child-led and adult-led interactions in a children’s museum was investigated in Early Childhood Education Journal (Mar. 2014).Interactions by visitors to the museum were classified as(1) show-and-tell, (2) learning, (3) teaching, (4)
Curbing street gang gun violence. Operation Ceasefire is a program implemented to reduce street gang gun violence in the city of Boston. The effectiveness of the program was examined in the Journal of Quantitative Criminology(Mar. 2014). Over a 5-year period (2006–2010), there were 80 shootings
Satellites in orbit. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists (www.ucsusa.org), there are 502 low earth orbit(LEO) and 432 geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellites in space. Each satellite is owned by an entity in either the government, military, commercial, or civil sector. A breakdown of the
Railway track allocation. One of the problems faced by transportation engineers is the assignment of tracks to trains at a busy railroad station. Overused and/or underused tracks cause increases in maintenance costs and inefficient allocation of resources. The Journal of Transportation
Characteristics of ice melt ponds. The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) collects data on the albedo, depth, and physical characteristics of ice melt ponds in the Canadian Arctic. Environmental engineers at the University of Colorado are using these data to study how climate affects the sea
Genealogy research. The Journal of Family History (Jan.2010) investigated the genealogy of a certain Korean clan.Of interest was whether or not a family name continued into the next generation in the clan genealogy (called a continued line) or dropped out (called a dropout line). Sideby-side pie
Microsoft program security issues. The dominance of Microsoft in the computer software market has led to numerous malicious attacks (e.g., worms, viruses) on its programs. To help its users combat these problems, Microsoft periodically issues a security bulletin that reports the software affected
STEM experiences for girls. The National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored a study on girls’ participation in informal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics(STEM) programs (see Exercise 1.13). The results of the study were published in Cascading Influences: Long-Term Impacts of
Humane education and classroom pets. In grade school, did your teacher have a pet in the classroom? Many teachers do so in order to promote humane education.The Journal of Moral Education (Mar. 2010) published a study designed to examine elementary school teachers’experiences with humane
Cheek teeth of extinct primates. The characteristics of cheek teeth (e.g., molars) can provide anthropologists with information on the dietary habits of extinct mammals. The cheek teeth of an extinct primate species were the subject of research reported in the American Journal of Physical
Paying for music downloads. If you use the Internet, have you ever paid to access or download music? This was one of the questions of interest in a recent Pew Internet &American Life Project Survey (October 2010). Telephone interviews were conducted on a representative sample of 1,003 adults living
Do social robots walk or roll? According to the United Nations, social robots now outnumber industrial robots worldwide. A social (or service) robot is designed to entertain, educate, and care for human users. In a paper published by the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414,
Study of importance of libraries. In The Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science (Vol. 33, 2009), researchers from the University of Western Ontario reported on mall shoppers’ opinions about libraries and their importance to today’s society. Each in a sample of over 200 mall
Complete the following table:Grades in Statistics Frequency Relative Frequency A: 90–100 0.2 B: 80–89 75 C: 65–79 120 D: 50–64 F: Below 50 15 0.05 Total 1.00
What is the advantage of a Pareto diagram over a bar graph?Learning the Mechanics
Survey exposés. Many surveys are conducted on different social, political, and lifestyle issues in order to predict events, identify choices, etc. However, the results obtained from these surveys are often incorrect. It may be that the surveys are conducted by special interest groups with specific
Your choice for a mom. After running stories on current First Lady Michelle Obama and former vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin on consecutive weeks, USA Weekend magazine asked its readers on Mother’s Day,“Who would you rather have as your mom, Sarah Palin or Michelle Obama?” Readers
Jersey City drug market study. An article in the Journal of Quantitative Criminology (Mar. 2014) discussed several data collection methods for testing the efficacy of a new program designed to reduce drug-related crimes in Jersey City (N.J.). The sample consisted of 56 “hot spots”—areas of
Dating and disclosure. As an adolescent, did you voluntarily disclose information about dating and romantic relationships to your parents? This was the research question of interest in the Journal of Adolescence (Apr.2010). A sample of 222 high school students was recruited to participate in the
Can money spent on gifts buy love? Is the gift you purchased for that special someone really appreciated?This was the question investigated in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 45, 2009). The researchers examined the link between engagement ring price (dollars) and level of
Guilt in decision making. The effect of the emotion of guilt on how a decision maker focuses on a problem was investigated in the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making(January 2007). A total of 155 volunteer students participated in the experiement, where each was randomly assigned to one of three
Insomnia and education. Is insomnia related to education status? Researchers at the Universities of Memphis, Alabama at Birmingham, and Tennessee investigated this question in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology(Feb. 2005). Adults living in Tennessee were selected to participate in the study, which
Massage vs. rest in boxing. Does a massage enable the muscles of tired athletes to recover from exertion faster than usual? To answer this question, researchers recruited eight amateur boxers to participate in an experiment.(British Journal of Sports Medicine, Apr. 2000.)After a 10-minute workout
Zillow.com estimates of home values. Zillow.com is a real estate Web site that provides free estimates of the market value of homes. A trio of University of Texas at San Antonio professors compared Zillow estimates to actual sale prices of homes and published their results in The Appraisal Journal
CT scanning for lung cancer. A new type of screening for lung cancer, computed tomography (CT), has been developed.Medical researchers believe that CT scans are more sensitive than regular X-rays in pinpointing small tumors.The H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center at the University of South Florida
Corporate sustainability. Corporate sustainability refers to business practices designed around social and environmental considerations (e.g., “going green”). Business and Society (Mar. 2011) published a paper on how firm size and firm type affect sustainability behaviors. A survey was sent to
National Airport Authority. The National Airport Authority (NAA) of a country stores the relevant data for all its airports in order to perform periodic checks on their maintenance. Data from each airport are compiled into the airport inventory. Some of the variables maintained by the NAA for each
Annual survey of computer crimes. The Computer Security Institute (CSI) conducts an annual survey of computer crime at U.S. businesses. CSI sends survey questionnaires to computer security personnel at all U.S. corporations and government agencies. The latest CSI survey was sent by post or email to
Study of quality of drinking water. Disasters (Vol. 28, 2004)published a study of the effects of a tropical cyclone on the quality of drinking water on a remote Pacific island. Water samples (size 500 milliliters) were collected approximately four weeks after Cyclone Ami hit the island. The
Extinct birds. Biologists at the University of California(Riverside) are studying the patterns of extinction in the New Zealand bird population. (Evolutionary Ecology Research, July 2003.) At the time of the Maori colonization of New Zealand (prior to European contact), the following variables were
Medicinal value of plants. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae), a plant that typically grows at high altitudes in Europe and Asia, has been found to have medicinal value. The medicinal properties of berries collected from sea buckthorn were investigated in Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants(Aug. 2013). The
Age of Patients. Consider the set of all patients enrolled in your local diabetes center during the past 30 days. Suppose you are interested in learning about the average age of this group.a. Define the population and the variable of interest.b. Is the variable qualitative or quantitative?c.
Corrosion prevention of buried steel structures. Engineers have designed tests on underground steel structures that measure the potential for corrosion. In Materials Performance (Mar. 2013), two tests for steel corrosion—called “instant-off” and “instant-on” potential—were compared. The
Ground motion of earthquakes. In the Journal of Earthquake Engineering (Nov. 2004), a team of civil and environmental engineers studied the ground motion characteristics of 15 earthquakes that occurred around the world since 1940. Three (of many) variables measured on each earthquake were the type
Drafting NFL quarterbacks. The Journal of Productivity Analysis (Vol. 35, 2011) published a study of how successful National Football League (NFL) teams are in drafting productive quarterbacks. Data were collected for all 331 quarterbacks drafted over a 38-year period. Several variables were
STEM experiences for girls. The National Science Foundation (NSF) promotes girls’ participation in informal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)programs. What has been the impact of these informal STEM experiences? This was the question of interest in the published study
1.2 The Random Numbers applet can be used to select a random sample from a population, but can it be used to simulate data? In parts (a) and (b), you will use the applet to create data sets. Then you will explore whether those data sets are realistic.a. Consider the number of customers waiting in
1.1 The Random Numbers applet generates a list of n random numbers from 1 to N, where n is the size of the sample and N is the size of the population. The list generated often contains repetitions of one or more numbers.a. Using the applet Random Numbers, enter 1 for the minimum value, 10 for the
What is sampling?
5. Refer to Exercise 3.a. Delete any samples necessary to bring the process variation under control. (You did this already if you did Exercise 3.)b. Use R to estimate σX (σX is the difference between X and the 1σ control limit on an X chart).c. Construct a CUSUM chart, using X for the target
4. Repeat Exercise 3, using the S chart in place of the R chart.
3. Samples of three resistors are taken periodically, and the resistances, in ohms, are measured. The following table presents the means, ranges, and standard deviations for 30 consecutive samples Sample XRs 1 5.114 0.146 0.077 2 5.144 0.158 0.085 3 5.220 0.057 0.031 4 5.196 0.158 0.081 5 5.176
2. Someone constructs an X chart where the control limits are at ±2.5σX rather than at ±3σX .a. If the process is in control, what is the ARL for this chart?b. If the process mean shifts by 1σX , what is the ARL for this chart?c. In units of σX , how large an upward shift can be detected
1. A process is monitored for defective items by taking a sample of 250 items each day and calculating the proportion that are defective. Let pi be the proportion of defective items in the ith sample. For the last 50 samples, the sum of the proportions is 50 i=1 pi = 2.98. Calculate the center
5. A process has a process capability index of Cp = 1.2.a. Assume the process mean is set to its optimal value. Express the upper and lower specification limits in terms of the process mean and standard deviation.b. Using the normal curve, estimate the proportion of units that will be
4. Refer to Exercise 2.a. To what value should the process mean be set to maximize the process capability?b. Is it possible to make the process capability acceptable simply by adjusting the process mean? Explain.c. When the process mean is adjusted to its optimum value, what value must be attained
3. Refer to Exercise 1.a. To what value should the process mean be set to maximize the process capability?b. What will the process capability then be?
2. The specifications for the fill volume of beverage cans is 11.95 to 12.10 oz. Data from an X chart, based on samples of size 5, that shows that the process is in control, yield values of X = 12.01 oz and R = 0.124 oz.a. Compute the value of Cpk for this process.b. Is the process capability
1. The design specifications for the intake valve in an internal combustion engine call for the valve clearance to be between 0.18 and 0.22 mm. Data from an X chart, based on samples of size 4, that shows that the process is in control, yield values of X = 0.205 mm and s = 0.002 mm.a. Compute the
6. A quality-control apprentice is preparing a CUSUM chart. The values calculated for SL and SH are presented in the following table. Three of the values have been calculated incorrectly. Which are they? Sample SL SH 10 0 20 0 30 0 4 −1.3280 0 5 −1.4364 0 6 −2.0464 0 7 −1.6370 0 8
5. Concrete blocks to be used in a certain application are supposed to have a mean compressive strength of 1500 MPa. Samples of size 1 are used for quality control. The compressive strengths of the last 40 samples are given in the following table.Sample Strength Sample Strength 1 1487 21 1507 2
4. Refer to Exercise 12 in Section 10.2.a. Delete any samples necessary to bring the process variation under control. (You did this already if you did Exercise 12 in Section 10.2.)b. Use R to estimate σX (σX is the difference between X and the 1σ control limit on an X chart).c. Construct a CUSUM
3. Refer to Exercise 10 in Section 10.2.a. Delete any samples necessary to bring the process variation under control. (You did this already if you did Exercise 10 in Section 10.2.)b. Use R to estimate σX (σX is the difference between X and the 1σ control limit on an X chart).c. Construct a CUSUM
2. Refer to Exercise 8 in Section 10.2.a. Delete any samples necessary to bring the process variation under control. (You did this already if you did Exercise 8 in Section 10.2.)b. Use R to estimate σX (σX is the difference between X and the 1σ control limit on an X chart).c. Construct a CUSUM
1. Refer to Exercise 3 in Section 10.2.a. Delete any samples necessary to bring the process variation under control. (You did this already if you did Exercise 3 in Section 10.2.)b. Use R to estimate σX (σX is the difference between X and the 1σ control limit on an X chart).c. Construct a CUSUM
8. Each hour, a 10 m section of fabric is inspected for flaws. The numbers of flaws observed for the last 20 hours are as follows: 38 35 35 49 33 48 40 47 45 46 41 53 36 41 51 63 35 58 55 57a. Compute the upper and lower 30 limits for a c chart.b. Is the process in control? If not, when is it first
7. Refer to Exercise 6. The number of flaws in the 34th sample was 27. Is it possible to determine whether the process was in control at this time? If so, state whether or not the process was in control. If not, state what additional information would be required to make the determination.
6. A process that produces mirrors for automobiles is monitored by taking samples of 1500 mirrors and counting the total number of visual flaws on all the sample mirrors. Let ci be the total number of flaws on the mirrors in the ith sample. For the last 70 samples, the quantity 70 i=1 ci = 876
5. A newly designed quality control program for a certain process involves sampling 20 items each day and counting the number of defective items. The num bers of defectives in the first 10 samples are 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0. A member of the quality control team asks for advice, expressing
4. Refer to Exercise 3. In the last 40 samples, there were a total of 748 defective items. The largest number of defectives in any sample was 33, while the smallest number was 14. Is this enough information to determine whether the process was out of control at any time during the last 40 samples?
3. A process is monitored for defective items by periodically taking a sample of 200 items and counting the number that are defective. In the last 40 samples, there were a total of 748 defective items. Is this enough information to compute the 3σ control limits for a p chart? If so, compute the
2. The target fill weight for a box of cereal is 350 g. Each day a sample of 300 boxes is taken, and the number that are underweight is counted. The number of underweight boxes for each of the last 25 days is as follows: 23 14 17 19 20 19 21 27 26 23 26 22 25 30 30 22 25 27 29 35 39 43 41 39 29a.
1. A process is monitored for defective items by taking a sample of 300 items each day and calculating the proportion that are defective. Let pi be the proportion of defective items in the ith sample. For the last 40 samples, the sum of the proportions is 40 i=1 pi = 1.42. Calculate the center
13. Repeat Exercise 12, using the S chart in place of the R chart.
12. Copper wires are coated with a thin plastic coating. Samples of four wires are taken every hour, and the thickness of the coating (in mils) is measured. The data from the last 30 samples are presented in Table E12 on page 499. The means are X = 150.075, R = 6.97, and s = 3.082.a. Compute the
11. Repeat Exercise 10, using the S chart in place of the R chart.
10. A certain type of integrated circuit is connected to its frame by five wires. Thirty samples of five units each were taken, and the pull strength (in grams) of one wire on each unit was measured. The data are presented in Table E10 on page 498. The means are X = 9.81, R = 1.14, and s =
9. Repeat Exercise 8, using the S chart in place of the R chart.
8. Samples of eight bolts are taken periodically, and their diameters (in mm) are measured. The following table presents the means, ranges, and standard deviations for 25 consecutive samples. Sample X Rs 1 9.99 0.28 0.09 2 10.02 0.43 0.13 3 10.10 0.16 0.05 4 9.90 0.26 0.09 5 9.92 0.22 0.07 6 10.05
7. A process is monitored by taking samples at regular intervals and is declared to be out of control if a point plots outside the 3σ control limits on an X chart. Assume the process is in control.a. What is the probability that a false alarm will occur within the next 50 samples?b. What is the
6. A process has mean 8 and standard deviation 2. The process is monitored by taking samples of size 4 at regular intervals. The process is declared to be out of control if a point plots outside the 3σ control limits on an X chart.a. If the process mean shifts to 9, what is the average number of
5. A process has mean 12 and standard deviation 3. The process is monitored by taking samples of size 5 at regular intervals. The process is declared to be out of control if a point plots outside the 3σ control limits on an X chart.a. If the process mean shifts to 14, what is the average number of
4. Repeat Exercise 3, using the S chart in place of the R chart.
3. The thickness, in mm, of metal washers is measured on samples of size 5. The following table presents the means, ranges, and standard deviations for 20 consecutive samples.The means are X = 2.505, R = 0.1395, and s = 0.057.a. Calculate the 3σ control limits for the R chart. Is the variance
2. The following X chart depicts the last 50 samples taken from the output of a process. Using the Western Electric rules, is the process detected to be out of control at any time? If so, specify at which sample the process is first detected to be out of control and which rule is violated. 0 2 Pla
1. The quality control plan for a certain production process involves taking samples of size 4. The results from the last 30 samples can be summarized as follows: 30 i=1 Xi = 712.5 30 i=1 Ri = 143.7 30 i=1 si = 62.5a. Compute the 3σ control limits for the R chart.b. Compute the 3σ control
6. Fill in the blank: When sampling units for rational subgroups, i. it is more important to choose large samples than to sample frequently, since large samples provide more precise information about the process. ii. it is more important to sample frequently than to choose large samples, so that
5. True or false:a. When a process is in a state of statistical control, then most of the output will meet specifications.b. When a process is out of control, an unacceptably large proportion of the output will not meet specifications.c. When a process is in a state of statistical control, all the
4. Fill in the blank: Once a process has been brought into a state of statistical control, i. it must still be monitored continually. ii. monitoring can be stopped for a while, since it is unlikely that the process will go out of control again right away. iii. the process need not be monitored
3. Fill in the blank. The choices are: is in control; has high capability.a. If the variability in a process is approximately constant over time, the process .b. If most units produced conform to specifications, the process .
2. True or false:a. Control charts are used to determine whether special causes are operating.b. If no special causes are operating, then most of the output produced will meet specifications.c. Variability due to common causes does not increase or decrease much over short periods of time.d.
1. Indicate whether each of the following quality characteristics is a continuous, binary, or count variable.a. The number of flaws in a plate glass window.b. The length of time taken to perform a final inspection of a finished product.c. Whether the breaking strength of a bolt meets a
18. Fluid inclusions are microscopic volumes of fluid that are trapped in rock during rock formation. The article “Fluid Inclusion Study of Metamorphic Gold-Quartz Veins in Northwestern Nevada, U.S.A.: Characteristics of Tectonically Induced Fluid” (S. Cheong, Geosciences Journal,
17. The article “Factorial Experiments in the Optimization of Alkaline Wastewater Pretreatment” (M. Prisciandaro, A. Del Borghi, and F. Veglio, Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research, 2002:5034–5041) presents the results of an experiment to investigate the effects of the
16. The Williamsburg Bridge is a suspension bridge that spans the East River, connecting the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan in New York City. An assessment of the strengths of its cables is reported in the article “Estimating Strength of the Williamsburg Bridge Cables” (R. Perry, The
15. The article “Factorial Experiments in the Optimization of Alkaline Wastewater Pretreatment” (M. Prisciandaro, A. Del Borghi, and F. Veglio, Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research, 2002:5034–5041) presents the results of several experiments to investigate methods of treating
14. The article “Enthalpies and Entropies of Transfer of Electrolytes and Ions from Water to Mixed Aqueous Organic Solvents” (G. Hefter, Y. Marcus, and W. Waghorne, Chemical Reviews, 2002:2773–2836) presents measurements of entropy and enthalpy changes for many salts under a variety of
13. In the article “Occurrence and Distribution of Ammonium in Iowa Groundwater” (K. Schilling, Water Environment Research, 2002:177–186), ammonium concentrations (in mg/L) were measured at a large number of wells in the state of Iowa. These included five types of bedrock wells. The number of
12. A process that manufactures vinyl for automobile seat covers was studied. Three factors were varied: the proportion of a certain plasticizer (A), the rate of extrusion (B), and the temperature of drying (C). The outcome of interest was the thickness of the vinyl (in mils). A 23 factorial design
11. A civil engineer is interested in several designs for a drainage canal used to divert floodwaters from around a city. The drainage times of a reservoir attached to each of five different channel designs obtained from a series of experiments using similar initial flow conditions are given in the
10. Vermont maple sugar producers sponsored a testing program to determine the benefit of a potential new fertilizer regimen. A random sample of 27 maple trees in Vermont were chosen and treated with one of three levels of fertilizer suggested by the chemical producer. In this experimental setup,
9. The article “Combined Analysis of Real-Time Kinematic GPS Equipment and Its Users for Height Determination” (W. Featherstone and M. Stewart, Journal of Surveying Engineering, 2001:31–51) presents a study of the accuracy of global positioning system (GPS) equipment in measuring heights.
8. The article “Case Study Based Instruction of DOE and SPC” (J. Brady and T. Allen, The American Statistician, 2002:312–315) presents the result of a 24−1 factorial experiment to investigate the effects of four factors on the yield of a process that manufactures printed circuit boards. The
7. A component can be manufactured according to either of two designs and with either a more expensive or a less expensive material. Several components are manufactured with each combination of design and material, and the lifetimes of each are measured (in hours). A two-way analysis of variance
6. The article “Stability of Silico-Ferrite of Calcium and Aluminum (SFCA) in Air-Solid Solution Limits Between 1240◦C and 1390◦C and Phase Relationships Within the Fe2O3-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (FCAS) System” (T. Patrick and M. Pownceby, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2002:79–90)
5. An experiment was performed to determine whether different types of chocolate take different amounts of time to dissolve. Forty people were divided into five groups. Each group was assigned a certain type of chocolate. Each person dissolved one piece of chocolate, and the dissolve time (in

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Principles Of Statistics For Engineers And Scientists 1st Edition William Navidi - Solutions

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