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statistics for engineers and scientists

Principles Of Statistics For Engineers And Scientists 1st Edition William Navidi - Solutions

12. The article “Models for Assessing Hoisting Times of Tower Cranes” (A. Leung and C. Tam, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 1999:385–391) presents a model constructed by a stepwise regression procedure to predict the time needed for a tower crane hoisting operation. Twenty
11. The article “Modeling Resilient Modulus and Temperature Correction for Saudi Roads” (H. Wahhab, I. Asi, and R. Ramadhan, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2001:298–305) describes a study designed to predict the resilient modulus of pavement from physical properties. The following
10. The following table presents measurements of mean noise levels in dBA (y), roadway width in m (x1), and mean speed in km/h (x2), for 10 locations in Bangkok, Thailand, as reported in the article “Modeling of Urban Area Stop-and-Go Traffic Noise” (P. Pamanikabud and C. Tharasawatipipat,
9. The article “Vehicle-Arrival Characteristics at Urban Uncontrolled Intersections” (V. Rengaraju and V. Rao, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1995:317–323) presents data on traffic characteristics at 10 intersections in Madras, India. The following table provides data on road width in
8. The article “Optimization of Enterocin P Production by Batch Fermentation of Enterococcus faecium P13 at Constant pH” (C. Herran, J. Martinez, et al., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2001:378–383) described a study involving the growth rate of the bacterium Enterococcus faecium in
7. (Continues Exercise 7 in Section 8.3.) To try to improve the prediction of FEV1, additional independent variables are included in the model. These new variables are Weight (in kg), the product (interaction) of Height and Weight, and the ambient temperature (in ◦C). The following MINITAB output
6. In a study to determine the effect of vehicle weight in tons (x1) and engine displacement in in3 (x2) on fuel economy in miles per gallon (y), these quantities were measured for ten automobiles. The full quadratic model y = β0+ β1 x1 + β2 x2 + β3 x 2 1 + β4 x 2 2 + β5 x1 x2 + ε was fit to
5. The following is supposed to be the result of a best subsets regression involving five independent variables X1,..., X5. The two models of each size with the highest values of R2 are listed. Something is wrong. What is it? Best Subsets Regression Response is Y Adj. X X X X X Vars R-Sq R-Sq C-p s
4. The following MINITAB output is for a best subsets regression involving five dependent variables X1,..., X5. The two models of each size with the highest values of R2 are listed.Best Subsets Regression: Y versus X1, X2, X3, X4, X5 Response is Y Mallows X X X X X Vars R-Sq R-Sq(adj) C-p S 1 2 3 4
3. The article “Simultaneous Optimization of Mechanical Properties of Steel by Maximizing Exponential Desirability Functions” (K. J. Kim and D. K. J. Lin, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Applied Statistics, 2000: 311–325) presents measurements on 72 steel plates. The
2. The article “Experimental Design Approach for the Optimization of the Separation of Enantiomers in Preparative Liquid Chromatography” (S. Lai and Z. Lin, Separation Science and Technology, 2002: 847–875) describes an experiment involving a chemical process designed to separate enantiomers.
1. True or false:a. For any set of data, there is always one best model.b. When there is no physical theory to specify a model, there is usually no best model, but many that are about equally good.c. Model selection methods such as best subsets and stepwise regression, when properly used, are
19. In an experiment to estimate the acceleration of an object down an inclined plane, the object is released and its distance in meters (y) from the top of the plane is measured every 0.1 second from time t = 0.1 to t = 1.0. The data are presented in the following table.t y 0.1 0.03 0.2 0.1 0.3
18. The article “Multiple Linear Regression for Lake Ice and Lake Temperature Characteristics” (S. Gao and H. Stefan, Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 1999:59–77) presents data on maximum ice thickness in mm (y), average number of days per year of ice cover (x1), average number of days
17. The November 24, 2001, issue of The Economist published economic data for 15 industrialized nations. Included were the percent changes in gross domestic product (GDP), industrial production (IP), consumer prices (CP), and producer prices (PP) from fall 2000 to fall 2001, and the unemployment
16. The following data were collected in an experiment to study the relationship between the speed of a cutting tool in m/s (x) and the lifetime of the tool in hours (y). x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 y 99 96 88 76 66 The least-squares quadratic model is y = 101.4000 + 3.371429x − 5.142857x 2 .a. Using this
15. The following data were collected in an experiment to study the relationship between extrusion pressure (in KPa) and wear (in mg). x 150 175 200 225 250 275 y 10.4 12.4 14.9 15.0 13.9 11.9 The least-squares quadratic model is y = − 32.445714 + 0.43154286x − 0.000982857x 2 .a. Using this
14. In the article “Low-Temperature Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2, 2-dichloroethane” (R. Varushchenko and A. Druzhinina,Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2002:109–119), the relationship between vapor pressure (p) and heat capacity (t) is given as p = t β3 ·
13. The article “Evaluating Vent Manifold Inerting Requirements: Flash Point Modeling for Organic Acid-Water Mixtures” (R. Garland and M. Malcolm, Process Safety Progress, 2002:254–260) presents a model to predict the flash point (in ◦F) of a mixture of water, acetic acid, propionic acid,
12. The following MINITAB output is for a multiple regression. Some of the numbers got smudged and are illegible. Fill in the missing numbers. Predictor Coef StDev T P Constant (a) 1.4553 5.91 0.000 X1 1.2127 (b) 1.71 0.118 X2 7.8369 3.2109 (c) 0.035 X3 (d) 0.8943 —3.56 0.005 S = 0.82936 R-Sq =
11. The following MINITAB output is for a multiple regression. Something went wrong with the printer, so some of the numbers are missing. Fill them in. Predictor Coef StDev T P Constant —0.58762 0.2873 (a) 0.086 X1 1.5102 (b) 4.30 0.005 X2 (c) 0.3944 —0.62 0.560 X3 1.8233 0.3867 (d) 0.003 S =
10. A scientist has measured quantities y, x1, and x2. She believes that y is related to x1 and x2 through the equation y = αeβ1 x1+β2 x2 δ, where δ is a random error that is always positive. Find a transformation of the data that will enable her to use a linear model to estimate β1 and β2.
9. The article “Drying of Pulps in Sprouted Bed: Effect of Composition on Dryer Performance” (M. Medeiros, S. Rocha, et al., Drying Technology, 2002:865–881) presents measurements of pH, viscosity (in kg/m·s), density (in g/cm3 ), and BRIX (in %). The following MINITAB output presents the
8. Refer to Exercise 7.a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the coefficient of Last FEV.b. Find a 98% confidence interval for the coefficient of Height.c. Can you conclude that β2 < − 0.08? Perform the appropriate hypothesis test.d. Can you conclude that β3 > 0.5? Perform the appropriate
7. In a study of the lung function of children, the volume of air exhaled under force in one second is called FEV1. (FEV1 stands for forced expiratory volume in one second.) Measurements were made on a group of children each year for two years. A linear model was fit to predict this year’s FEV1
6. The article “Earthmoving Productivity Estimation Using Linear Regression Techniques” (S. Smith, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 1999:133–141) presents the following linear model to predict earthmoving productivity (in m3 moved per hour): Productivity = − 297.877 +
5. In the article “Application of Statistical Design in the Leaching Study of Low-Grade Manganese Ore Using Aqueous Sulfur Dioxide” (P. Naik, L. Sukla, and S. Das, Separation Science and Technology, 2002:1375–1389), a fitted model for predicting the extraction of manganese in % (y) from
4. The article “Application of Analysis of Variance to Wet Clutch Engagement” (M. Mansouri, M. Khonsari, et al., Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2002:117–125) presents the following fitted model for predicting clutch engagement time in seconds (y) from engagement
3. The data used to fit the model in Exercise 1 are presented in the following table, along with the residuals and the fitted values. Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the plot indicate that the linear model is reasonable? Explain. Strength Manganese Thickness Residual Fitted Value
2. Refer to Exercise 1.a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the coefficient of Manganese.b. Find a 99% confidence interval for the coefficient of Thickness.c. Can you conclude that β1 > 3? Perform the appropriate hypothesis test.d. Can you conclude that β2 < −0.1? Perform the appropriate
1. In an experiment to determine the factors affecting tensile strength in steel plates, the tensile strength (in kg/mm2 ), the manganese content (in parts per thousand), and the thickness (in mm) were measured for a sample of 20 plates. The following MINITAB output presents the results of fitting
9. An engineer wants to determine the spring constant for a particular spring. She hangs various weights on one end of the spring and measures the length of the spring each time. A scatterplot of length (y) versus load (x) is depicted in the following figure. a. Is the model y = β0 + β1 x an
8. The article “Mechanistic-Empirical Design of Bituminous Roads: An Indian Perspective” (A. Das and B. Pandey, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1999:463–471) presents an equation of the form y = a(1/x1)b(1/x2)c for predicting the number of repetitions for laboratory fatigue failure (y)
7. The article “Some Parameters of the Population Biology of Spotted Flounder (Ciutharus linguatula Linnaeus, 1758) in Edremit Bay (North Aegean Sea)” (D. T¨urker, B. Bayhan, et al., Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 2005:1013–1018) models the relationship between weight W
6. The article “Characteristics and Trends of River Discharge into Hudson, James, and Ungava Bays, 1964–2000” (S. D´ery, M. Stieglitz, et al., Journal of Climate, 2005:2540–2557) presents measurements of discharge rate x (in km3 /yr) and peak flow y (in m3 /s) for 42 rivers that drain into
5. To determine the effect of temperature on the yield of a certain chemical process, the process is run 24 times at various temperatures. The temperature (in ◦C) and the yield (expressed as a percentage of a theoretical maximum) for each run are given in the following table. The results are
4. Two radon detectors were placed in different locations in the basement of a home. Each provided an hourly measurement of the radon concentration, in units of pCi/L. The data are presented in the following table. R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2 1.2 1.2 3.4 2.0 4.0 2.6 5.5 3.6 1.3 1.5 3.5 2.0 4.0 2.7 5.8
3. The article “Application of Genetic Algorithms to Optimum Design of Elasto-damping Elements of a Half-Car Model Under Random Road Excitations” (M. Mirzael and R. Hassannejad, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2007:515–526) presents values of a coefficient (y), a
2. The processing of raw coal involves “washing,” in which coal ash (nonorganic, incombustible material) is removed. The article “Quantifying Sampling Precision for Coal Ash Using Gy’s Discrete Model of the Fundamental Error” (Journal of Coal Quality, 1989:33–39) provides data relating
1. The following MINITAB output is for the least-squares fit of the model ln y = β0 + β1 ln x + ε, where y represents the monthly production of a gas well and x represents the volume of fracture fluid pumped in. (A scatterplot of these data is presented in Figure 8.4.)Regression Analysis: LN
17. The article “ ‘Little Ice Age’ Proxy Glacier Mall Balance Records Reconstructed from Tree Rings in the Mt. Waddington Area, British Columbia Coast Mountains, Canada” (S. Larocque and D. Smith, The Holocene, 2005:748–757) evaluates the use of tree ring widths to estimate changes in
16. In a sample of 400 ball bearings, the correlation coefficient between eccentricity and smoothness was r = 0.10.a. Find the P-value for testing H0 : ρ ≤ 0 versus H1 : ρ > 0. Can you conclude that ρ > 0?b. Does the result in part (a) allow you to conclude that there is a strong correlation
15. In order to increase the production of gas wells, a procedure known as “fracture treatment” is often used. Fracture fluid, which consists of fluid mixed with sand, is pumped into the well. The following figure presents a scatterplot of the monthly production versus the volume of fracture
14. In the following MINITAB output, some of the numbers have been accidentally erased. Recompute them, using the numbers still available. There are n = 20 points in the data set. Predictor Coef SE Coef T P Constant (a) 0.43309 0.688 (b) X 0.18917 0.065729 (c) (d) S = 0.67580 R-Sq = 31.0%
13. In the following MINITAB output, some of the numbers have been accidentally erased. Recompute them, using the numbers still available. There are n = 25 points in the data set. The regression equation is Y = 1.71 + 4.27 X Predictor Coef SE Coef T P Constant 1.71348 6.69327 (a) (b) X 4.27473 (c)
12. Refer to Exercise 1. If 95% confidence intervals are constructed for the yield of the reaction at temperatures of 45◦C, 60◦C, and 75◦C, which confidence interval would be the shortest? Which would be the longest?
11. In the weld data (Example 8.10) imagine that 95% confidence intervals are computed for the mean strength of welds with oxygen contents of 1.3, 1.5, and 1.8 parts per thousand. Which of the confidence intervals would be the shortest? Which would be the longest?
10. Three engineers are independently estimating the spring constant of a spring, using the linear model specified by Hooke’s law. Engineer A measures the length of the spring under loads of 0, 1, 3, 4, and 6 lb, for a total of five measurements. Engineer B uses the same loads but repeats the
9. In a study to determine the relationship between ambient outdoor temperature and the rate of evaporation of water from soil, measurements of average daytime temperature in ◦C and evaporation in mm/day were taken for 40 days. The results are shown in the following table. Temp. Evap. Temp. Evap.
8. The article “Computation of Equilibrium Oxidation and Reduction Potentials for Reversible and Dissociative Electron-Transfer Reactions in Solution” (P. Winget, C. Cramer, and D. Truhlar, Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 2004:217–227) presents several models for estimating aqueous
7. The article “Evaluation of the Expansion Attained to Date by Concrete Affected by Alkali-Silica Reaction. Part III: Application to Existing Structures” (M. B´erub´e, N. Smaoui, et al, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2005: 463–479) reports measurements of expansion for several
6. In a study of reaction times, the time to respond to a visual stimulus (x) and the time to respond to an auditory stimulus (y) were recorded for each of 10 subjects. Times were measured in ms. The results are presented in the following table. x 161 203 235 176 201 188 228 211 191 178 y 159 206
5. Refer to Exercises 3 and 4. An atmospheric scientist notices that the slope of the least-squares line in the study described in Exercise 4 differs from the one in the study described in Exercise 3. He wishes to test the hypothesis that the effect of humidity on ozone level differs between the
4. In an study similar to the one in Exercise 3, the relative humidity and ozone levels were measured for 120 days in another city. The MINITAB output follows. Assume that assumptions 1 through 4 on page 316 hold. The regression equation is Ozone = 29.7 — 0.135 Humidity Predictor Coef SE Coef T P
3. Ozone (O3) is a major component of air pollution in many cities. Atmospheric ozone levels are influenced by many factors, including weather. In one study, the mean percent relative humidity (x) and the mean ozone levels (y) were measured for 120 days in a western city. Mean ozone levels were
2. The following output (from MINITAB) describes the fit of a linear model y = β0 + β1 x + ε that expresses the length of a spring in cm (y) in terms of the load upon it in kg (x). There are n = 15 observations.Predictor Coef StDev T P Constant 6.6361 1.1455 5.79 0.000 Load 2.9349 0.086738 33.8
1. A chemical reaction is run 12 times, and the temperature xi (in ◦C) and the yield yi (in percent of a theoretical maximum) is recorded each time. The following summary statistics are recorded: x = 65.0 y = 29.05 12 i=1 (xi − x) 2 = 6032.0 12 i=1 (yi − y) 2 = 835.42 12 i=1 (xi − x)(yi
23. Two different chemical formulations of rocket fuel are considered for the peak thrust they deliver in a particular design for a rocket engine. The thrust/weight ratios (in kilograms force per gram) for each of the two fuels are measured several times. The results are as follows: Fuel A: 54.3
22. Two microprocessors are compared on a sample of six benchmark codes to determine whether there is a difference in speed. The times (in seconds) used by each processor on each code are given in the following table. Code 123456 Processor A 27.2 18.1 27.2 19.7 24.5 22.1 Processor B 24.1 19.3 26.8
21. Two formulations of a certain coating, designed to inhibit corrosion, are being tested. For each of eight pipes, half the pipe is coated with formulation A, and the other half is coated with formulation B. Each pipe is exposed to a salt environment for 500 hours. Afterward, the corrosion loss
20. In an experiment to determine the effect of ambient temperature on the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx ) of diesel trucks, 10 trucks were run at temperatures of 40◦ F and 80◦ F. The emissions, in ppm, are presented in the following table.Truck 40◦F 80◦F 1 0.8347 0.8152 2 0.7532
19. In a study comparing various methods of gold plating, 7 printed circuit edge connectors were gold plated with control-immersion tip plating. The average gold thickness was 1.5 µm, with a standard deviation of 0.25 µm. Five connectors were masked, then plated with total immersion plating. The
18. A group of 15 swimmers is chosen to participate in an experiment to see if a new breathing style will improve their stamina. Each swimmer’s pulse recovery rate is measured after a 20 minute workout using the old breathing style. The swimmers practice the new style for two weeks and then
17. A fleet of 100 taxis is divided into two groups of 50 cars each to see whether premium gasoline reduces maintenance costs. Premium unleaded fuel is used in group A, while regular unleaded fuel is used in group B. The total maintenance cost for each vehicle during a one-year period is recorded.
16. Five specimens of untreated wastewater produced at a gas field had an average benzene concentration of 6.83 mg/L with a standard deviation of 1.72 mg/L. Seven specimens of treated wastewater had an average benzene concentration of 3.32 mg/L with a standard deviation of 1.17 mg/L. Find a 95%
15. In the article “Groundwater Electromagnetic Imaging in Complex Geological and Topographical Regions: A Case Study of a Tectonic Boundary in the French Alps” (S. Houtot, P. Tarits, et al., Geophysics, 2002:1048–1060), the pH was measured for several water samples in various locations near
14. Refer to Exercise 13. Another molecular biologist repeats the study with a different design. She makes up 12 DNA samples, and then chooses 6 at random to be treated with the enzyme and 6 to remain untreated. The results are as follows: Enzyme present: 12 15 14 22 22 20 Enzyme absent: 23 39 37
13. A molecular biologist is studying the effectiveness of a particular enzyme to digest a certain sequence of DNA nucleotides. He divides six DNA samples into two parts, treats one part with the enzyme, and leaves the other part untreated. He then uses a polymerase chain reaction assay to count
12. A new production process is being contemplated for the manufacture of stainless steel bearings. Measurements of the diameters of random samples of bearings from the old and the new processes produced the following data: Old: 16.3 15.9 15.8 16.2 16.1 16.0 15.7 15.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.1 15.8
11. In a survey of 100 randomly chosen holders of a certain credit card, 57 said that they were aware that use of the credit card could earn them frequent flier miles on a certain airline. After an advertising campaign to build awareness of this benefit, an independent survey of 200 credit card
10. Twenty-one independent measurements were taken of the hardness (on the Rockwell C scale) of HSLA-100 steel base metal, and another 21 independent measurements were made of the hardness of a weld produced on this base metal. The standard deviation of the measurements made on the base metal was
9. In order to determine whether to pitch a new advertising campaign more toward men or women, an advertiser provided each couple in a random sample of 500 married couples with a new type of TV remote control that is supposed to be easier to find when needed. Of the 500 husbands, 62% said that
8. A quality manager suspects that the quality of items that are manufactured on a Monday is less good than that of items manufactured on a Wednesday. In a sample of 300 items manufactured on Monday, 260 were rated as acceptable or better, and in a sample of 400 items manufactured on a Wednesday,
7. Two processes for manufacturing a certain microchip are being compared. A sample of 400 chips was selected from a less expensive process, and 62 chips were found to be defective. A sample of 100 chips was selected from a more expensive process, and 12 were found to be defective.a. Find a 95%
6. The specification for the pull strength of a wire that connects an integrated circuit to its frame is 10 g or more. In a sample of 85 units made with gold wire, 68 met the specification, and in a sample of 120 units made with aluminum wire, 105 met the specification. Find a 95% confidence
5. In a test of the effect of dampness on electric connections, 100 electric connections were tested under damp conditions and 150 were tested under dry conditions. Twenty of the damp connections failed and only 10 of the dry ones failed. Find a 90% confidence interval for the difference between
4. To determine the effect of fuel grade on fuel efficiency, 80 new cars of the same make, with identical engines, were each driven for 1000 miles. Forty of the cars ran on regular fuel and the other 40 received premium grade fuel. The cars with the regular fuel averaged 27.2 mpg, with a standard
3. An engineer claims that a new type of power supply for home computers lasts longer than the old type. Independent random samples of 75 of each of the two types are chosen, and the sample means and standard deviations of their lifetimes (in hours) are computed: New: X1 = 4387 s1 = 252 Old: X2 =
2. Two machines used to fill soft drink containers are being compared. The number of containers filled each minute is counted for 60 minutes for each machine. During the 60 minutes, machine 1 filled an average of 73.8 cans per minute with a standard deviation of 5.2 cans per minute, and machine 2
1. In a test to compare the effectiveness of two drugs designed to lower cholesterol levels, 75 randomly selected patients were given drug A and 100 randomly selected patients were given drug B. Those given drug A reduced their cholesterol levels by an average of 40 with a standard deviation of
6. Refer to Exercise 9 in Section 7.3. Can you conclude that the time to load is more variable in the first month than in the sixth month after installation?
5. Refer to Exercise 11 in Section 7.3. Can you conclude that the variance of the breaking strengths differs between the two composites?
4. A broth used to manufacture a pharmaceutical product has its sugar content, in mg/mL, measured several times on each of three successive days. Day 1: 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.2 4.9 4.9 5.0 Day 2: 5.8 4.7 4.7 4.9 5.1 4.9 5.4 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.7 5.1 5.7 Day 3: 6.3 4.7 5.1 5.9 5.1 5.9 4.7
3. An F test with five degrees of freedom in the numerator and seven degrees of freedom in the denominator produced a test statistic whose value was 7.46.a. What is the P-value if the test is one-tailed?b. What is the P-value if the test is two-tailed?
2. Find the upper 1% point of F2,5.
1. Find the upper 5% point of F7,20.
19. The following MINITAB output presents the results of a paired hypothesis test for the difference µX − µY between two population means. Some of the numbers are missing. Fill them in. Paired T for X − Y N Mean StDev SE Mean X 7 12.4141 2.9235 (a) Y 7 8.3476 (b) 1.0764 Difference 7 (c)
18. The following MINITAB output presents the results of a paired hypothesis test for the difference µX − µY between two population means. Paired T for X — Y N Mean StDev SE Mean X 12 134.233 68.376 19.739 Y 12 100.601 94.583 27.304 Difference 12 33.6316 59.5113 17.1794 95% lower bound for
17. The management of a taxi cab company is trying to decide if they should switch from bias tires to radial tires to improve fuel economy. Each of 10 taxis was equipped with one of the two tire types and driven on a test course. Without changing drivers, tires were then switched to the other tire
16. The Valsalva maneuver involves blowing into a closed tube in order to create pressure in respiratory airways. Impedance cardiography is used during this maneuver to assess cardiac function. The article “Impedance Cardiographic Measurement of the Physiological Response to the Valsalva
15. Two rubber specimens from each of eight stocks were subject to an abrasion test. One specimen in each stock was cured at 90◦C and the other was cured at 140◦C. The weight loss (in mg) for each specimen was measured. The results are presented in the following table. Can you conclude that
14. For a sample of nine automobiles, the mileage (in 1000s of miles) at which the original front brake pads were worn to 10% of their original thickness was measured, as was the mileage at which the original rear brake pads were worn to 10% of their original thickness. The results are given in
13. Muscles flex when stimulated through electric impulses either to motor points (points on the muscle) or to nerves. The article “Force Assessment of the Stimulated Arm Flexors: Quantification of Contractile Properties” (J. Hong and P. Iaizzo, Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology,
12. In an experiment to determine whether there is a systematic difference between the weights obtained with two different scales, 10 rock specimens were weighed, in grams, on each scale. The following data were obtained: Weight on Weight on Specimen Scale 1 Scale 2 1 11.23 11.27 2 14.36 14.41 3
11. Six bean plants had their carbohydrate concentrations (in percent by weight) measured both in the shoot and in the root. The following results were obtained: Plant Shoot Root 1 4.42 3.66 2 5.81 5.51 3 4.65 3.91 4 4.77 4.47 5 5.25 4.69 6 4.75 3.93 Can you conclude that there is a difference in
10. The article “Modeling of Urban Area Stop-and-Go Traffic Noise” (P. Pamanikabud and C. Tharasawatipipat, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1999:152–159) presents measurements of traffic noise, in dBA, from 10 locations in Bangkok, Thailand. Measurements, presented in the following
9. An automobile manufacturer wishes to compare the lifetimes of two brands of tire. She obtains samples of six tires of each brand. On each of six cars, she mounts one tire of each brand on each front wheel. The cars are driven until only 20% of the original tread remains. The distances, in miles,
8. Refer to Exercise 7. In a separate experiment, 18 cars were outfitted with tires with tread type A, and another 18 were outfitted with tires with tread type B. Each car was driven 1000 miles. The cars with tread type A averaged 23.93 mpg, with a standard deviation of 1.79 mpg. The cars with
7. A tire manufacturer is interested in testing the fuel economy for two different tread patterns. Tires of each tread type are driven for 1000 miles on each of 18 different cars. The mileages, in mpg, are presented in the following table.Car Tread A Tread B 1 24.1 20.3 2 22.3 19.7 3 24.5 22.5 4
6. The article “Effect of Refrigeration on the Potassium Bitartrate Stability and Composition of Italian Wines” (A. Versari, D. Barbanti, et al., Italian Journal of Food Science, 2002:45–52) reports a study in which eight types of white wine had their tartaric acid concentration (in g/L)

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