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A First Course In Statistics 12th Edition James T McClave, Terry T Sincich - Solutions
Mongolian desert ants. Refer to the Journal of Biogeography (Dec. 2003) study of ants in Mongolia, presented in Exercise 2.68 (p. 87). Two of the several variables recorded at each of 11 study sites were annual rainfall(in millimeters) and number of ant species. Identify these variables as discrete
Sound waves from a basketball. Refer to the American Journal of Physics (June 2010) experiment on sound waves produced from striking a basketball, Exercise 2.43 (p. 76).Recall that the frequencies of sound wave echoes resulting from striking a hanging basketball with a metal rod were
Define a continuous random variable.Applying the Concepts—Basic
Odd Man Out. Three people play a game called “Odd Man Out.” In this game, each player flips a fair coin until the outcome (heads or tails) for one of the players is not the same as that for the other two players. This player is then“the odd man out” and loses the game. Find the probability
Sex composition patterns of children in families. In having children, is there a genetic factor that causes some families to favor one sex over the other? That is, does having boys or girls “run in the family”? This was the question of interest in Chance (Fall 2001). Using data collected on
Sociology fieldwork methods. Refer to University of New Mexico professor Jane Hood’s study of the fieldwork methods used by qualitative sociologists, presented in Exercise 2.195 (p. 132). Recall that she discovered that fieldwork methods could be classified into four distinct
Forest fragmentation study. Refer to the Conservation Ecology (Dec. 2003) study of the causes of forest fragmentation, presented in Exercise 2.166 (p. 121). Recall that the researchers used advanced high-resolution satellite imagery to develop fragmentation indexes for each forest.A 3 * 3 grid was
Lie detector test. Consider a lie detector called the Computerized Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA). The manufacturer claims that the CVSA is 98% accurate and, unlike a polygraph machine, will not be thrown off by drugs and medical factors. However, laboratory studies by the U.S. Defense Department
Cigar smoking and cancer. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Feb. 16, 2000) published the results of a study that investigated the association between cigar smoking and death from tobacco-related cancers. Data were obtained for a national sample of 137,243 American men. The results are
Toxic chemical incidents. Process Safety Progress (Sept.2004) reported on an emergency response system for incidents involving toxic chemicals in Taiwan. The system has logged over 250 incidents since being implemented.The next table gives a breakdown of the locations where these incidents
NHTSA new car crash testing. Refer to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash tests of new car models, presented in Exercise 2.190(p. 131). Recall that the NHTSA has developed a “star”scoring system, with results ranging from one star (*) to five stars (*****). The more
Study of ancient pottery. Refer to the Chance (Fall 2000)study of ancient pottery found at the Greek settlement of Phylakopi, presented in Exercise 2.186 (p. 130). Of the 837 pottery pieces uncovered at the excavation site, 183 were painted. These painted pieces included 14 painted in a curvilinear
3.6 Use the applet entitled Random Numbers to generate a list of 50 numbers between 1 and 100, inclusive. Use the list to find each of the following probabilities:a. The probability that a number chosen from the list is less than or equal to 50b. The probability that a number chosen from the list
Find the numerical value ofa. 7!b. a 87 bc. a 91 bd. P3 5e. a 74 bf. 0!g. P3 9 h. P3 80
A sample space consists of four sample points S1, S2, S3, and S4, where P1S12 = .3, P1S22 = .3, P1S32 = .2, and P1S42 = .2.a. Show that the sample points obey the two probability rules for a sample space.b. If an event A = 5S1, S46, find P(A).
Use the symbols ¨ , , 0 , and c to convert the following statements into compound events involving events A and B, where A = 5You purchase a notebook computer6 and B = 5You vacation in Europe6:a. You purchase a notebook computer or vacation in Europe.b. You will not vacation in Europe.c. You
Encryption systems with erroneous ciphertexts. In cryptography, ciphertext is encrypted or encoded text that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper algorithm to decrypt it into plaintext. The impact of erroneous ciphertexts on the performance of an encryption system was
Detecting traces of TNT. University of Florida researchers in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering have invented a technique that rapidly detects traces of TNT (Today, Spring 2005). The method, which involves shining a laser on a potentially contaminated object, provides
Muscle, fat, and bone issues while aging. In Ageing Research Reviews (May 2014), nutritionists published a study of the health issues faced by aging adults. Three of the most common health conditions are obesity (high body fat mass), osteoporosis (low bone mineral density in neck and spine), and
Extinct New Zealand birds. Refer to the Evolutionary Ecology Research (July 2003) study of the patterns of extinction in the New Zealand bird population, presented in Exercise 2.24 (p. 66). Consider the data on extinction status(extinct, absent from island, present) for the 132 bird species. The
Fighting probability of fallow deer bucks. Refer to the Aggressive Behavior (Jan./Feb. 2007) study of fallow deer bucks fighting during the mating season, presented in Exercise 3.61 (p. 166). Recall that researchers recorded 167 encounters between two bucks, one of which clearly initiated the
Compensatory advantage in education. According to Sociology of Education (Apr. 2014), compensatory advantage occurs when individuals from privileged backgrounds are less dependent on prior negative outcomes than individuals from disadvantaged families. The researcher applied this theory to
Firefighters’ use of gas detection devices. Two deadly gases that can be present in fire smoke are hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide. Fire Engineering (Mar.2013) reported the results of a survey of 244 firefighters conducted by the Fire Smoke Coalition. The purpose of the survey was to assess
Sleep apnea and sleep stage transitioning. Refer to the sleep apnea study published in Chance (Winter 2009), Exercise 3.57(p. 165). Recall that the various stages of sleep for a large group of sleep apnea patients were monitored in 30-second“epochs,” and the sleep stage for the previous and
Health risks to beachgoers. Refer to the University of Florida study of health risks to beachgoers, Exercise 3.24(p. 154). According to the study, 6 out of 1,000 people exposed to wet sand for a 10-minute period will acquire gastroenteritis and 7 out of 1,000 people exposed to ocean water for a
Appraisals and negative emotions. According to psychological theory, each negative emotion one has is linked to some thought (appraisal) about the environment. This theory was tested in the journal Cognition and Emotion (Vol. 24, 2010). Undergraduate students were asked to respond to events that
Guilt in decision making. Refer to the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (Jan. 2007) study of the effect of guilt emotion on how a decision maker focuses on the problem, Exercise 3.59 (p. 166). The results (number responding in each category) for the 171 study participants are reproduced in the
Crop damage by wild boars. Refer to the Current Zoology(Apr. 2014) study of crop damage by wild boars, Exercise 3.18(p. 153). Recall that researchers identified 157 incidents of crop damage in the study area caused by wild boars over a five-year period. The table giving the types of crops destroyed
Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010) study of the trend in the design of social robots, Exercise 3.17(p. 153). Recall that in a random sample of 106 social robots, 63 were built with legs only, 20 with wheels only, 8 with both
Blood diamonds. According to Global Research News(Mar. 4, 2014), one-fourth of all rough diamonds produced in the world are blood diamonds. (Any diamond that is mined in a war zone—often by children—in order to finance a warlord’s activity, an insurgency, or an invading army’s effort is
3.5 Use the applet entitled Simulating the Probability of Rolling a 6 to simulate conditional probabilities. Begin by running the applet twice with n = 10, without resetting between runs. The data on your screen represent 20 rolls of a die. The diagram above the Roll button shows the frequency of
A box contains two white, two red, and two blue poker chips. Two chips are randomly chosen without replacement, and their colors are noted. Define the following events:A: 5Both chips are of the same color.6 B: 5Both chips are red.6 C: 5At least one chip is red or white.6 Find P1BA2, P1BAc2,
A sample space contains six sample points and events A, B, and C, as shown in the Venn diagram below. The probabilities of the sample points are P112 = .20, P122 = .05, P132 = .30, P142 = .10, P152 = .10, and P162 = .25.2 1 4 35 Sa. Which pairs of events, if any, are mutually exclusive?Why?b. Which
Consider the experiment defined by the accompanying Venn diagram, with the sample space S containing five sample points. The sample points are assigned the following probabilities: P1E12 = .1, P1E22 = .1, P1E32 = .2, P1E42 = .5, P1E52 = .1.S AB E1 E2 E3 E4 E5a. Calculate P(A), P(B), and P1A ¨
An experiment results in one of five sample points with probabilities P1E12 = .22, P1E22 = .21, P1E32 = .21, P1E42 = .24, and P1E52 = .12. The following events have been defined:A: 5E1, E36 B: 5E2, E3, E46 C: 5E1, E56a. Find P(A).b. Find P(B).c. Find P1A ¨ B2.d. Find P1AB2.e. Find P1B ¨
Defend or refute each of the following statements:a. Dependent events are always mutually exclusive.b. Mutually exclusive events are always dependent.c. Independent events are always mutually exclusive.Learning the Mechanics
Cloning credit or debit cards. Wireless identity theft is a technique of stealing an individual’s personal information from radio-frequency-enabled cards (e.g., credit or debit cards). Upon capturing this data, thieves are able to program their own cards to respond in an identical fashion via
Employee behavior problems. The Organizational Development Journal (Summer 2006) reported on the results of a survey of human resource officers (HROs) at major firms. The focus of the study was employee behavior, namely absenteeism, promptness to work, and turnover.The study found that 55% of the
Chemical signals of mice. The ability of a mouse to recognize the odor of a potential predator (e.g., a cat) is essential to the mouse’s survival. The chemical makeup of these odors—called kairomones—was the subject of a study published in Cell (May 14, 2010). Typically, the sources of these
Fighting probability of fallow deer bucks. In Aggressive Behavior (Jan./Feb. 2007), zoologists investigated the likelihood of fallow deer bucks fighting during the mating season. During the observation period, the researchers recorded 205 encounters between two bucks. Of these, 167 involved one
Guilt in decision making. The effect of guilt emotion on how a decision maker focuses on the problem was investigated in the Jan. 2007 issue of the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (see Exercise 1.31, p. 46). A total of 171 volunteer students participated in the experiment, where each was
Sleep apnea and sleep stage transitioning. Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by collapses of the upper airway during sleep. Chance (Winter 2009)investigated the role of sleep apnea in how people transition from one sleep stage to another. The various stages of sleep for a large
Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010) study of the trend in the design of social robots, Exercise 3.17(p. 153). Recall that in a random sample of 106 social robots, 63 were built with legs only, 20 with wheels only, 8 with both
3.4 Use the applets entitled Simulating the Probability of Rolling a 6 and Simulating the Probability of Rolling a 3 or 4 to simulate the probability of the complement of an event.a. Explain how the applet Simulating the Probability of Rolling a 6 can also be used to simulate the probability of the
3.3 Use the applets entitled Simulating the Probability of Rolling a 6 and Simulating the Probability of Rolling a 3 or 4 to explore the additive rule of probability.a. Explain why the applet Simulating the Probability of Rolling a 6 can also be used to simulate the probability of rolling a 3. Then
A pair of fair dice is tossed. Define the events A and B as follows. Define the following events:A: {An 8 is rolled} (The sum of the numbers of dots on the upper faces of the two dice is equal to 8.)B: {At least one of the two dice is showing a 6}a. Identify the sample points in the event A, B, A
Consider the following Venn diagram, where P1E12 = .2, P1E22 = P1E32 = .04, P1E42 = .06, P1E52 = .08, P1E62 = .15, P1E72 = .25, and P1E82 = .18 SE4 E5 E8 E2 E3 E6 E1 E7 A B Find the following probabilities:a. P1Ac2b. P1Bc2c. P1A ¨ Bc2d. P1A ¨ B2e. P1A B2f. P1Ac Bc2 g. Are events A and B
Consider the following Venn diagram, where P1E22 = P1E32 = 15, P1E42 = P1E52 = 120, P1E62 = 110, P1E72 = 15:E1 AE2 E3 E5 E6 SB E4 E7 Find each of the following probabilities:a. P(A)b. P(B)c. P1A B2d. P1A ¨ B2e. P1Ac2f. P1Bc2 g. P1A Ac2 h. P1Ac ¨ B2
Suppose P1B2 = 0.7, P1D2 = 0.5, and P1B ¨ D2 = 0.3.Find the probabilities below.a. P1Dc2b. P1Bc2c. P1B D2
Define in words the complement of an event.Exercises 3.38–3.67
Using game simulation to teach a course. In Engineering Management Research (May 2012), a simulation game approach was proposed to teach concepts in a course on production. The proposed game simulation was for color television production. The products are two color television models, A and B. Each
Museum management. Refer to the Museum Management and Curatorship (June 2010) study of the criteria used to evaluate museum performance, Exercise 2.22 (p. 65).Recall that the managers of 30 leading museums of contemporary art were asked to provide the performance measure used most often. A summary
Railway track allocation. Refer to the Journal of Transportation Engineering (May 2013) investigation of railroad track allocation at a railway station with 11 tracks, Exercise 2.16 (p. 64). A simple algorithm designed to minimize waiting time and bottlenecks is one in which engineers randomly
Cheek teeth of extinct primates. Refer to the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Vol. 142, 2010) study of the dietary habits of extinct mammals, Exercise 2.9(p. 62). Recall that 18 cheek teeth extracted from skulls of an extinct primate species discovered in western Wyoming were analyzed.
STEM experiences for girls. Refer to the 2013 National Science Foundation (NSF) study on girls’ participation in informal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics(STEM) programs, Exercise 2.12 (p. 63). Recall that the researchers sampled 174 young women who recently participated in a
African rhinos. Two species of rhinoceros native to Africa are black rhinos and white rhinos. The International Rhino Federation estimates that the African rhinoceros population consists of 5,055 white rhinos and 20,405 black rhinos.Suppose one rhino is selected at random from the African rhino
Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010) study of the trend in the design of social robots, Exercise 2.7(p. 62). Recall that in a random sample of 106 social (or service) robots designed to entertain, educate, and care for human
3.2 Use the applet entitled Simulating the Probability of a Head with a Fair Coin to explore the relationship between the proportion of heads on several flips of a coin and the theoretical probability of getting heads on one flip of a fair coin.a. Repeat parts a–c of Applet Exercise 3.1 for the
3.1 Use the applet entitled Simulating the Probability of Rolling a 6 to explore the relationship between the proportion of sixes rolled on several rolls of a die and the theoretical probability of rolling a 6 on a fair die.a. To simulate rolling a die one time, click on the Roll button on the
Compute each of the following:a. a 65 bb. a 63 bc. a 33 bd. a 40 be. a 87 b
Give a scenario where the combinations rule is appropriate for counting the number of sample points.Learning the Mechanics
What is an event?
The Hite Report. Researcher Shere Hite shocked conservative America with her famous Hite Report on the permissive sexual attitudes of American men and women. In her book Women and Love: A Cultural Revolution in Progress(Knopf Press, 1988), Hite reveals some startling statistics describing how women
Salaries of professional athletes. The salaries of superstar professional athletes receive much attention in the media.The multimillion-dollar long-term contract is now commonplace among this elite group. Nevertheless, rarely does a season pass without negotiations between one or more of the
Speed of light from galaxies. Refer to The Astronomical Journal study of galaxy velocities, presented in Exercise 2.198 (p. 133). A second cluster of galaxies, named A1775, is thought to be a double cluster—that is, two clusters of galaxies in close proximity. Fifty-one velocity observations(in
Benford’s Law of Numbers. According to Benford’s law, certain digits (1, 2, 3,…, 9) are more likely to occur as the first significant digit in a randomly selected number than are other digits. For example, the law predicts that the number “1” is the most likely to occur (30% of the time)
Oil spill impact on seabirds. The Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics (Sept. 2000) published a study on the impact of the Exxon Valdez tanker oil spill on the seabird population in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Data were collected on 96 shoreline locations(called
Freckling of superalloy ingots. Freckles are defects that sometimes form during the solidification of alloy ingots. A freckle index has been developed to measure the level of freckling on the ingot. A team of engineers conducted several experiments to measure the freckle index of a certain type of
Whistling dolphins. Marine scientists who study dolphin communication have discovered that bottlenose dolphins exhibit an individualized whistle contour known as their signature whistle. A study was conducted to categorize the signature whistles of 10 captive adult bottlenose dolphins in socially
Speed of light from galaxies. Astronomers theorize that cold dark matter caused the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies in the universe. The theoretical model for cold dark matter requires an estimate of the velocities of light emitted from galaxy clusters. The Astronomical Journal (July
Radioactive lichen. Lichen has a high absorbance capacity for radiation fallout from nuclear accidents. Since lichen is a major food source for Alaskan caribou, and caribou are, in turn, a major food source for many Alaskan villagers, it is important to monitor the level of radioactivity in
Groundwater contamination in wells. Refer to the Environmental Science & Technology (Jan. 2005) study of the factors related to MTBE contamination in 223 New Hampshire wells, presented in Exercise 2.23 (p. 66).The data are saved in the MTBE file. Two of the many quantitative variables measured for
Sociology fieldwork methods. University of New Mexico professor Jane Hood investigated the fieldwork methods used by qualitative sociologists. (Teaching Sociology, July 2006.) Searching for all published journal articles, dissertations, and conference proceedings over the previous seven years in
Estimating the age of glacial drifts. Tills are glacial drifts consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders.Engineers from the University of Washington’s Department of Earth and Space Sciences studied the chemical makeup of buried tills in order to estimate the age of the glacial
Reading Japanese books. Refer to Exercise 2.187.Fourteen students participated in a 10-week extensive reading program in a second-semester Japanese language course. The number of books read by each student and the student’s grade in the course are listed in the next table.a. Construct a
Japanese reading levels. University of Hawaii language professors C. Hitosugi and R. Day incorporated a 10-week extensive reading program into a second-semester Japanese language course in an effort to improve students’ Japanese reading comprehension.(Reading in a Foreign Language, Apr. 2004.)
Excavating ancient pottery. Archaeologists excavating the ancient Greek settlement at Phylakopi classified the pottery found in trenches. (Chance, Fall 2000.) The accompanying table describes the collection of 837 pottery pieces uncovered in a particular layer at the excavation site. Construct and
Construct a scatterplot for the data listed here. Do you detect any trends?Variable #1: 174 268 345 119 400 520 190 448 307 252 Variable #2: 8 10 15 7 22 31 15 20 11 9 Applying the Concepts—Basic
Give a technique that is used to distort information shown on a graph.Learning the Mechanics
Irrelevant speech effects. Refer to the Acoustical Science& Technology (Vol. 35, 2014) study of irrelevant speech effects, Exercise 2.104 (p. 101). Recall that subjects performed a memorization task under two conditions: (1) with irrelevant background speech and (2) in silence. The difference
BP oil leak. In the summer of 2010, an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig caused a leak in one of British Petroleum (BP) Oil Company’s wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Crude oil rushed unabated for 3 straight months into the Gulf until BP could fix the leak. During the disaster, BP
Museum management. Refer to the Museum Management and Curatorship (June 2010) study of how museums evaluate their performance, Exercise 2.22 (p. 65). Recall that managers of 30 museums of contemporary art identified the performance measure used most often. A summary of the results is reproduced in
Ranking driving performance of professional golfers.Refer to The Sport Journal (Winter 2007) analysis of a new method for ranking the total driving performance of golfers on the PGA tour, Exercise 2.66 (p. 86). Recall that the method uses both the average driving distance(in yards) and the driving
Spreading rate of spilled liquid. A contract engineer at DuPont Corp. studied the rate at which a spilled volatile liquid will spread across a surface (Chemical Engineering Progress, Jan. 2005). Suppose that 50 gallons of methanol spills onto a level surface outdoors. The engineer uses derived
Mongolian desert ants. Refer to the Journal of Biogeography (Dec. 2003) study of ants in Mongolia, presented in Exercise 2.68 (p. 87). Data on annual rainfall, maximum daily temperature, percentage of plant cover, number of ant species, and species diversity index recorded at each of 11 study sites
Forest fragmentation study. Ecologists classify the cause of forest fragmentation as either anthropogenic (i.e., due to human development activities, such as road construction or logging) or natural in origin (e.g., due to wetlands or wildfire).Conservation Ecology (Dec. 2003) published an article
Plants that grow on Swiss cliffs. A rare plant that grows on the limestone cliffs of the Northern Swiss Jura mountains was studied in Alpine Botany (Nov. 2012). The researchers collected data from a sample of 12 limestone cliffs. Several of the variables measured for each cliff included the
Sound waves from a basketball. Refer to the American Journal of Physics (June 2010) study of sound waves in a spherical cavity, Exercise 2.43 (p. 76). The frequencies of sound waves (estimated using a mathematical formula) resulting from the first 24 resonances (echoes) after striking a basketball
New method for blood typing. In Analytical Chemistry(May 2010), medical researchers tested a new method of typing blood using low cost paper. Blood drops were applied to the paper and the rate of absorption (called blood wicking) was measured. The table gives the wicking lengths(in millimeters) for
Feeding behavior of fish. The feeding behavior of black bream (a type of fish) spawned in aquariums was studied in Brain, Behavior and Evolution (Apr. 2000). Zoologists recorded the number of aggressive strikes of two black bream feeding at the bottom of the aquarium in the 10-minute period
Lobster trap placement. Strategic placement of lobster traps is one of the keys for a successful lobster fisherman.An observational study of teams fishing for the red spiny lobster in Baja California Sur, Mexico, was conducted and the results published in Bulletin of Marine Science (Apr.2010). Two
Does elevation impact hitting performance in baseball?The Colorado Rockies play their major league home baseball games in Coors Field, Denver. Each year, the Rockies are among the leaders in team batting statistics (e.g., home runs, batting average, and slugging percentage). Many baseball experts
Comparing SAT scores. Refer to Exercise 2.46 (p. 76)and the data on state SAT scores saved in the SAT file. Consider a scatterplot for the data, with 2014 SAT score on the vertical axis and 2011 SAT score on the horizontal axis. What type of trend would you expect to observe? Why? Create the
Construct a scatterplot for the data in the table that follows.Do you detect a trend?Variable #1: .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Variable #2: 2 1 3 4 6 10 9 12 17 17 Applying the Concepts—Basic
How can a bivariate scatterplot be used to measure the relationship between the two variables?Learning the Mechanics
Permeability of sandstone during weathering. Refer to the Geographical Analysis (Vol. 42, 2010) study of the decay properties of sandstone when exposed to the weather, Exercise 2.110 (p. 102). Recall that slices of sandstone blocks were tested for permeability under three conditions:no exposure to
Is honey a cough remedy? Refer to the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (Dec. 2007) study of honey as a remedy for coughing, Exercise 2.64 (p. 86). Recall that coughing improvement scores were recorded for children in three groups: the over-the-counter cough medicine dosage(DM) group,
Comparing SAT Scores. Refer to Exercise 2.46 (p. 76), in which we compared state average SAT scores in 2011 and 2014.a. Construct side-by-side box plots of the SAT scores for the two years.b. Compare the variability of the SAT scores for the two years.c. Are any state SAT scores outliers in either
Characteristics of a rockfall. Refer to the Environmental Geology (Vol. 58, 2009) study of how far a block from a collapsing rockwall will bounce, Exercise 2.61 (p. 85).The computer-simulated rebound lengths (in meters) for 13 block-soil impact marks left on a slope from an actual rockfall are
Sanitation inspection of cruise ships. Refer to the data on sanitation levels of cruise ships, presented in Exercise 2.41(p. 75).a. Use the box plot method to detect any outliers in the data.b. Use the z-score method to detect any outliers in the data.c. Do the two methods agree? If not, explain
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