Campbell Biology 10th edition Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson - Solutions

How does this type of growth in the leaves help grasses survive being eaten by herbivores such as bison?
What are some of the disadvantages of applying sprays?
Is this more likely to be a strain of the virus that is transmitted only from avian to human or a strain that is transmitted from human to human? Explain.
Many farmers growing corn using conventional methods still choose to apply B. thuringiensis sprays. What are the advantages of this strategy for controlling ECBs?
Scientists were puzzled why the 1918 flu resulted in increased deaths in specific age groups. What was so unexpected?
Although both of these strategies are examples of artificial selection of crop plants, describe two differences between these approaches.
Which two age groups experienced the highest increase in the number of influenza- and pneumoniarelated deaths between 1917 and 1918?a. How many times greater is the 1918 total than the 1917 total for each of these two groups?b. If you were the same age you are now, how much more likely would you
How do you think a rose is pollinated? Consider your own experience with roses as well as the image provided in Figure 6.2. List two personal observations to support your answer.
If you didn’t know that corn is wind-pollinated, what characteristics of corn flowers could point you toward this conclusion?
The following cDNA sequences (A–D) were obtained by reverse transcription of RNA samples from donated blood. One of the WNV primers used in RT-PCR has the following sequence:3' GGCTGCTGGCAACTT 5'Circle the cDNA sequence below that would be targeted by this WNV primer.A. 5' GGCTGCTGGCAACTT 3'B. 5'
Examine Figure 43.20 and focus on the acquired immune system events following first exposure to an antigen. This was the case for the sailors, coal miners, and everyone else infected in 1918.a. How are the innate and the acquired immune systems linked? How does one system inform the other of an
Pollen grain size is significant (see following figure). If a pollen grain is too large, it may not disperse well; however, if it is too small, there will be insufficient resources to produce a pollen tube long enough to reach the ovules. Corn pollen averages 120 μm in diameter, which is
Why are primers needed for initiation of DNA synthesis using PCR? How do PCR primers differ from the primers in cells?
Each tassel produces 2–5 million pollen grains. One acre of a cornfield may contain 20,000 to 30,000 corn plants, producing up to 68 kg (approximately 150 pounds) of pollen in a single growing season. Each ear has about 1,000 carpellate flowers, although only about 400 seed containing kernels are
In the acquired immune response, two types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells, are the key players.a. Compare and contrast the antigen receptors of B and T cells.b. B and T cells can only recognize antigens when they are in specific locations. Where are the antigens located that B cells can
Many viruses, including WNV, cold viruses, and flu viruses, reproduce in the host for a short period of time before being destroyed by the host’s immune system. This production of new virus particles occurs during a period in which virus particles are present in the blood (viremia). If Russell,
Compare and contrast the reproductive life cycle of WNV (See the following figure) to that of HIV. The virus binds to a protein on the surface of a cell (not shown here) and enters the cell. e The genomic RNA and capsid proteins are released into the cytoplasm of the cell for translation. O The
A single virus particle of influenza A is insufficient to initiate disease in humans. It is estimated that between 100 and 1,000 influenza A virus particles are necessary to cause the flu in an individual. A single droplet sneezed from an infected person is likely to contain sufficient virus
How do the RNA molecules of these two viruses differ in number and function? In your response, consider the role of both in the formation of mRNA.
Is there any advantage for the corn plant to having its staminate flowers higher than its carpellate flowers? Explain.
Bt corn is made by replicating the gene for the Bt toxin found in the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and inserting the gene into corn. Techniques described in Chapter 20 enable the plant engineer to identify plants that have incorporated the Bt gene. Go to the Case Book website to run a
Another way of looking at the data is to consider the specific increase in the number of influenzaand pneumonia-related deaths in one age group between 1917 and 1918. You can calculate this by dividing the number of deaths in 1918 by the number of deaths in 1917. For instance, if you look at the
Which age group had the highest number of influenza- and pneumonia-related deaths in 1917?
What other factors might enter into a grower’s decision about whether to plant Bt corn?
Which is more effective at quickly conveying the impact of the 1918 influenza pandemic, the table or your graph? Why?
Estimate the net loss or net gain for a farmer with 2,000 acres in the following scenarios:a. Corn prices are low ($1.50) and so are the corn borer populations (about 1 for every 4 corn plants, or 0.25).b. Corn prices are high ($2.50) and so are the corn borer population sizes (about 1 for every
Is proximity to known outbreaks of WNV a factor in its spread? Looking at the map in the following figure , describe geographic factors that seem to influence the spread of WNV. Explain.Year ............................ States Reporting WNV1999 .................................................
Construct a line graph that shows the number of states reporting the presence of WNV from 1999 through 2001.
Construct a graph with 1911 to 1919 on the x-axis and 0 to 60 years of age on the y axis. Show separate male and female life expectancy lines by connecting the points plotted for each year versus expected age at death. Provide a suitable title for your graph.
Draw a new rectangle to represent field C with results that would support Sam’s hypothesis. Explain the significance of the pattern of Bt genes in your sketch.
How do you think WNV arrived in New York City? Consider what you’ve learned previously about transmission of this disease.
Which strain is the most dissimilar to NY99? How many differences did you find between this strain and NY99? Do you find this result surprising? Explain.
Describe at least three examples of biological information you would include for this particular group.
Which field results would tend to support Emmet’s explanation? Why?
Images must connect with the specific audience. Rationale might include using H5N1-relevant images such as sick chickens, people working with birds, coughing, and so on. that are familiar and/or compelling. Humor and scare tactics may be offered as rationales as well.
If you were asked to produce a brochure to advise a segment of the public in your country about the risks of avian flu, what group would you select as the target audience? Explain your choice.
Which of your three media choices would be the most useful for convincing your classmates that avian flu is a real biological concern? Explain.
Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded that NY99 most likely was transported to New York from Israel. Does the information in the following table support this conclusion? How many differences in sequence are there between the two samples? What other conclusion
Briefly describe the biological images used and how each relates to the avian flu—for example, a masked and gloved (to prevent viral infection) worker examining poultry (potential carriers of H5N1).
Which field results would tend to support John’s explanation of how pollen traveled from DeWitt to Macon County? Why?
Farms are spread out all around Macon County. Two members of the growers€™ cooperative had samples of seed from corn left in their fields that tested for the presence of Bt genes. Compare the test results of field A and field B in the following figure. Macon County B.
Compare the digestive systems of cattle (in this instance a cow), horses, and humans using following figure, as well as Figure 41.19 and 41.9 in your text.a. How does the structure of the stomach in these three organisms differ?b. Examine the following figure. Note the significant difference in the
What kinds of organizations produce the websites containing the media that you have listed?
Consider how the Bt genes turned up in the Macon County corn according to John’s hypothesis. Within the seeds, would Bt genes be found in the embryo, the endosperm, or both? Explain.
List the hypotheses posed by the DeWitt County growers as to how new Bt corn found its way into the Macon County growers’ grain elevators.
The day after Russell’s blood sample was tested for WNV, he was told that the results were positive. What organisms were likely involved in Russell’s infection with WNV? Is it likely he will pass on the disease?
Considering that it has been 90 years since the outbreak of the 1918 flu, are you surprised by the current scientific interest? (When is scientific investigation done?)
Do both the embryo and the endosperm have the same number of chromosomes? Explain.
After the flu virus is retrieved from the diplomat’s remains, what is likely to be done with the sample?
Do the embryo and endosperm contain genetic information from the female gamete, the male gamete, or both?
If you were to slice open a kernel of corn and apply iodine solution to the interior, which part of the kernel do you predict would turn the darkest blue? What is the function of this part of the seed?
Immunization against common strains of human-to-human transmissible influenza A is needed every year because the seasonal flu mutates readily. In the case of the 1918 flu, immunization was poorly understood and not available. For a possible H5N1 pandemic, immunization will play a significant role.
Roses belong to the clade of flowering plants called eudicots. Corn belongs to the monocot clade. Using your knowledge of eudicot and monocot traits, answer “monocot” or “eudicot” for the following features observed in plants from one of these two clades:a. Parallel venation in the leavesb.
Explain how primers control which cDNA is being amplified.
To analyze the sequences in Table 3.2 (see the next page), you will use manual methods that were used by geneticists until the development of computer-based methods. However, to make your comparison easier, a software program has been used to align the sequences in the table. The basic technique
Why do we refer to coal as a “fossil fuel”?
Once a pathogen (a biological agent that causes disease) manages to get past an animal’s physical barriers, there is a very good chance that it will be detected by the animal’s immune system. At the molecular level, how does an animal detect the presence of a pathogen and determine that it is
Studies have shown there are major differences in types of organisms inhabiting different areas of the Bay. How do the data you recorded in Table 8.2 help to explain this finding?
During the Carboniferous, forests grew to unprecedented heights. Describe one adaptation in plants that would account for this dramatic change.
For the two adaptations listed, attach an image of an organism with this feature that is thought to have existed during the Carboniferous. Write what type of organism it is and explain why the adaptation was significant to the success of the organism.
The first recorded use of coal occurred about 3,000 years ago at the Fushun mine in northeastern China. At that time, the people thought of coal as just a remarkable stone that could burn. Based on the following figure , where do you think the land that is now China was located during the
Why don’t we find Upper Carboniferous coal deposits in present-day South America, India, Australia, Africa, and Antarctica? What was the climate like in these areas during the Upper Carboniferous?
1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3 or 4 biologyrelated topics or issues in the case.2. What specific questions do you have about these topics? By yourself,
Consider the map in Figure 5.1 carefully. Are there geographic and/or climatic similarities between Colter College and its sister college in Scotland? Explain. Cold Cool Temperate Arld Tropical Tropical Colter sister college College Arld Cool Temperate Cold
Update the following figure with the most recent data on the map. Go to the website gamapserver/who.int/mapLibrary/ and search for most recent map. Data in the following table are from the World Health Organization, dated July 5, 2013
Before you begin your analysis of the nucleotide sequences, use the data in the following figure to make a prediction about the sequence that you would expect to be most similar to the one from Egypt. Make a second prediction about the one you would expect to be most dissimilar. Include number,
Which of the four global landmasses shown in Figure 25.16 corresponds to the Carboniferous?
Although humans produce low titers of WNV particles in their blood and don’t erve as reservoirs for this vector-disseminated disease, human-to-human transmission of WNV is possible. Explain how a transfusion of infected blood can result in the dissemination of WNV.
How would you add alligators to the transmission cycle shown in the following figure? Incidental hosts (hurnans, horses, for examples) Vector (mosquito) West West Nile virus Nile virus Reservoir host (several bird species)
Several alligator farms in the southeastern United States reported an unusually high number of alligator deaths between 2001 and 2003. WNV was determined to be responsible for many of these deaths. Blood samples from infected alligators revealed high titers (some of which were higher than the
Resistance of avian influenza A to oseltamivir has already been observed. For example, a resistant H5N1 influenza A mutant has been isolated from a human. There was a substitution of a single amino acid at position 274, in which a tyrosine replaces histidine (deJong et al., 2005). Explain how
a. Following figure is an image of a fossilized echinoderm. Estimate the actual diameter of the fossil.b. If a penny has an actual diameter of 0.75 inch, how many times would this fossil fit across the diameter of a penny? 1 cm Scale
Review the replication cycle for flu viruses in Chapter 19. Pharmaceutical companies wish to produce antiviral drug therapies that can interrupt the viral replication cycle while causing minimal adverse effects on the host cells. Several classes of drugs are known to interrupt influenza A
A new strain of H5N1 avian flu could emerge that would result in human-to-human transmission.a. Why is vaccine development not the highest priority right now?b. Once an epidemic has started, vaccine development will be a high priority. Epidemics often occur in “waves” of illness, with different
While searching for images, you find a drawing of an early swamp with a dragonfly. The caption says the dragonfly has a wingspan of 2 feet. Use 2 feet as the scale value. The size of the dragonfly wingspan measured from this image is 0.5 inch. Use this value for the length of the scale bar. What is
The World Health Organization Global Influenza Programme is developing “pre-pandemic” candidate vaccines based on H5N1 viruses from infected humans. These pre-pandemic vaccines are needed for preparedness planning and are used in studies that inform dosage, cross-reactivity, and
a. Explain how the location of human glycoprotein receptors for H1, H2, and H3 influenza A antigens facilitates transmission of these strains among humans.b. Explain how the location of human glycoprotein receptors for H5 influenza A antigens has contributed to the failure—so far—of this virus
The immune system responds specifically to the exact combination of the H and N surface proteins found in a flu virus particle. Currently, 16 antigenically distinct groups of H molecules and 9 distinct groups of N molecules have been identified. How many possible antigenically distinct combinations
Suppose a human host suffering from seasonal influenza A (readily transmitted from human to human) comes down with avian flu at the same time. What serious consequences might result?
The virus uses the host cell to produce more copies of itself. As the viral RNA replicates in the host, mutations arise much more frequently in the viral genome than in the host genome (which replicates DNA). Why do more mutations occur in the virus than in the host?
What molecule does the N stand for, where is it located, and what is its function in the viral life cycle?
You can determine both the image magnification and the size of a fossil specimen if an object of known size is included in the image. In following figure , the penny has a known diameter of 0.75 in. However, in this image the penny measures only 0.5 inch across. Now you know that the image is
What molecule does the H stand for in the name of both viruses, where is the H molecule located on the virus, and what role does the H molecule play in the life cycle of the virus?
You observe samples from two coal balls collected in different places. Sample 1 contains roots and stems of tree-size lycophytes and horsetails. Sample 2 contains evidence of sphagnummoss “leaves,” yellow cedar needles, and alder pollen. From what time period do you think each sample
1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3–4 biology related topics or issues in the case.2. What specific questions do you have about these topics? By yourself,
You suggest a scale bar that is 1 foot long for the final mural. What is the approximate value of this scale bar in meters?(a) 0.4 m(b) 1 m(c) 4 m(d) 10 m
The wall space for the mural measures 10 feet high by 20 feet wide. You wish to include a 40-m-tall lycophyte and a “giant horsetail” at 15 meters tall. To determine which of the magnifications would allow you to fit these organisms in the mural, use the height of the wall as the scale bar
Examine the following figure (a). In 3€“4 sentences, describe the general pattern of H5N1 avian flu that is shown in this map. Tell what continents and approximate latitudes are affected, where the flu seems to be most common in poultry, and where wild birds are the only cases reported so
Animal viruses are classified by the type of nucleic acid found within the capsid. Using Table 19.1 in your textbook and the clues provided in the passage above, identify the classes for WNV and HIV. Provide an example of another virus from the same class for each.WNV Class
What inferences can you draw from these data about how avian flu is transmitted to humans? Explain each one, referring to the data you used in developing that inference.
Explain your rationale for the design of the resource. Justify the content decisions as well as the layout decisions. For example, you might argue that it is important to develop a social perspective. This might justify links to a local coal miners’ museum included on the website, even though
Next examine the following figure. How does the density of human cases compare with the distribution of the H5N1 flu in poultry? In wild birds? LNITID KNDOM OF GEAT IAN AND MO ELAN DEM Jowib UAN FEDIRATION ThoowSiIVA UKRAIN ERANCE KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA. TALT SPAN TURKEY ALBA CHINA EGIANGE BLAMIC
Artists often use insets (small internal drawings) to change the magnification of a portion of a larger drawing. If you wish to show this reptile and its 1-inch-long egg, what magnification might you choose for an inset? Explain.
Now that you know the dimensions of the mural and the magnification that accommodates the largest trees, what size would a 1-foot-long reptile be in the mural?
Compare the structure of WNV to that of HIV.
Extending this investigation: Visit one of the many interactive maps on avian influenza. Two particularly good ones are offered by the British Broadcasting group in the United Kingdom: news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/05/bird_flu_map/html/1.stma. Tell which map you viewed and at least two new
From which part of the world do you think avian flu came to Egypt? Explain.
As you know, many wild birds fly to different parts of the earth as they follow their annual cycles of migration, mating, nesting, and overwintering. Examine the major flyways shown in the following figure. In a few sentences, describe the patterns you see in these flyways. Include descriptors such
Given what you now know about the location of avian influenza and bird migration, make an inference about where you think this disease is most likely to be first detected in the United States. Explain your reasoning.
Egypt reported its first cases of avian influenza in humans in December 2006. In the first 3 months of 2007, there were 14 more human cases of avian flu, with three deaths in that quarter year. Like people in much of the world, most Egyptian households keep small numbers of chickens. However, a

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Campbell Biology 10th edition Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson - Solutions

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